Voting Preferences of First-Time Voters

DR. YANGAS COLLEGES, INC.
VOTING PREFERENCE OF FIRST-TIME STUDENT VOTERS AT DR. YANGAS COLLEGES INC., S.Y. 2013-2014: AN ASSESSMENT
Chapter I The Problem and its Background
Introduction
One of the most fundamental aspects of a democracy is that the people hold the power. Voting is one way in which the people are able to express and use their power. Therefore voting is a fundamental right In Philippine politics, the first time voters carry a potential powerful force that may conclude the future state of the Philippine government. They may or may not dictate the trend of present political settings in our country. Today, a few citizens have been more aware of the issues affecting their daily lives. This heightened awareness is caused, not only by the mass media, but also by social media that carries uncensored views and opinions of many individuals coming from diverse backgrounds. This raised consciousness is felt more in the ongoing campaign period or the election period, where perceptions of the issues surrounding the candidates are formed, positive and/or negative, by the media that carry these discussions into our households. The different perspectives framing the contrasting ideas forwarded to give the listeners or viewers ideas to form a viewpoint or opinion where he/she can call their own, or to confirm his/her stand shaped by long held biases that are not easy to discard or discredit. Religion, peer pressure and family also play a deciding factor when it comes to swaying the masses decision in choosing a candidate by supporting or going
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against certain political hopefuls. Some voters are not even aware of the background or achievements of some candidates, they simply choose out of convenience or they are lack of prior knowledge or experience on voting, some are inexperienced at voting know certain facts about the candidates that they have to vote. For first time voters these factors play a huge role in determining who they will or will not vote.
First time voters in our country constitute a bulk of numbers of the over-all voting population in our country. According to the Commission on Elections (COMELEC), the total number of registered Filipino voters for this year has reached 52,014,648, and a total of 18,053 government positions will be elected in the 2013 midterm elections.
It is the modest purpose of this paper to determine how first time student voters select their candidates and how educated they are about voting. It is no secret that voters are strongly swayed by campaign propaganda that is based on name recall, party affiliation, claims of performance in office whether real or imaginary. We aim to provide knowledge about election laws, instill voters awareness to first time student voters and help them to wisely select their candidates.
Dr. Yangas Colleges, Inc. is a private non-sectarian institution that was established in 1950. First called as Francisco Balagtas Academy (FBA) and formerly owned by the Samson Family. After the said institution was purchased by the Yanga Family and at 1987, its name was changed to Dr. Yangas Francisco Balagtas Colleges (DYFBC). In 2001, the name was changed again and became Dr. Yangas Colleges,
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Inc. (DYCI). Through the years of its outstanding operation and performance, the College steadily grew in enrollment and gradually expanded its curricular offerings. At present, many additional courses are offered by the Institution. These are Education, Arts and Sciences, Computer Science, Computer Technology, Accountancy, Marine Transportation, Marine Engineering, Hospitality and Restaurant Management, Tourism and Caregiver Course.
Theoretical/Conceptual Framework
The theoretical framework used in this study is the Structural Functionalism Theory. It concentrates on the positive and negative functions of social structures. Societal functionalism is a particular type of structural functionalism that aims to explain the role of social structures and institutions in society, the relationship between these structures, and the manner in which these structures constrain the actions of individuals. ( Talcott Parsons Structural Functionalism ) This Structural Functionalism seeks out the structural aspects of the social system under consideration, and then studies the processes which function to maintain social structures. In this context, structure primarily refers to normative patterns of behavior (regularized patterns of action in accordance with norms), while function explains how such patterns operate as systems.

INPUT
PROCESS
OUTPUT
Profile of the respondentsFirst time student voters of DYCI
Survey
Questionnaire
Enhanced/ improved voter awareness/ knowledge Knowledge about election laws and conduct seminars on election / voters awareness and rights Discover its effects on the school and community
Determine how Family, School, Religious Groups, Mass Media, Social Media affect or influence first-time student voters
Statistical Treatment
Analysis
-----------------------------------
Feedback -----------------------------Figure 1

Statement of the Problem
The thrust of the research study is to analyze the voting preference of first time voters at Dr. Yangas Colleges, Inc. Academic Year 2013-2014.
Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:
1. What is the demographic profile of the first-time voters in Dr. Yangas Colleges, Inc in terms of: a. Gender b. Age c. Religion 2. Are the first-time student voters influenced in their voting preference in terms of: a. Mass Media (Television, Radio, Newspaper, Magazine) b. Internet c. Peer Pressure (Family, Friends, Organizations/Groups) d. Religious Affiliation e. Personal Preference/Prior Knowledge 3. Are the students affected in their decisions on selecting a candidate in terms of: a. Mass Media (Television, Radio, Newspaper, Magazine) b. Internet
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c. Peer Pressure (Family, Friends, Organizations/Groups) d. Religious Affiliation e. Personal Preference/Prior Knowledge 4. Is there a significant difference between the profile of the students and the factors influencing their voting preference?
Hypothesis
There is no significance between the different profile of the students and the factors influencing their voting preference.
Significance of the Study
The study has a great significance to a number of people who might benefit from the results.
This study may also be significant to the institution/school for they may be able to identify the impact of the results of this study and also for the improvement of our institution in terms of decision-making and voting education.
For the teachers/professors, for they may share a bit of motivational advice and may possibly help the student to improve some aspects of their lives.

For the students, especially those who have already reached the age requirement in order for them to vote will also benefit the said study. The emergence of different and huge factors greatly affects their decision in choosing a candidate during an election. Students must have an idea about those factors that may help them to focus and to develop their own stand on a certain election period. It will help them to stand for their own will and choice in choosing a good leader.
For the Future Researchers, this study will serve as reference when they conduct a related study.
For the community, in order to guide and enlighten others on how an individual must choose a good and worthwhile candidate during an election.
Scope and Limitation
The study focuses on the assessment of the voting preference of first-time voters of DYCI on the present Academic Year 2013-2014.
The results of this study are limited to our beloved Alma Mater (DYCI) particularly on the impact of certain factors that influence a first-time voters decision and its significance on our institution in order to provide an overview in utilizing ones human rights a far on choosing the countrys leader is concern.

Definition of Terms
The following terms are hereby operationally defined to establish a common meaning for the full understanding of this paper.
Ballot - a slip or sheet of paper, cardboard, or the like, on which a voter marks his or her vote. (http://dictionary.reference.com) Campaigna series of coordinated activities, such as public speaking and demonstrating, designed to achieve a social, political, or commercial goal. (http://www.collinsdictionary.com)
Candidate - a person who is competing to get a job or elected position. (dictionary.cambridge.com) Citizen - A person owing loyalty to and entitled by birth or naturalization to the protection of a state or nation; a person owing loyalty to and entitled by birth or naturalization to the protection of a state or nation. (www.thefreedictionary.com)
Constitution- The basic, fundamental law of a state which sets out how that state will be organized and the powers and authorities of government between different political units and citizens. (www.duhaime.org) Election the means by which the people choose their officials for definite and fixed periods and to whom they entrust, for the time being as their representatives, the exercise of powers of government. (De Leon, 2011)
Electorate - a body of people entitled to vote. (www.merriam-webster.com)

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Voter - one that votes or has the legal right to vote. (ibid) Suffragethe right and obligation to vote of qualified citizens in the election of certain national or local officers of the government and in the decision of public questions submitted to the people. (De Leon, Op. cit.) Law - a binding custom or practice of a community; a rule of conduct or action prescribed or formally recognized as binding or enforced by a controlling authority. (ibid) Mass Media diversified media technologies that are intended to reach a large audience by mass communication. (en.wikipedia.org)
PCOS - stands for Precinct Count Optical Scanner. It is a machine that reads votes based on pencil markings on a special type of paper. Its maker, Smartmatic gives it the name SAES-1800. (http://www.pinoytechnoguide.com) Peer Pressure social pressure by members of one's peer group to take a certain action, adopt certain values, or otherwise conform in order to be accepted. (wiki.answers.com)
Religious Affiliations self-identified association of a person with a religion, denomination or sub-denominational religious group. (ibid)
Social Media refers to the means of interactions among people in which they create, share, and/or exchange information and ideas in virtual communities and networks. (ibid)

Chapter II Review of Related Literature and Studies
This chapter presents the related literature and studies both foreign and local and its relationship and relevance to the present study.
Foreign Literature
Has Television Personalized Voting Behavior
According to Hayes et al (2009), findings showed that that television has personalized voting behavior in American presidential election by encouraging citizens to cast ballots on the basis of candidate image and personality. Many voters profess to cast ballots the person, not the party. Implicit in voting for its person is an emphasis on personal characteristics- charisma, leadership, empathy and the like. According to him, candidate personality is taken as substandard criteria for a voters choice. The concern about the personalization of voting behavior has become acute in recent decades. Television encourages politicians to become confessional, baring their souls as a way of connecting with their constituents. And in high-profile races, candidates personal background, character traits and physical attributes are subjected to study by the political punditry. Candidate personality is but one of a number of influences on voters choices. Long-term factors such as ideology, party identification, and social group characteristics have argued to have a much more substantial effect on voting behavior than a candidates
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traits or physical features. Short-term factors, too, can affect voting behavior, especially for those citizens who claim for political independence, leaning toward neither party. Voters see politicians personal characteristics, both inside and out, as relevant. Perceptions of candidates character traits-whether they believe to be strong leaders, caring and compassionate, moral and decent, honest and trustworthy-have a strong influence on voting. Image, in other words, may not be everything, but it matters. The author used descriptive method to explain his findings.
Party Affiliation, Partisanship and Political Beliefs: A Field Experiment In the similar study of political behavior, explained that partisanship is strongly associated with attitudes and behavior of registered voters, but it is uncertain from this pattern whether partisan identity has a causal effect on political behavior and attitudes. This research reported the results of a field experiment that investigates the causal effect of party identification. Prior to the February 2008 Connecticut presidential primary, researchers sent a mailing to a random sample of unaffiliated registered voters who, in a pre-treatment survey, leaned toward a political party. The mailing informed the subjects that only registered voters with a party were able to participate in the upcoming presidential primary. Subjects were surveyed again in June 2008. Comparing posttreatment survey responses to subjects baseline survey responses, they found that those informed of the need to register with a party were more likely to identify with a party and showed stronger partisanship. Further, study finds that the treatment group also demonstrated greater concordance than the control group between their pre-treatment
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latent partisanship and their post-treatment reported voting behavior and intentions and evaluations of partisan figures. Thus, our treatment, which caused a strengthening of partisan identity, also caused a shift in subjects candidate preferences and evaluations of salient political figures. This finding is consistent with the claim that partisanship is an active force changing how citizens behave in and perceive the political world. (Gerber, 2010) Does the Content of Political Appeals Matter in Motivating Participation? A Field Experiment on Self Disclosure in Political Appeals
In Hans work entitled, Does the Content of Political Appeals Matter in Motivating Participation? A Field Experiment on Self Disclosure in Political Appeals presented his effort work about the content of political appeals in motivating participation. Robust citizen participation is essential to a healthy democracy. This study presents the results of the experimental study designed to see if the content of political appeals matter in motivating participation.
These findings of Han have important implication for how political organizations can structure motivational appeals to enhance participation. In particular, the results highlight the importance of relational goals in participation-appeals that cause targets to feel more affiliation with the requester are more effective than appeals. Insofar as politics is about the interaction of human beings to achieve a set of collective goals, motivation is
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at the heart of all theories about politics. During an effective political appeal is central to the work of political parties, campaigns, and other advocacy organizations. Study ascertained a clear condition under which the content of political appeals matters in inspiring voting participation. Despite the centrality of political appeals to politics, previous research on this topic had been limited and the findings that have emerged are mixed. Some research had found that appeals containing political threats (Miller and Krosnick, 2004) and then specter of social pressure (Gerber et. Al. 2008) are more likely to motivate participation. In contrast, other research finds that appeals focusing on civic duty the closeness of the election, neighborhood solidarity, or national and ethnic identities have no effect on increasing participation (Gerber and Green 2009 Trivedi 2005). This study argues that the content of political appeals can matter. Central to the effort to motivate participate is the ability to craft a persuasive appeal. Hans develop political organization uses multiple methods to motivate support for their cause, including leaflets, telephone calls, door to door canvassing, television and radio commercials, and small group meetings. Han showed that successful appeals encourage greater participation, while unsuccessful appeals do not. The strength of the appeal can thus be a crucial determinant of the organizations success. Research examining the differential effect of appeal has found more evidence for the idea that the mode of interaction matters- interpersonal appeals are more motivating than impersonal appeals-but only limited evidence that content of the appeal matters. (Han, 2009)
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The Relationship between Cultural Values and Political Ideology, and the Role of Political Knowledge
It has become an influential explanation of why people choose which potential hazards to fear and which to ignore. According to De Castella (2009), Cultural theory maintains the four world views- egalitarianism, individualism, hierarchism, and fatalism; it can be used to describe people and societies. He enlightened cultural theory as patterns of social relationships which determined by two variables. The first group is the extent to which people are incorporated into communities or other social groupings. The greater the incorporation, the greater the group influence on individual decisions and the lesser the individuals choice. In strong groups, people interact frequently in a wide range of activities and are influenced by group norms. A Theory of Political Choice Behavior
There are factors affecting a voters political preference behavior. Newman and Sheth (1987) proposed the theory of political science behavior in his published work entitled, A Theory of Political Choice Behavior. The theory has a broad definition of independent variables that affect a voters behavior in choosing a candidate. Political issues according to the author have an effect on a voters behavior. It denotes that the individual beliefs of a registered voter about the candidates stand on economic social and foreign policy issues coerce a voters political choice behavior. Aside from political issues, Newman and Sheth (1987) also expounded that social imagery, as used in the
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theory or socio- demographic characteristics influences voters in picking their presidential candidates. It means that the candidates socio-demographic qualities, based on his association with specific demographic, socioeconomic, cultural-ethnic, or politicalideological segments of society, influence the behavior of voters. Candidate personality or candidate image also bothers the voting choice of voters. It understands that emotional feelings like anger, hope, patriotism and pessimism stimulate by the candidates personality, expect a voters political choice behavior. The author used descriptive method to present his studies.
Do Political Campaigns Matter? Campaign effects in election and referendum The issue of voting behavior is certainly relevance to a number of fields in Political Science. According to him, countless studies in the voting behavior literature on the ingredient that voters take into account when deciding which party or candidate to vote for at elections, or which proposal to support at referendums. He tried to explain the definition of campaigning; he said that campaigning is the core feature of the Political Parties in contemporary democracy. Election campaign see parties and their candidate wage battles for votes and political office. It occurs not only in political realm; they are important in all walks of life. Election campaigns have attracted, and continue to attract, considerable academic attention.
Media are by no means the only channel through which campaigns reach their audiences. While inquiries into the effects of Political Campaigns cannot ignore the
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mediating role of mass communication, equally they cannot restrict themselves to looking only at the media. He has argued that public television is likely to be very central weapon in election campaigning in many new democracies. A relatively poor supply of campaign resources for parties and weak party loyalties in electorate on the hand, and likely
governmental control of an unusually important channel of political communication on the other, make the partisan use and abuse of the media both highly likely and potentially a major , political issue in itself. (Farrel, 2002)
Voting: A Study of Opinion Formation in a Presidential Campaign
Similarly, Berelson, Lazarsfeld and Mcphee (1954) explained in their research that the registered voter gets his information about the presidentiables from reading, listening, and discussion. This is subject to selective gathering information, forgetting of disturbing elements, reinterpretation of what the candidate really means all mechanism familiar in social psychology. According to them, political party does not particularly affect the voters perception of where the candidates stand on the basis. Voters who feel strongly about their choice are more likel y to misperceive the candidates stands on the issues as favorable to their own positions. They also indicate that voters who disagree with both candidates stands, as perceived, support their own candidate more strongly than those who agree with both. They examined three new variables: the degree of authoritarian personality, the degree of intergroup prejudice, and the range of attitudes toward large corporations. Their
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findings proved that socio-demographic characteristics are related to voters political choice behavior, emphasizing the individual and his or her environment as mutually influencing systems.
Political Participation: How and Why people do get involved in Politics Most of the attitudes of the voters will probably be conditioned by their education or their social class or their party identification- or any other politically relevant but stable attributes-but it is also true that the voters attitude will reflect changing events on the political scene. Although a persons educational background or his religion or his party identification seldom undergo change between different elections, some of his partisan attitudes towards the affairs of politics do change in response to new events and new situations.
The vote, in many ways, is a very crude of a mans political hopes and fears, his aspirations and commitments. A vote is a vote. Each person cast a vote only once and it cast to more and no less than any others. It will be for one partys candidate and no more partisan when cast by fanatic partisan identifier than when cast by a man who mentally flips a coin to decide his vote. (Milbrath, 1965)
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Presidential Election: Strategies of American Electoral Politics
According to Polliby and Wildausky (1980) in their works, .Presidential Elections: Strategies of American Electoral Politics, the role of political parties in presidential elections is to compromise and incorporate the wishes of a wide range of citizens in programs that encompass a multitude of issues and stretch across a greater span of time than a brief term of office that may or may not renewed. Only political parties can marshal the resources and develop the strategy to recruit, train, support and guide a succession of highly qualified individuals to advance those programs during their terms in office. Only political parties can provide an effective means of holding elected representatives accountable to the people who elect them on the basis of such programs, by being ready to deny their resources to unworthy incumbents seeking reelection.
Candidates and their Images, Concepts, Methods and Findings
County researchers found that voters give selective attention to the content of campaign messages that support their images of candidates. Partisans tended to perceive their preferred candidates stand on issues as favorable to their own, perceiving their candidates stand as similar to their own and opponents stand as dissimilar; further, they often failed to perceive any differences that they have with their own candidate or any similarity of stands they might share with the opposition. (Nimmo, 1976)
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Local Literature
Previous voting behavior not a reliable guide
Vila (2004) stated in his article in Business World that candidates, specifically those running for the presidency, therefore do not have reliable information that could help them in choosing regions or provinces for campaign sorties. We do not have data on voting behavior that is low enough in the administrative structure of the country to be able to have a sharp instrument, said Mr. Joel Rocamora, the executive Director of the Institute of Popular Democracy.
Do Mass Media Influence the Political Behavior of Voters
In an article entitled, Do Mass Media Influence the Political Behavior of Voters that one should not forget another fascinating fact about the media. Their political influence extends far beyond newspaper reports and articles of a right away political nature, or television programs connected with current affairs that bear upon politics. In an exceedingly abundant more subtle approach, they can influence folks thought patterns by other means, like "goodwill" stories, pages coping with entertainment and common culture, movies, TV "soaps", "educational" programs. All these types of information type human values, ideas of excellent and evil, right and wrong, sense and nonsense, what is "trendy" and "unfashionable," and what's "acceptable" and "unacceptable". These human
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value systems, in flip, form individuals' angle to political issues, influence how they vote and therefore confirm who holds political power. (Dish, 2010)
Candidate Images and Vote Intentions in the 1998 Presidential Elections
In the study made by Pedro Laylo (1999) conceptualized image as stimulusdetermined and perceive determined (p. 6). Stimulus determined refers to the image that the candidate projects while perceived-determined refers to the perception of a voter relative to a candidates attributes. They also defined candidate whose views are similar or closer to his own views or homophily.
Pablo (1998) also established a research about voting behavior; he wrote that Professor Felipe Miranda agreed that ethnic blocs are very crucial in determining the outcome of the May 11, 1998 elections. A regional or linguistic group who tend to root for candidates belonging to their group exemplifies ethnic vote. Ethnic vote establishes the base with extra resources, and it is something you are born with.
Opinion, Polls, and Presidents: 1992 & Beyond (Forces and Issues in Philippine Elections)
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Gamalinda (1992) said very simply in his book Opinions, Polls, and Presidents, that presidential campaign strategies have only one objective: to package, market and sell the candidate as if they were for endorsement. Although a candidate with a relatively extensive history of achievements is preferable, the success of his campaign will depend on the credibility (or incredibility) of his made-over image, political machinerya lot of money. Additionally, he explained that the Americans introduced the concept of presidential elections. Filipinos were unshakably attuned to the politics of patronage, and none of the presidents, from Manuel Quezon down to the present line, did anything to alter that. Centered on personality and only incidentally on issues, presidential elections have relied on candidates image to bring in votes.
The Dilemma of Philippine Campaign: Alternative Campaign Strategies in 2004 National Election
According to Lorenzana (2005), her research seeks to gather information and data on the day to day conduct of political campaigns of selected political candidates. The study focused on the practices, symbols and strategies that candidates employed as they went through campaign trail. Moreover, the study penetrates into the experiences, thoughts, reflections and decisions of such politicians in the light of running alternative political campaign. Political Culture has been originally defined by Almond and Verba (1996) as the set of shared attitudes, beliefs and values within an entire population with regard to politics. It is thus defined by the value system of that group as well as its
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orientation, towards social and political structures. Political culture includes an individual or groups knowledge of institutions and processes, evaluations of how well or poor they work and emotional responses to the political system as a whole. (Mendoza, 1999). Following the definition of politics as the making of common decisions for a group of people with the use of power, political culture is then the consolidation of a groups behavior, attitudes, values and total paradigm with regard to power relations and various decision-making processes that affect the state. The behavior of a group of people vis--vis politics can be understood by probing its political culture.
Southern Tagalog Voting, 1946-1963: Political Behavior in the Philippine Region
Relations between candidates and voters are quite weak in the Philippines. These links become markedly weak because of increase in number of candidates. Personal alliances between candidates and local political leaders or individual voters serve as relatively strong links, and are relatively relied upon to mobilize voter support. Many of these alliances cut across party lines. He also stated that the Socioeconomic variables have relatively low explanatory power with respect to aggregate political behavior in general and political party preferences in particular. This is the case especially in local-level politics. Linguistic- regional and local loyalties are among the major determinants of individual voting decisions in the Philippine in national and subnational elections respectively. Language group and local loyalties are most marked in
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the most rural, most isolated and least modern localities. It is most likely to be used to influence the outcome of elections for sub-national elections. (Lande, 1973)
SWS Surveys on 1998 National Elections by Mangahas,Mahar
Mangahas (1998) mentioned that Religion plays an important role in a voters political choice behavior. As reflected in the 1998 SWS National Exit Poll, Estrada attained 81 percent of theIglesia Ni Cristo, 63 percent of the Muslims, and 35 percent of the Aglipayans. There was no sign of a Catholic vote. In the charismatic groups, Estrada also got 52 percent of the Jesus is Lord Movement, 39 percent of the El Shaddai, and 43 percent of the Jesus Miracle Crusade. The only data presidential candidates and voters alike can rely on for strategies and other information is the pre-election surveys. Even if they can only get pictures out of these surveys, candidates can use these to their advantage, as survey certainly have bandwagon effects. And as for the voters, it can be a tool for reflecting if they are choosing the right candidate.
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Chapter III Methodology
This chapter presents the method in which the research was made. The respondents were identified, how sources of data were gathered and what instrument was used and how were they realized. Research Design The study utilized the descriptive survey research method. It attempts to explicate and show the viewpoints, concepts or ideas in relation to the voting preference of firsttime student voters at DYCI, School Year 2013-2014. Descriptive method of research is designed to gather information about present conditions. Its main objective is to describe the nature of situation as it exists at the time of the study and to explore the causal of particular phenomena. (Traverse as cited by Sevilla, et.al. 2009, 94) Research Locale The study will be conducted at Dr. Yangas Colleges, Inc. It is a private nonsectarian institution located at Wakas, Bocaue, Bulacan. At present, the tertiary level consists of eight different colleges namely: Business Administration, Accountancy, Arts & Sciences, Education, Health Sciences, Computer Studies, Maritime, and Hospitality Management & Tourism.
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Respondents The study utilizes DYCI students from 8 College Departments who voted for the first time last May 13, 2013 National Elections. All first-time student voters, each from the CHMT, COA, CBA, CME, CHS, COED, CCS and CAS departments are made up a total of 78 respondents.
Data Collection This study used a parameter for data analysis. Since only 78 respondents comprise the population of the study, it is the most appropriate method for data collection.
Instrumentation In order to evaluate the responses of the first time student voters of DYCI regarding the Voting preference of first-time student voters, the researchers used the Likert Scale on the questionnaires handed out wherein; 5- strongly agree, 4- agree, 3slightly agree, 2- disagree and 1- strongly disagree. The questionnaire was prepared with simple yet direct questions that the respondents would find easy to answer.
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Data Gathering The researchers had a decent amount of time in developing the questionnaire so as to serve its much intended respondents. An informed consent was also presented to the respondents together with our questionnaires. The researchers conducted a survey to the first-time student voters of DYCI. The respondents willfully answered the questions presented.
Statistical Treatment of Data This section provides and enumerates the appropriate statistical measures and tests that will be used in data gathering. The data gathered were distributed, tallied and clarified. Rates were assigned to describe the answer of the respondents. 1. For the profile of first-time student voters: to convert the frequency of respondents to percentage the formula will be: % = F/N x 100 Wherein: % = Percentage F = Frequency of response N = Total number of response 2. Weighted Mean WM = () Fx/N Wherein:
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WM = Weighted Mean = Summation F = Frequency of each class x = weight N = Total number of respondents 3. To determine the verbal interpretation of different modes of adaptation that affect the respondents, the following ratings were used: Weighted Mean: X = 4.01 5.00 Strongly Agree X = 3.01 4.00 Agree X = 2.01 3.00 Slightly Agree X = 1.01 2.00 Disagree X = 0.01 1.00 Strongly Disagree 4. To identify if the presented hypothesis have been rejected or accepted, Standard Deviation and Z-test were utilized, the formulas will be: SD = ( Wherein: n = frequency of each class x = mean of grouped data )
z =
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Wherein:
x1 & x2= the means of each group s1 & s2= the standard deviation of each group n1 & n2 = the number of respondents in each group
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Chapter IV Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data This chapter presents the findings, the analysis and interpretation of the gathered data during the course of the research.
I.
Profile of the Respondents Table 1 Respondents Profile According to Age (N=78)
AGE 18-20 21 and above
FREQUENCY 66 12
PERCENTAGE 84.62% 15.38%
18-20 21 above
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Table 1 presents the distribution of the respondents profile according to age. The ages of the first-time student voters of Dr. Yangas Colleges, Inc. are 18 above. There are 66 (84.62%) respondents who are from the age group of 18-20 or the first time voters who were qualified to vote last May 2013 national elections. There were 12 (15.38%) respondents from the 21 and above age group which comprise of those who didnt vote/ werent registered to vote in the 2010 national elections or those who turned 18 after the 2010 elections.
Table 2 Respondents Profile According to Gender (N=78) GENDER MALE FEMALE FREQUENCY 39 39 PERCENTAGE 50% 50%
Male Female
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Table 2 presents the first-time student voters of Dr. Yangas Colleges, Inc. who responded to the study, comprising the 78 respondents, 39 (50%) were male and 39 (50%) were female. This shows that gender does not affect the factors that influence a first time voter in selecting or choosing a candidate to vote.
Table 3 Respondents Profile According to Religion (N=78) RELIGION Catholic Born Again Christian Iglesia ni Cristo FREQUENCY 64 10 4 PERCENTAGE 82.05% 12.82% 5.13%
Catholic Born Again INC
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Table 3 shows the religion of the respondents, of the first time student voters of Dr. Yangas Colleges, Inc., 64 (82.05%) are Catholic, 10 (12.82%) are Born -Again Christians and 4 (5.13%) are from the Iglesia ni Cristo. The majority of the respondents are Catholic (82.05%) as the results show.
Table 4.1 Responses of First-Time Student Voters of Dr. Yangas Colleges, Inc. on the Influence of Mass Media ITEMS Mass Media
1.1. As a medium, was TV influential in swaying your voter preference?
5 F %
4 F %
3 F %
2 F % 0
1 F 4 %
Mean
21 26.9 26 33.3 27 34.6 0
5.1 3.77
1.2. Do
newspapers and/or magazines play a part in developing your voter decision in choosing a candidate to elect? 1.3. Does radio 7 play an
10 12.9 29 37.2 26 33.3 9
11.5 4
5.1 3.41
17 21.8 40 51.3 9
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11.5 5
6.4 3.15

influential role in determining your choice?
Table 4.1 presents the Mass Media as a factor in influencing voters preference. Respondents were asked to rate their response to 5- Strongly Agree, 4- Agree, 3- Slightly Agree, 2- Disagree and 1- Strongly Disagree. It shows that TV is the most influential form of mass media according to the respondents (with a mean of 3.77), followed by newspapers/magazines (with a mean of 3.41) and lastly by radio (with a mean of 3.15). It means that the respondents are mostly influenced by television in choosing a candidate to vote for.
Table 4.2 Responses of First-Time Student Voters of Dr. Yangas Colleges, Inc. on the Influence of Social Media ITEMS Social Media 5 F % 4 F % 3 F % 2 F % 1 F % 3.8 3.60 Mean
2.1. Do you 19 agree that Facebook/ Twitter is an effective medium in a political campaign?
24.4 25 32.1
20 25.6
11 14.1 3
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2.2. Do you 22 believe that the internet an effective and influential as an avenue for politicians to campaign? 2.3. Do social 16 media sites play an important role in influencing you as a voter?
28.2 24 30.8
21 26.9
11 14.1 0
3.73
20.5 25 32.05 25 32.05 12 15.4 0
3.58
Table 4.2 presents the Social Media as a factor in influencing voter preference. Respondents were asked to rate their response to 5- Strongly Agree, 4- Agree, 3- Slightly Agree, 2- Disagree and 1- Strongly Disagree. Data shows that the internet is an effective and influential avenue for politicians to campaign; posting advertisements on the internet has been proven effective as it has influenced a majority of the respondents (with a mean of 3.73). Followed by campaign material posted on various Facebook pages and tweets via twitter (with a mean of 3.60) and a vast majority of the respondents believe that social media played an important role in helping them choose which candidate to vote for last election period (with a mean of 3.58)
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Table 4.3 Responses of First-Time Student Voters of Dr. Yangas Colleges, Inc. on the Influence of Peer Pressure ITEMS Peer Pressure 5 F % 41 4 F % 3 F % 2 F % 7.7 1 F 4 % 5.1 3.94 Mean
3.1. Does your 32 family have a huge influence in your decision in selecting a candidate to vote for? 3.2. Do you agree 14 that friends or acquaintances can also influence the way you choose who to vote? 3.3. Are Social 13 groups, affiliations, and organizations also responsible for influencing your preference?
23 29.5 13 16.7 6
17.9 28 35.9 19 24.4 13 16.7 4
5.1 3.45
16.7 27 34.6 26 33.3 8
10.3 4
5.1 3.47
Table 4.3 presents Peer Pressure as a factor in influencing voter preference. Respondents were asked to rate their response to 5- Strongly Agree, 4- Agree, 3- Slightly Agree, 2- Disagree and 1- Strongly Disagree.
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Data shows that the respondents believe that among family, friends, social groups, affiliations and organizations; family is the most influential factor among the group (achieving a 3.94 mean), followed by social groups (with a mean of 3.47) and lastly by friends (with a mean of 3.45). This shows that a majority of the respondents are most likely swayed by their families into voting for a certain candidate or have a shared preference among family members.
Table 4.4 Responses of First-Time Student Voters of Dr. Yangas Colleges, Inc. on the Influence of Religion ITEMS Religion 5 F % 4 F % 3 F % 2 F % 1 F % 5.1 3.74 Mean
4.1 Do you agree 24 that faith / religion also has a huge influence in your decision? 4.2 Does the 7 churches endorsement of certain politicians influence you as voter? 4.3Does having the 8 same faith or religion with the candidate/s
30.8 26 33.3 16 20.5 8
10.3 4
17 21.8 33 42.3 14 17.9 7
3.04
10.3 20 25.6 32 41
11 14.1 7
3.14
36

influence you vote for them?
to
Table 4.4 presents Religion as a factor in influencing voter preference. Respondents were asked to rate their response to 5- Strongly Agree, 4- Agree, 3- Slightly Agree, 2- Disagree and 1- Strongly Disagree. Results show that the respondents agree that their religion plays a role in influencing their preference when it comes to choosing a candidate. They also believe that having the same religion or sharing the same beliefs with a certain candidate also affects and influences them to vote for the candidate. A majority of the respondents are catholic and the respondents who are members of the Iglesia ni Cristo are noticed to be more influenced by their religion in voting when compared to Catholics.
Table 4.5 Responses of First-Time Student Voters of Dr. Yangas Colleges, Inc. on the Influence of Personal Preference ITEMS Personal Preference 5 F % 4 F % 3 F % 2 F % 1 F % Mean
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5.1 Did you have 28 prior knowledge about the candidate you voted for?
35.9 36 46.2 12 15.4 1
1.3
1.3
4.14
5.2
Does the 12 popularity of the candidate help influence you on whom to vote for? 5.3 Did you vote 9 just for the sake of voting?
15.4 35 44.9 24 30.8 5
6.4
2.6
3.64
11.5 9
11.5 18 23.1 20 25.6 22 28.2 2.52
Table 4.5 presents Personal Preference as a factor in influencing voter preference. Respondents were asked to rate their response to 5- Strongly Agree, 4- Agree, 3- Slightly Agree, 2- Disagree and 1- Strongly Disagree. Data shows that respondents have prior knowledge about the candidates they voted for (with a mean of 4.14) and that the popularity of the candidates helped in determining who the respondents vote for (with a mean of 3.64). Some of the respondents admit to voting just for the sake of having done so (with a mean of 2.52).
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Results of Z-test on the Difference between the Profile and the Factors affecting the Voting Preference 4.6. For Age: Z-value + .95 Level of Significance .05 Critical Value 1.96
Based on the results, there is a significant difference between the age of the newly registered student voters and the factors influencing their voting preference, such as Mass Media, Social Media, Peer Pressure, Religious Affiliations and Personal Preference 4.7. For Religion: Z-value - .33 Level of Significance 0.05 Critical Value 1.96
Based from the table above, it shows a significant difference between the religion of newly registered student voters and the factors influencing their voting preference, such as Mass Media, Social Media, Peer Pressure, Religious Affiliations and Personal Preference.
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4.8. For Gender: Z-value -2 Level of Significance 0.05 Critical Value 1.96
From the given results of the table, it shows a significant difference between the gender of the newly registered student voters and the factors influencing their voting preference, such as Mass Media, Social Media, Peer Pressure, Religious Affiliations and Personal Preference.
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Chapter V Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations
This chapter contains the presentation of the summary of the study, the conclusions which the researchers have arrived, and the recommendations formulated based on the results and the conclusion.
Summary of Findings After conducting the survey with our respondents, the first-time student voters, we gathered necessary data for this study. The results are as follows: For the first-time student voters who provided demographic profile which includes the following informations: Age, Gender and Religion. The respondents of this research were the first-time student voters studying at Dr. Yangas Colleges, Inc. at the present School Year 2013-2014 that were conveniently available. In eight (8) colleges, we have gathered a total of 78 respondents/ students who voted for the first-time during the last May 13, 2013 Election. There were an equal number of male and female respondents, 39 male (50%) and 39 female (50%) respondents. In terms of age, majority of the respondents were belonging to 18-20 years old having 66 respondents (84.62%) while those who belong at age 21 and above are having 12 (15.38%) respondents.
41

In terms of religion, most of the respondents were Catholic having 64 (82.05%) respondents. 10 (12.82%) of them were Born Again Christian, while the rest were Iglesia ni Cristo (5.13%). The questionnaire that was distributed to the first-time student voters of Dr. Yangas Colleges, Inc. will reveal how important are the factors (Mass Media, Social Media, Peer Pressure, Religious Affiliations and Personal Preference) on influencing a voters decision. The results are as follows: the respondents agree that Mass Media has been influential in determining the choice of a voter, gaining an Average Weighted Mean of 3.44. Respondents also agree that Social Media is an effective medium and plays an important role in influencing a voter, with an Average Weighted Mean of 3.64. Peer Pressure also has a huge influence in selecting or the way the voter choose a candidate, having an Average Weighted Mean of 3.62. The respondents agree Religious Affiliations has an impact on voters decision which also includes the endorsement of churches or having the same religion, garnering an Average Weighted Mean of 3.31. Respondents agree that a first-time voter must have a background or a prior knowledge about the candidate in addition also of its popularity, gaining an Average Weighted Mean of 3.43.
Conclusions In lieu of the findings, specific conclusions were drawn based on the study: The first research question is the demographic profile of the first-time student voters in terms of age, gender and religion. It is important to know the difference in
42

gender because it might affect their decisions in thinking and choosing the candidate that they are going to vote for. Age, play somehow a significant role in order to show the level of maturity of the first-time voters because some of them comprise of those who didnt vote or werent registered to vote in the 2010 national elections or those who turned 18 after the 2010 elections. The religion of the voter could also make a big impact on selecting a candidate by having the same religion on certain candidate or via endorsement of their respective churches. The second research question asked how the different factors made an influence on first-time student voters. Television, radio, newspaper and magazine are under Mass Media. In the emergence of Social Media and technology of different forms, the Internet, social networking sites like Facebook and Twitter and the creation of different websites became an influential one. Peer Pressure, which includes family members and relatives, friends and an individuals involvement in a social group or organization are also responsible in influencing the way we vote. Religious affiliations, on the other hand, also play a role in influencing their preference when it comes in choosing a candidate through the support that their church give or having a same faith of belief. Personal Preference includes a first-time voters prior knowledge, popularity of the candidate and asking if they only practice their right to vote just for the sake of voting. From the findings on the second research question, it helps to support the answers on our third research question. From the results, the respondents agree and it shows that Social Media is the most influential factor through the utilization of Internet as an avenue for a campaign, with an Average Weighted Mean of 3.64. Next, the respondents agree that Peer Pressure affects their decisions in choosing a candidate alongside with their
43

family members as their greatest influence, having an Average Weighted Mean of 3.62. On the other hand, they also agree that Mass Media also influence their choice, with Television as the main medium of the certain candidate in showing their personal background, character, physical attributes, platform and political ideology, with an Average Weighted Mean of 3.44. Personal Preference has also an impact in affecting their choice in selecting a candidate, with most of the respondents having a prior knowledge or they know a lot or something about the background of the candidate that they are going to vote for, gaining an Average Weighted Mean of 3.43. Lastly, the respondents also agree that Religious Affiliations also play a significant role in voting and they agree that faith/ religion has a huge influence on their decisions, having an Average Weighted Mean of 3.31.
Recommendations In order to supplement the study with effective research materials, the researchers have come up with proposals deemed useful for concerned institutions and office and for future study which may be conducted by other researchers. The following recommendations were based on the aforementioned findings and conclusions:
44

1. Because of the limited time and resources of the authors, we recommend that the school should conduct a more thorough study on the factors that affects the first time student voters of DYCI. 2. The school with the cooperation of the College of Arts and Sciences and Student Council should also conduct a census of the would-be first time student voters in order to monitor their population. 3. The College of Arts and Sciences should encourage the Political Science students to coordinate with the Commission on Elections in conducting Voters Education Campaign within the School.
45

Bibliography
Books
Berelson, Bernard R., Paul F. Lazarsfeld, and William N. McPhee. 1954. Voting: A Study of Opinion Formation in a Presidential Campaign. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. De Leon, Hector S. Textbook on Philippine Constitution. 2011 Revised Edition. REX Publishing.
Farrel, David M., Beck, SchmitRudiger. 2002. Do Political campaigns Matter? Campaign effects in election and referendum. USA and Canada by Routledge Gamalinda, Eric. 1992. Opinion, Polls, and Presidents. 1992 & Beyond: Forces and Issues in Philippine Elections. Quezon City: Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism and Ateneo Center for Social Policy and Public Affairs
Lande, Carl. 1973. Southern Tagalog Voting, 1946-1963: Political behavior in the Philippine Region. Northern Illinois University Center for Southeast Asian Studies
Lazarsfeld, Paul F., Bernard Berelson, and Hazel Gaudet. 1944. Voting: A Study of Opinion Formation in a Presidential Campaign
Lorenzana, Erika Mae and Margarita Sayo. 2005. The Dilemma of Philippine Campaign (Alternative Campaign strategies in the 2004 national Election). Philippines: Patipus Publishing Inc.
46

Mangahas, Mahar. SWS Surveys on the 1998 National Elections. Quezon City: Social Weather Stations, 1998
Milbrath, Lester W. 1965. Political Participation: How and Why do people get involved in Politics?. USA: State University of New York at Buffalo
Newman, Bruce and JagdishSheth.A Theory of Political Choice Behavior. Newman:Praeger Publishers, 1987
Nimmo, Dan. 1976. Candidates and their Images, Concepts, Methods and Findings. Pacific Palisades California: Goodyear Publishing Company, Inc,
Polliby, Nelson and Aaron Wildausky. 1954. Presidential Election: Strategies of American Electoral Politics. University of Chicago
Journals
De Castella, Krista, McGarty, Craig, Musgrove, Luke. The Relationship between Cultural Values and Political Ideology , and the Role of Political Knowledge Political Psychology, Volume 30, No. 1, 2009
Gerber, Alan S., Gregory A. Huber, Ebonya Washington. 2010. "Party Affiliation, Partisanship, and Political Beliefs: A Field Experiment." American Political Science Review 104 (4 November) Han, Hahrie C. Does the Content of Political Appeals Matter in Motivating Participation? A field Experiment on Self Disclosure in Political Appeals. Political Behavior, Volume 31, March 2009
47

Hayes, Danny.
Has Television Personalized Voting Behavior. Political
Behavior, Volume 31, June 2009 Laylo, Pedro and Carijane Laylo. Candidate Images and Vote Intentions in the 1998 Presidential Elections. QC: Social weather Stations, 1999. Villa, Larissa. Previous voting behavior not a reliable guide. Business World 26 March 2004
Internet
dictionary.cambridge.com
dictionary.reference.com
en.wikipedia.org
wiki.answers.com
www.collinsdictionary.com
www.duhaime.org
www.merriam-webster.com
www.pinoytechnoguide.com
www.thefreedictionary.com
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APPENDIX A
SAMPLE QUESTIONNAIRE
49

APPENDIX B
LETTER TO THE DEAN
50

APPENDIX C
CURICULLUM VITAE
51

Acot, Ernesto Jr. 59 Sumapang Bata., Malolos City, 3019 Bulacan Contact Number: 0932-9-3333-81 E-mail Address: junacot@yahoo.com
Personal Information: Age: Date of Birth: Place of Birth: Gender: Height: Weight: Citizenship: Civil Status: Name of Mother: Name of Father: 39 January 06, 1974 Mandaluyong, Rizal Male 5 7 80 kg. Filipino Married Gloria Y. Acot Ernesto T. Rivera Sr.
Educational Background:
Primary:
Commembo Elementary School 1989 Brgy. Commembo, Fort Bonifacio,

52
S.Y. 1983-

Makati, Metro Manila
Secondary:
Camp General Emilio Aguinaldo High School Cam General Emilio Aguinaldo Murphy, Cubao, Quezon City
S.Y. 1994
Tertiary:
Bachelor of Arts in Political Science S.Y. 1995-Present
Dr. Yangas Colleges, Inc.
Wakas, Bocaue, Bulacan
53

LOPEZ, Trevor B. 603 Lopez Compound, Panginay Balagtas, Bulacan, 3018 Bulacan Contact Number: 09164693942 E-mail Address: trevisdelirious@yahoo.com
Personal Information:
Age: Date of Birth: Place of Birth: Gender: Height: Weight: Citizenship: Civil Status: Name of Mother: Name of Father:
26 April 6, 1987 Bulacan Male 5 8 100 kg. Filipino Single Maria Teresita B. Lopez Pedro C. Lopez III
Educational Background: Primary:
Sto. Nio Academy

54
S.Y. 1992-1994

Bocaue, Bulacan
St. Paul College of Bocaue, Bulacan
Bocaue
S.Y. 1994- 2000
Secondary:
St. Paul College of Bocaue Bocaue, Bulacan
S.Y. 2000-2002
St. Joseph College of Bulacan Patag, Sta. Maria, Bulacan
S.Y. 2002-2005
Tertiary:
Bachelor of Arts in Political Science S.Y. 2010-Present Dr. Yangas Colleges, Inc. Wakas, Bocaue, Bulacan
55

MENDOZA, Mark Angelo N. 317 Morales St., Lolomboy, Bocaue, Bulacan Contact Number: 09276238077 E-mail Address: angelmarck0566@ymail.com
Personal Information: Age: Date of Birth: Place of Birth: Gender: Height: Weight: Citizenship: Civil Status: Name of Mother: Name of Father: 20 March 5, 1993 Sta. Maria, Bulacan Male 5 9 58 kg. Filipino Single Marilou N. Mendoza Rizalito M. Mendoza
Educational Background:
Primary:
Corinthian School
56
S.Y. 1999-2000

Azicate Homes, Lolomboy, Bocaue, Bulacan
Lolomboy Elementary School Lolomboy, Bocaue, Bulacan
S.Y. 2000-2006
Secondary:
Dr. Yangas Colleges, Inc. Wakas, Bocaue, Bulacan
S.Y. 2006-2010
Tertiary:
Bachelor of Arts in Political Science Dr. Yangas Colleges, Inc. Wakas, Bocaue, Bulacan
S.Y. 2010-Present
57

Appendix D COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES EDITING CERTIFICATE FOR GRAMMAR AND ORGANIZATION
RESEARCH TITLE:
Voting Preference of First-Time Student Voters at Dr. Yangas Colleges Inc., S.Y. 2013-2014: An Assessment
DEGREE/PROGRAM/OFFICE: Bachelor of Arts in Political Science RESEARCHERS NAMES: Ernesto Acot Jr., Trevor Lopez, Mark Angelo Mendoza
This is to certify that I have thoroughly edited the final draft of the research paper entitled Voting Preference of First-Time Student Voters at Dr. Yangas Colleges Inc., S.Y. 2013-2014: An Assessment of the researcher/s listed above and has satisfactorily complied with the grammatical and organizational requirements of a thesis manuscript.
PROF. JEMSON DELOS SANTOS
DYCI-CAS RESEARCH COORDINATOR

58
OCTOBER 2013

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DR. YANGAS COLLEGES, INC.

Chapter I The Problem and its Background

DR. YANGAS COLLEGES, INC.

DR. YANGAS COLLEGES, INC.

DR. YANGAS COLLEGES, INC.

Profile of the respondentsFirst time student voters of DYCI

DR. YANGAS COLLEGES, INC.

Statement of the Problem

Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:

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Significance of the Study

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Scope and Limitation

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Electorate - a body of people entitled to vote. (www.merriam-webster.com)

DR. YANGAS COLLEGES, INC.

DR. YANGAS COLLEGES, INC.

Chapter II Review of Related Literature and Studies

Has Television Personalized Voting Behavior

DR. YANGAS COLLEGES, INC.

DR. YANGAS COLLEGES, INC.

DR. YANGAS COLLEGES, INC.

DR. YANGAS COLLEGES, INC.

DR. YANGAS COLLEGES, INC.

DR. YANGAS COLLEGES, INC.

Voting: A Study of Opinion Formation in a Presidential Campaign

DR. YANGAS COLLEGES, INC.

DR. YANGAS COLLEGES, INC.

Presidential Election: Strategies of American Electoral Politics

Candidates and their Images, Concepts, Methods and Findings

DR. YANGAS COLLEGES, INC.

Previous voting behavior not a reliable guide

Do Mass Media Influence the Political Behavior of Voters

DR. YANGAS COLLEGES, INC.

Candidate Images and Vote Intentions in the 1998 Presidential Elections

DR. YANGAS COLLEGES, INC.

DR. YANGAS COLLEGES, INC.

Southern Tagalog Voting, 1946-1963: Political Behavior in the Philippine Region

DR. YANGAS COLLEGES, INC.

SWS Surveys on 1998 National Elections by Mangahas,Mahar

DR. YANGAS COLLEGES, INC.

Chapter III Methodology

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DR. YANGAS COLLEGES, INC.

DR. YANGAS COLLEGES, INC.

DR. YANGAS COLLEGES, INC.

DR. YANGAS COLLEGES, INC.

Profile of the Respondents Table 1 Respondents Profile According to Age (N=78)

AGE 18-20 21 and above

PERCENTAGE 84.62% 15.38%

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DR. YANGAS COLLEGES, INC.

Catholic Born Again INC

DR. YANGAS COLLEGES, INC.

21 26.9 26 33.3 27 34.6 0

10 12.9 29 37.2 26 33.3 9

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influential role in determining your choice?

DR. YANGAS COLLEGES, INC.

20.5 25 32.05 25 32.05 12 15.4 0

DR. YANGAS COLLEGES, INC.

17.9 28 35.9 19 24.4 13 16.7 4