_04_EE394J_2_Spring12_Transmission_Lines_cont.doc General Form: Two Wires Over Perfect Conducting Earth.

Currents I1 and I2 are Flowing Into the Page Conductor 2, radius R2 Conductor 1, radius R1 D12

D12 h1 h2

Assumptions: D12 > 10 R1, D12 > 10 R2, h1 > 10 D12, h2 > 10 D12

Earths Surface Perfect Conducting Earth. Inside perfect Earth, all E and H fields are zero. There are no charges in perfect Earth. Surface currents flow, and surface charges exist on the perfect Earths surface. Above the Earths surface, the effect of surface current and charges is computed exactly using the method of images. The total E or H above the Earth is the vector sum of four contributions two from the conductors, and two from their images. The conductors are treated as perfect conductors, so that there are no E or H fields inside them. Negative Images

h1 D21

h2

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_04_EE394J_2_Spring12_Transmission_Lines_cont.doc Flux Crossing the #1 Loop Surface Due to I1 Looking Down the Transmission Line Profile View

V1G (t ) = N

dI d =L 1 dt dt

I1(t)

Length

+ V1G(t)

Flux into the loop

Integrating straight down, starting from the conductor surface and contining to the Earths surface, the flux crossing the surface of the loop is H (r ) = I1 2r I B (r ) = o 1 2r
h1 r1

= B dA, A is the loop I ( per meter length) = o 1 2

dr r

I h1 ( per meter length) = o 1 ln 2 r1

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_04_EE394J_2_Spring12_Transmission_Lines_cont.doc Flux Crossing the #1 Loop Surface Due to I1 Image

h1

Integrating straight up, starting from the Earths surface and continuing to the conductor surface, the flux crossing the surface of the loop is I H (r ) = 1 2r o I1 B (r ) = , in direction shown 2r h1

= B dA, A is the loop ( per meter length) = ( per meter length) = o I1 2

h1'+ h1 h1'

#1 Image dr r

o I1 h1'+ h1 ln 2 h1'

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_04_EE394J_2_Spring12_Transmission_Lines_cont.doc Flux Crossing the #1 Loop Surface Due to I2

D12

D1G D1G2 is the distance from #2 to the ground point directly underneath #1. D1G2

Integrating radially outward, starting from radial distance D12, and out to radial distance D1G2, the flux crossing the surface of the loop is I2 2r o I 2 B (r ) = 2r H (r ) =

= B dA, A is the loop I ( per meter length) = o 2 2 ( per meter length) =

D1G 2 D12

dr r

o I 2 D1G 2 ln 2 D12

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_04_EE394J_2_Spring12_Transmission_Lines_cont.doc Flux Crossing the #1 Loop Surface Due to I2 Image

D12 D1G2

Integrating radially outward, starting from radial distance D to radial distance D12, the flux crossing the surface of the loop is I2 2r I B (r ) = o 2 , in direction shown 2r H (r ) =

D1G2 is the distance from #2 image to the ground point directly underneath #1. For perfect Earth, it equals D1G2 of the previous figure.

= B dA, A is the loop

#2 Image

I ( per meter length) = o 2 2 ( per meter length) =

D12' D1G 2'

dr r

o I 2 D12' ln 2 D1G 2'

Obviously D21 = D12. Geometry shows that D21 = D12. Taking into account all four contributions, the total flux per meter length through the loop surface is

1 =

o 2 o 2

h1 h1'+ h1 D1G 2 D12' I1 ln r1 + I1 ln h1' + I 2 ln D12 + I 2 ln D1G 2' Webers/m, or h1 (h1'+ h1) D1G 2 D12' I1 ln r1 h1' + I 2 ln D12 D1G 2' Webers/m

1 =

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_04_EE394J_2_Spring12_Transmission_Lines_cont.doc Following the same procedure for the #2 surface, and combining #1 and #2 equations into a single matrix equation. Given

1 =
we have

o 2

h1 (h1'+ h1) D1G 2 D12' I1 ln r1 h1' + I 2 ln D12 D1G 2' ,

2 =

o 2

D 2G1 D12' h 2 (h 2'+ h 2) I1 ln D12 D 2G1' + I 2 ln r 2 h 2' .

Writing in a general matrix form,

h1 (h1'+ h1) D1G 2 D12' ln ln I 1 o r 1 h 1 ' D D G 12 1 2 ' 1 Webers/m. = 2 D 2G1 D12' h 2 (h 2'+ h 2) ln I 2 2 ln r 2 h 2' D12 D 2G1'

Assumptions: D12 > 10 R1, D12 > 10 R2, h1 > 10 D12, h2 > 10 D12

For perfect Earth, the general form simplifies to

2 h1 D12' ln ln I 1 o r 1 D 12 1 Webers/m. = 2 D12' 2 h 2 ln 2 I 2 ln r 2 D12

The above equations can be expanded using symmetry for any number of conductors. Common Mode Excitation Conductors #1 and #2 are connected in parallel and excited by voltage (to ground) VG. I1 flows in #1, I2 flows in #2. (I1 + I2) is total source current IT .
2 h1 D12' dI1 dI1 ln ln 11 12 L L VG r1 D12 dt = dt Volts/m. VG = D12' 2 h 2 dI 2 L12 L 22 dI 2 ln ln dt r 2 D12 dt

Subtracting Row 2 from Row 1 yields,

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_04_EE394J_2_Spring12_Transmission_Lines_cont.doc
dI1 dI + ( L12 L 22) 2 , so dt dt

0 = ( L11 L12)

dI 2 dI1 ( L11 L12) = , making it possible to write dt dt ( L 22 L12) dI T dI1 dI 2 dI1 = + = dt dt dt dt so ( L11 L12) dI1 ( L 22 L12 + L11 L12) dI1 ( L11 2 L12 + L 22) 1 + = = ( L 22 L12) dt ( L 22 L12) ( L 22 L12) dt

dI1 dI T ( L 22 L12) = dt dt ( L11 2 L12 + L 22)

From the top row of the matrix, VG = L11 dI dI1 ( L11 L12) L12 ( L11 L12) dI1 + L12 1 = L11 + dt ( L 22 L12) ( L 22 L12) dt dt

( L11 L 22 L11 L12 + L12 L11 L12 2 ) dI1 VG = ( L 22 L12) dt ( L11 L 22 L12 2 ) dIT ( L 22 L12) VG = ( L 22 L12) dt ( L11 2 L12 + L 22) L11 L 22 L12 2 L11 L 22 L12 2 dI T VG = , so Leq = for Common Mode. L11 2 L12 + L 22 dt L11 2 L12 + L 22 L11 L 22 If #1 and #2 are far apart, then L12 << L11 or L22, so Leq = , which is the parallel L11 + L 22 combination of inductances L11 and L22.
Special case Common Mode with Symmetry so that L11 = L22 = LS, and let L12 = LM,

LS 2 LM 2 ( LS + LM ) ( LS LM ( LS + LM ) Leq = . = = 2 ( LS LM ) 2 2 LS 2 LM Using the log terms,

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_04_EE394J_2_Spring12_Transmission_Lines_cont.doc

2h D12 ' 1 2h D12' o 1 2h D12' o ln ln Leq = o ln + ln = = r D12 2 2 r D12 2 2 r D12 2

GMD Leq = o ln , GMD = 2h D12' , GMR = r D12 (is consistent with the previous 2 GMR example of wire above Earth, but now we have an equivalent bundle GMR instead of simple wire radius r, and an equivalent bundle GMR instead of just 2h.)
The bundle GMR can been worked out for symmetric bundles of any number of conductors. The cases of two (our case), three, and four-conductor bundles are shown below. The formula applies when all conductors have the same radius r, and a circle of radius A can be drawn through the symmetric bundle.

A N=2

A N=3

A N=4

GMR =

N r A N 1

The same idea applies to GMD = 2h D12' . If three wires above the Earth are energized in common mode, the GMD of the bundle to its images becomes #1 #2 #3 Bundle of three conductors over Earth. If conductors #1, #2, #3 are themselves bundles, represent each with a bundle GMR

GMD = 9 D11' D12' D13' D 21' D 22' D 23' D31' D32' D33'

#3 #1

Images of the three conductors

#2

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_04_EE394J_2_Spring12_Transmission_Lines_cont.doc

Normal Mode Excitation

Voltage source V12 is connected between #1 and #2, with no direct ground connections, and whatever current travels down #1 returns on #2.
dI1 V 1G L11 L12 dt V 2G = L12 L 22 dI 1 dt

Subtracting Row 2 from Row 1,

V 1G V 2G = V 12 = ( L11 L12 L12 + L 22)
Leq = L11 2 L12 + L 22 for Normal Mode.

Earth. Image currents are below, but not drawn here

dI1 dI = ( L11 2 L12 + L 22) 1 , so dt dt

Special case Normal Mode with Symmetry so that L11 = L22 = LS, and let L12 = LM,
Leq = 2 ( LS LM )

Using the log terms,

2h D12' o 2 h D12 Leq = o 2 ln 2 ln ln = 2 D12 2 r D12' r
D12 2 h o D12 o D12 Leq = o 2 ln 2 ln ln = (consistent with previous D12' 2 2 r r r

example of two wires far above Earth)

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