REHABILITATION OF THE HISTORICAL BUILDINGS WITH MASONRY STRUCTURE PhD STUDENT, GROZA Othilia Mariana The Faculty of Architecture

and Constructions, University of Oradea SCIENTIFIC COORDINATOR, PhD. Prof. Eng. POP Ioan The Faculty of Constructions and Installations, Technical University of Cluj Interventions on existing buildings with the two main phases, diagnosis and procedure or structural rehabilitation are major issues insufficiently dealt with in our country. In order to assess the safety of the buildings and planning the rehabilitation measures, it is essential to perform an analysis of historic masonry structures behaviour in cases of loading, many of them being listed as patrimony buildings.

The study is structured in 9 chapters: Chapter 1- INTRODUCTION, is a general presentation of the theme, introduces the structure of the study and the present phase of the issue The objectives of this study have been: Study regarding old constructions materials and techniques; Description of methods based on the discreet element method (DEM); Comparison of the numeric simulations results with experimental data Advantages of DEM as compared by means of finite element method (FEM); Classical consolidation interventions for buildings in stone and brick Modern solutions for rehabilitation of historical buildings Interventions at masonry structures in Oradea Fortess. Chapter 2- METHODS AND TECHNIQUES IN CASES OF OLD BUILDINGS, presents the relations between specific functions and structures of the historical buildings, between materials and techniques known in the Middle Ages, for the building of religious edifices such as the Pantheon in Rome, The Cathedral in Florence, Saint Sophies Church in Istanbul, as well as of the defence buildings, such as castles or city walls, [31],[16]. Chapter 3- ASSESSMENT OF HISTORICAL BUILDINGS having as a result The Report of expertise that explains the causes that require certain consolidation interventions, assessment procedures that are specific to the buildings one of the kind, but according to the specific legislation, as a result of investigations that are specific to the historical buildings. The assessment of the safety degree in cases of earthquakes and specific types of intervention that are recommended are also a feature of the heritage buildings, [6],[9]. Chapter 4- STATIC AND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS, describes the discreet element method in case of the study of elements made in simple masonry, using UDEC as a calculation program, for discontinuous measurement. There are presented study cases of the impact of static actions on simple masonry eyebrows and on a confined wall, as well as reactions to earth movements of some simple or double columns, joined by a lintel, of a colonnade and a circular eyebrow, all being frequently met in monumental buildings, [20], [21], [22], [23], [25].

Fig. 1. Patern collapse for a masonry wall

Fig.2. Patern collapse for a single column

Fig.3. Patern collapse for a two columns

Fig. 4. Patern collapse for the colonnade

Fig. 5. Pattern colapse for the arch under different actions

Comparison of the results obtained after numeric and experimental simulations are presented in activities within projects financed by the European Comission ISTECH (Innovative stability techniques for the European Cultural Heritage). -Seismic testings on models at a scale of masonry walls that have been performed by the ENEA Laboratories in Casccia (Rome) and ENEL.HYDRO-ISMES (Seriate, Italia), in order to study non-coplanary seismic behaviour, [10], [11]. -Imposed cyclic dislocations and Pseudodynamic testings (PsD) at a scale of masonry walls that have been performed by ELSA, European Laboratories for Structural Assessments, at the Mutual Research Centre, Ispra, Italy, [5.] to establish general mechanical characteristics of the structures and seismic behavior on a layout. There have been performed vibration testings on masonry models simulating a part of a patrimonial structure, having as a purpose the implementation of a restauration technique, using the Alloys with Memory of the Form for the tympanum of the San Francesco Basilica in Assisi, that has been severely damaged during the earthquake in September 1997, [10.].

Fig. 6. Comparation between the a) experimental and b) numerical force, displacement diagrams

The use of the Discreet Element Method for masonry structures has been validated after comparing the results of numeric simulations to those obtained after experimental testings, [33].

Analytical comparison between the Discreet Element Method (DEM) and Finite Elements Method (FEM) based on junction elements, demonstrated the following advantages of DEM: ability to perform testings with increased disposure even in cases of complex block configurations and with frequent changes in connectivity system; a more appropriate representation of breakages of joints and slidings that lead to convergence difficulties for non-linear assertive algorithms used with FEM method; automatic recognition scheme of the new contacts during the progress of the calculation; low capacity memory to store big scale information, as matrices are not processed. Chapter 5- DAMAGES IN CASES OF HISTORICAL BUILDINGS, describes the causes that might lead to damage of structural and non-structural elements and presents them within a table. At the same time, it presents the indexes for the assessment of damages and vulnerability functions in cases of masonry structures. The chapter also contains case studies on a belfry and a complex masonry wall, [8], [26], [29]. Chapter 6- INTERVENTION TECHNIQUES IN CASES OF MASONRY BUILDINGS, deals with classical intervention techniques being known restoration principles stated by the Venice Chart in 1964. The purpose of the restoration is to preserve the aesthetic and historic value of the monument and the intervention must be based on the respect for the original materials, construction techniques, nature of the structure and to the historic documents. There are presented resolution for repairs, individual or general consolidation works, of the infrastructure, including the foundation plot as well as solutions for consolidation of historic buildings, [2], [4], [19]. Chapter 7- MODERN METHODS FOR STRUCTURAL CONSOLIDATION, deals with modern solutions for seismic rehabilitation, such as seismic isolation of the base or energy dissipators, and usage of composite materials or of cables made of steel. [3], [24], [27]. Chapter 8 REHABILITATION TECHNIQUES IN CASE OF ORADEA FORTRESS , which presents a brief history of the fortress with its construction and reconstruction phases as well as the main restauration interventions, beginning in 1998 up to present. There are presented reversible and irreversible solutions, emergency solutions, that are required by the state of some elements of the building, with advantages and disadvantages due to the compatibility of the new materials with the existing ones, [15], [19]. Reversible interventions are to be preferred because of the following reasons: in case that the intervention proves to be inefficient, it may be replaced without causing damage to the original material; possibility that, in the future, to appear new materials and techniques, with better performances, and those reversible interventions to be easily replaced; authenticity of the construction is not forged.

In the category of reversible techniques, belong : exterior support, buttress type, backstays at the beginnings of the vaults, rings at the bases of domes, pre-tensed

steaches with no binding, stone anastiloses with dry bindings, exterior backstays, interior steel cables for confining of the masonry, improvement of the resistance etc. In the category of irreversible techniques, belong: injections with liquid cement, surface weaves in cases of cracks in depth, completions of the cements in bindings, partial reconstructions of damaged paraments, completions, reinforced stitches with pretensed bars, reinforcement of masonry with bars in cement mortar, bindings between stones with cemented domes, reinforcement of walls in masonry with reinforced concrete, concrete of the vaults and floors reinforcement of foundations, etc. Out of them, injections with liquid cement, repairing the cracks with new bricks, partial reconstructions of the masonry and completion of bindings are the most frequently used procedures, for the rehabilitation of the masonry which do not involve a severe infringement of the principles stipulated by the Venetian Chart. A special attention must be paid to the durability and to the compatibility of the new materials with the existing ones.

Fig.7. Consolidation with backstay; Fig.8. Injections against humidity

We have noticed three types of interventions: preservation, consolidation and adjusting, the most frequent being the preservation and consolidation ones, [9].
Tabel 1. The results of the tests taken in masonery- Oradea Fortress Nr. Aparent Medium crt. Material density resistance to compression [g/cm3] Rc [N/mm2] 1. Burnt bricks: - from walls (red); 1,56 5,70 -from vaults (purple). 1,65 8,37 2. Stone: -sandstone; 2,65 13,42 -calcite; 2,71 116,04 -travertin. 2,45 3,93 3. Lime cements ; - for masonry; 1,65 1,13 - for mortary. 1,50 4. Brick masonry with lime cements 1,60 5,82 Medium tensile resistance Rt [N/mm2] 1,59 2,14 -

Water absorption [%] 20,96 16,50 10,80 0,50 24,30 -

Together with structural interventions, there have been also treated measures to eliminate the causes that have led to the degradation of the masonry, mainly the capillary humidity, presenting solutions to repair it.

Chapter 9- CONCLUSSIONS AND PERSONAL CONTRIBUTION, presents how old masonry structures should not be analyzed by means of conventional methods used in cases of modern ones. At the same time, it presents the effective involvement in the approach of the study, in theory but also in practice. Out of the PERSONAL CONTRIBUTIONS: Performing of an analytical bibliographic study, concerning the old, classic and modern construction materials and techniques , used in cases of buildings with masonry structure . Asserting a number of general principles used in international practice and proposes unique approach method of structural interventions in cases of historical buildings , as we dont have any recipes that apply to the issues as a whole , each building being a separate subject that needs to be studied and dealt with independently. After making a critical analysis of the assessment method by means of analytical methods of the safety degree, it concludes that they are not justified only in exceptions, to the extent to which calculations are scientifically related to reality, which involves instrumental analysis. It requires the necesity to re-discover traditional materials and techniques, considered to be preferred from the point of view of the compatibility of their behaviour, associated with modern materials and techniques. Performing a synthesis on structural methods of analysis , developing the Discreet Element Method (DEM). Accomplishes critical comparison between the method of the finite element and the discreet element method. Performing Case studies on buildings in Oradea Fortress, describing the damages, their causes and reconstruction methods that have been used.

Laboratory testing for old materials in structural elements: bricks, stone and cements from the fortress. Realising a photographic documentary with the evolution of reconstructions and damages on every building that has been studied. Making use of the decrease of the capillary humidity in cases of old walls and the synthesis of the available solutions, bringing them into force. Involvement to introduce the Assembly of the Oradea Fortress in tourist circuit organising technical and cultural events that have become traditional. . Being a part in the process of structural and thermic rehabilitation of several historical buildings in Oradea, such as: Greek Catholic Bishops Palace, Palace Vulturul Negru, Technical College C-tin Brncui, Economic College P.Cosma . Selective Bibliography:
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