INTRODUCTION TO EPA SWMM 5.

Rodrigo Concha Jopia FLUMEN Research Institute Technical University of Catalonia UPC

Introduction: What is EPA SWMM 5.0?

Environmental Protection Agency Storm Water Management Model

EPA SWMM

SWMM is a distributed dynamic rainfall-runoff simulation model used for single event or long-term (continuous) simulation of runoff quantity and quality from primarily urban areas

SWMMs Process Models

Precipitation Surface Runoff Evaporation/ Infiltration

Snowmelt

Overland Flow

Buildup

Washoff

Groundwater

Sanitary Flows

Channel, Pipe & Storage Routing RDII Treatment / Diversion

Key Hydrological Features

Process In SWMM 5

Spatial Representation Rainfall Interception/Evaporation Infiltration

User-defined subcatchment areas User supplied User supplied Horton Method Green-Ampt Method SCS Method Nonlinear Reservoir Localized Two-Zone Flux Model Heat Balance/Degree Day Model

Overland Flow Groundwater Snowmelt

Key Hydraulic Features

Drainage Elements Conduit Shapes Flow Routing Nodes (Junction, Storage, Outfall) Links (Conduits, Pumps, Regulators) 20 common shapes + irregular open channels + custom closed conduits Steady Flow Kinematic Wave (nonlinear form) Dynamic Wave (semi-implicit) Rule-Based Controls Modulated Controls (including PID) Variable Speed Gate Opening Overflow or Ponding

Controls

Flooding

Key Water Quality Features

Process In SWMM 5

Pollutant Buildup Pollutant Washoff BMP Removal Non-Runoff Loads Drainage System Routing Drainage System Treatment

Power, exponential or saturation function of time Rate proportional to runoff and buildup or can use an EMC User-assigned percent reduction User-defined, Sanitary DWF, RDII inflow CSTR model User-defined functions

Typical Applications of SWMM

Design and sizing of drainage system components including detention facilities Flood plain mapping of natural channel systems Control of combined and sanitary sewer overflows Generating non-point source pollutant loadings for waste load allocation studies Evaluating BMPs and LIDs for sustainability goals

SWMM version timeline

1971 1975 1981 1983 1988 2004

- SWMM 1 (M&E, UF, WRE) - SWMM 2 (UF) - SWMM 3 (UF & CDM) - SWMM 3.3 (PC Version) - SWMM 4 (UF & CDM & OSU) SWMM 5 (EPA & CDM)

SWMM 5.0 Limitations

No sediment transport and erosion routines No pollutants routing in receiving waters and in the sub-surface flow It is a hidrological-hydraulics analysis tool, not an automatic design tool No direct linkage to GIS

Program structure

Example of .INP file

SWMM 5 Objects

Visual Objects: elements that constitute the drainage system Non visual Objects: several data (tables, timeseries, etc.) neccesary in order to peform simulations

Conceptual modeling scheme used by SWMM 5

Atmosferic compartment Precipitation falls on the Land Surface compartment Land Surface compartment Important hydrological process are modeled Rainfall losses Surface runoff

Conceptual modeling scheme used by SWMM 5.0

Groundwater compartment Receives infiltration from Land Surface compartment Transport compartment Network of conveyance elements: channels, pipes, manholes, etc. Use of Nodes and Links in order to represent this network

Key parameters for subcatchment objetcs

Node Link network representation(from Roesner et al.,1992)

Nodes

Links

Non visual object categories

Hydrology
Climatology Aquifers Snow packs

Water Quality Pollutants Land Uses Treatments

Hydraulic
Transects Unit Hydrographs Control Rules External Inflows

General
Curves Time Series Time Patterns

Basic steps developing a new SWMM 5 project from scratch

Specify a set of options and common object properties (Measurement units, offsets, etc.) Draw a scheme of your catchment (or network) using Visual Objects Edit the properties of Visual Objetcs that make up your project Select a set of simulation options Run a simulation View the results of the simulation

Precipitation in SWMM 5.0: Rain Gage object

Rainfall input data: two options
Using a user-defined external datafile (Data File) Using a time series (Time Series):
entering by hand both the rainfall and time values importing data from an external file Copying and pasting from a spreadsheet

Rain Gage: mininal data requiered

Rain Gage name Rain data format Time interval between each rain data Way to feed Rain Gage with the rain data: Timeseries or External File

20

Rain data format in SWMM 5

21

Rainfall losses in SWMM 5

Three types of rainfall losses can be modeled:
Evaporation Depression storage Infiltration

All subcatchments contained in a project use the same infiltration model User should select these models according to his/her knowledge of the catchment (types of soils, land uses, measured data, etc.)

Evaporation and Depression storage

Evaporation
Used at daily scale modeling (it is a slow process) Useful for continous modeling studies Not applied for a single storm event

Depression storage
It corresponds to a volume that must be fill prior to the ocurrence of any runoff It represents initial abstractions such as surface ponding, interceptation by vegetation and surface wetting

Infiltration in SWMM 5
Process applied only on the pervious area of each subcatchment Three infiltration models User should select the model according to the degree of knowledge of the catchment While better it is the knowledge of the catchment, it is possible to use models of greater number of parameters Data input in each Subcatchment editor

Horton infiltration method in SWMM 5

Empirical method Model of 3 parameters Drying Time: number of days
for a fully saturated soil to dry completely

Max Volume: Maximum infiltration volume possible

Two last parameters are used in continuos modeling

GreenAmpt infiltration method in SWMM 5.0

Physically-based method 3 parameters although the last one is the difference between soil porosity and initial moisture content. So, 4 parameters are necessary G-A is not a popular method used in urban hydrology studies

Curve Number (CN) infiltration method in SWMM 5

Derived from (but not the same as) the well-known SCS Curve Number method used in simplified runoff methods A derived equation from the classical SCS method is used:

P2 R= P+S

1000 = S 10 where CN

P, precipitation; R, potential runoff ; S, maximum soil potential moisture retention, and CN, Curve number Total infiltration (F) can be computed as

F= P R

Curve Number (CN) infiltration method in SWMM 5 (II)

One parameter model: CN The parameter called Conductivity is not used in computations anymore User should use tables to get CN values according to type of soil, land uses, etc.

Surface runoff model in SWMM 5

Each Subcatchment is treated as a Nonlinear Reservoir

dS I (t ) O(t ) = dt Q = W (d d p )
3 5

I(t): Inflows O(t): Outflows S: Storage volume Q: Surface runoff W: Subcatchment width dp: Depression storage d: Water depth So: Subcatchment slope n: Surface roughness coefficient

S0 n

Surface runoff model in SWMM 5 (II)

i (t)

H
ho

i(t) = Rainfall (Infiltration + Evaporation)

Subcatchment width in SWMM 5

Subcatchment is conceptualized as a rectangular surface that has a uniform slope and a width W that drains to a single outlet channel Initial estimate is given by where, A: Subcatchment area Lfp: length of the longest overland flow path Maximum Lfp in rural areas: 150 m For urban catchments Lfp could be the length from the back of a representative lot to the center of the street If the overland flow length varies greatly within the subcatchment, then an areaweighted average should be used W is often used as a calibration parameter due to it is not always easy to determine Another way to determine W: subcatchment contribution width to the main closer conduit

Subcatchment width in SWMM 5

DiGiano et al. (1976) Subbasin=subcatchment

Hydraulic routing models used by SWMM 5

1. Steady Flow: instantaneous traslation of a hydrograph from the upstream end of a conduit to the downstream end with no time delay or change in shape 2. Kinematic Wave: uniform unsteady flow, using the continuity equation and the normal flow condition 3. Dynamic Wave: this method solves the complete 1D Saint Venant equations for the entire conveyance network, allowing to the user simulate all gradually-varied flow conditions (backwater, surcharged flow and flooding)

S f = S0
A Q =0 + t x S f = S0
A Q =0 + t x Q2 A Q + g A H + g A S + g A h = 0 + f L x x t

Steady Flow model in SWMM 5

Estimation just for some cases Steady Uniform flow Useful only to pre-design the conveyance network, not to make the final design of the network Only applied to dentritic conveyance networks

Kinematic Wave flow model in SWMM 5

Appropiate for steep slope conduits, where there are supercritical flows It should not change the shape of the hydrograph (if do, this is because of numerical reasons) It not take in account the downstream boundary conditions From a numerical point of view, more stable than Dynamic Wave method

Dynamic Flow model in SWMM 5

SWMM 5.0 uses a explicit finite difference numerical scheme in order to solve
the complete 1D the Saint Venant equations at each Conduit and

a continuity relationship at each Node

This model requires small time steps (t between 30 and 1 second usually)

Nodal flooding options in SWMM 5: Ponding Off and Ponding On

All excess inflow to node is lost from the system

All excess inflow to node is ponding on it. When adjacent conduits recover its conveyance capacity, then ponded volumen will be reintroduce to them

SWMM 5 web
http://www.epa.gov/nrmrl/wswrd/wq/models/swmm/

Information and uselful help (manuals, source codes, updates) for downloading

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