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Tarek Abdoun
Geotechnical Centrifuge
Ng
Radial g-field
At which radius do you calculate g = w2r? Pick a point in the model where you are most concerned about accurately modeling the effective stress. Set g accordingly.
For level ground: s = r (gavg overburden)(d)
Document the RPM and the radius to a reference point on the model container Might need to account for g variation in deep models
Small-scale models are cost-effective Soil properties are highly stress-dependent Centrifuge produces equal confining stresses
in model and prototype, therefore same soil properties
Ground deformation
Water waves
Contaminant transport
Models allow limited detail Effect of model boundaries Time scale and strain-rate issues
Scaling Laws
Scaling Laws (N = number of gs)
Stress & Pressure * = 1 Density *=1 Length 1/N Velocity 1 Acceleration N Volume 1/N3 Mass 1/N3 Force 1/N2 Time (dynamic) 1/N Time (diffusion) 1/N2
Usually very difficult to maintain the same scale for all parameters or to use same material in both model and prototype (easier if no specific prototype) Need to prioritize (EA, EI, t/D, etc.)
EI for flexure or bending EA for axial loading
NEES-Pipelines
Evaluation of Ground Rupture Effects on Critical Lifelines
EA curve EI curve
Em/Ep= 0.6
tm/Dm
0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12
tp/Dp
EA curve EI curve
Em/Ep= 0.6
tm/Dm
0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12
tp/Dp
EA curve EI curve
Em/Ep= 0.6
tm/Dm
0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12
tp/Dp
300%/min 100%/min
15
10%/min 1%/min 0.1%/min 1%/min
10
0.16%/min
Conflict
t*dif t*dyn
Conflict Resolution
By increasing viscosity of the fluid (m* = 1/L* or N) Decreasing the particle size of the soil (k* = C (D10*)2 )
we may want to systematically vary viscosity to cover an interesting range. (Reviewers may have difficulty with this concept) It takes time to saturate a large model with viscous pore fluid. For practical purposes, we may knowingly violate time scale factor similarity, and then account for the different cv by analysis
Centrifuge Modeling
Footings: Dfooting/Dparticle > 30 (minimizes particle size effect) To model contact stress and capillary rise most accurately, need to use same particle size (pore size) and fluid. The Ability to model capillary rise is an advantage of centrifuge high g modeling.
S&H
su-ho
bu-ve
su-ve
Pow er (S&H)
1.E+01
1.E+00
1.E-01
1.E-02 1.E-04 1.E-03 1.E-02 1.E-01 1.E+00 1.E+01 1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 Scaled Charge Mass (kg)
Blast Modeling
Groundwater/Contaminant Transport
Time Scales as g2
E.G., 24 Hour test @ 105g = 30 years prototype time
Advection (Hydraulic flow) No theoretical problems Dispersivity (Diffusion, Dispersion) more complicated, but can be done
Boundary/Container effects
Flexible Containers
Hinged plate, Laminar boxes
Ideal for gently sloping or level ground
Boundary/Container effects
Rigid containers
P-waves from ends of the container
Side friction
Avoid narrow containers (width < height) Reduce sides friction Move structures e.g., away from boundaries
Sine sweeps
Useful because they cover all frequencies, but amplitude is not random.
Ground motion provides more realistic conditions but could be difficult to analyze
Final Thoughts
Centrifuge Modeling is a tool that makes model tests more accurate because it reproduces prototype stress levels in a small scale model but be mindful of its limitations Centrifuge Modeling is useful to: Test the validity of a numerical model Perform systematic parameter studies Discover mechanisms of behavior
Model testing is valuable for problems where field data is insufficient can obtain data that is impossible to obtain in other ways.
Advanced instruments of NEES (robotics, shakers, instrumentation) enable more accurate and more detailed models than was possible in the past.
Thank You