POWERGRID CORPORATION OF INDIA LIMITED

765/400/220 kV WARDHA SUB STATION

TRAINING REPORT SUB STATION OVERVIEW

May - June 2012

Submitted by:

Rahul Taori
Electronics Engineering Shri Ramdeobaba College of Engineering and Management

Shantanu Deshmukh
Electrical Engineering Shri Ramdeobaba College of Engineering and Management

POWERGRID CORPORATION OF INDIA LIMITED

765/400/220 kV WARDHA SUB STATION

TRAINING REPORT SUB STATION OVERVIEW

May - June 2012

Submitted by:

Javvaji Krishna Teja

Electrical and Electronics engineering Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur.

Bachu Ramesh
Electrical and Electronics engineering Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur.

POWERGRID CORPORATION OF INDIA LIMITED

765/400/220 kV WARDHA SUB STATION

TRAINING REPORT SUB STATION OVERVIEW

May - June 2012

Submitted by:

Rajan Dubey
Electrical Engineering Anjuman College of Engineering and Technology

Akash Barse
Electrical Engineering Anjuman College of Engineering and Technology

Mohammad Asif
Electrical Engineering Anjuman College of Engineering and Technology

Index

Sr. No. 1. 2. 3 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

Contents Mission and Objectives of PowerGrid Introduction of Wardha Substation Single Line Diagram Bus Switching Schemes Lightning Arrester Wave Trap Current Transformer Capacitive Voltage Transformer Circuit Breaker Isolator Reactor InterConnecting Transformer Protection Relay Line/ Transformer/ Bus Bar Protection Testing

Page No. 5 6 7 10 12 12 13 14 14 16 16 18 19 21 23 24

Acknowledgement:
We express with reverence our indebtedness to our guide Shri. Patanjali Sharma Sir, Chief Manager, Wardha Sub Station, for standing by us right from the beginning of our training. We are greatly thankful to the Shri. Nitin Bhoyar, Manager for providing us an opportunity to do training work. We express our sincere thanks to Shri. Kaushal Sir, Shinde Sir, Chimankar sir, Vinit Sir, Patnaik Sir, Patel Sir and each and every staff member for their valuable advises and guidance to the training work.

Mission Of PowerGrid
ESTABLISHMENT & OPERATION OF REGIONAL & NATIONAL POWER GRIDS TO FACILITATE TRANSFER OF POWER WITHIN & ACROSS THE REGIONS WITH RELIABILITY, SECURITY & ECONOMY ON SOUND COMMERCIAL PRINCIPLES

Objectives of Powergrid
To ensure requisite capital investment in power transmission sector by mobilizing resources on its own / through private participation. To provide transmission system matching with generation capacity addition in the central sector. To augment and strengthen Regional Grids to and develop a strong National Grid to facilitate exchange of power between Regions. To extend the National Grid to a SAARC Grid by interconnecting neighboring countries viz. Bhutan, Nepal, Bangladesh etc. To Undertake diversification in synergic area of Telecommunication as a Infrastructure Service Provider. To assist state power utilities in Distribution Sector under Accelerated Power Development and Reforms Programme of the GOI.

Introduction of Wardha SubStation:

This report is a brief description of 765kV/400kV/220kV substation at Wardha maintained by Power Grid Corporation of India limited. It is located 16km away from Wardha at Deoli, MIDC area. It is a transmission substation where power is taken from Seoni and transmitted to Parli, Badnera, Maudha, MSEB etc. The future prospective of this substation is to have a 1200kV line.

Fig.1: Power map of Western Region

Single Line Diagram 765KV

400KV

220KV

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Bus Switching Schemes

Single Main Scheme Double Main Scheme Single Main & Transfer Scheme Double Main with by-pass isolator scheme Double Main & Transfer Scheme One & Half Breaker Scheme Double breaker Scheme Ring Bus Scheme At wardha substation, we use one and half breaker scheme for 765/400 KV lines and double main transfer scheme for 220KV lines.

One and half breaker scheme:

In this scheme, two circuit have three breakers, the middle breaker ties the two circuits and hence is called the tie breaker. Breaker or bus maintenance is possible without any shut down of the feeder Even if both the buses are out of service, power can be transferred from one feeder to another feeder through tie breaker

Fig.2: One and half breaker scheme

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Double Main and Transfer Bus Scheme:

In this bus scheme, in addition to the two main buses there will be a separate transfer bus also. Since separate transfer bus is available there will be no need of transferring the load from one bus to the other bus unlike in a main cum transfer bus arrangement.

Fig.3: Double main transfer scheme overview

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Substation Equipments
Line equipment
Lightning arrester Wave trap Transformer Reactor Capacitive voltage transformer Potential Transformer

Bay equipment
Isolator Circuit Breaker Current transformer

Lightning Arresters
Lightning Arresters need low resistance during flow of lightning current to limit surge voltage and high resistance to limit discharge current. In wardha substation, the capacity of LA used for 765KV line is 624KV and that for 400KV is 390KV recently being replaced by 336KV. .

Wave trap
The function of wave trap is to avoid high frequency signal to enter in the substation. It allows only 50Hz signals to enter. The capacities of wave traps used at wardha substation are 0.5mH, 1mH or 2mH.

Fig.4: 400kV lightening arrestor

Fig.5: 400kv wave trap

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Current Transformer
The function of Current Transformer is same as that of step down transformer which step down the high current to a measurable current. At wardha substation, the CTs used are : 765KV: 3000/1 400KV: 2000/1 220KV: 1600/1

Types of CTs
Dead Tank Design o Hair Pin Design o Eye Bolt Design Live tank Design

Fig.6: live tank current transformer

Fig.7: Dead tank current transformer

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Capacitive Voltage Transformer

The function of CVT is: It steps down the high voltage level into low voltage/measurable level. In hot line communication like Power Line Carrier Communication through phase to phase coupling device. At wardha substation the CVTs used are of 765/400/220 KV capacity.

Fig.8: 400kv capacitive voltage transformer

Circuit Breaker
Circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to detect a fault condition and, by interrupting continuity, to immediately discontinue electrical flow. Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then must be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either manually or automatically) to resume normal operation. Circuit breakers are made in varying sizes, from small devices that protect an individual household appliance up to large switchgear designed to protect high voltage circuits feeding an entire city.

TYPES OF CIRCUIT BREAKER

Fig.9: Usage of circuit breakers depending on voltage level

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Circuit-breakers lie at the heart of any switchgear installation.

Fig.10: Modes of operation of circuit breaker

Mode of operation
The current path is formed by the terminal plates [(1) and (8)], the contact support (2), the base (7) and the moving contact cylinder (6). In closed state the operating current flows through the main contact (4). An arcing contact (5) acts parallel to this. Breaking operating currents During the opening process, the main contact (4) opens first and the current commutates on the still closed arcing contact. If this contact is subsequently opened, an arc is drawn between the contacts (5). At the same time, the contact cylinder (6) moves into the base (7) and compresses the quenching gas there. The gas then flows in the reverse direction through the contact cylinder (6) towards the arcing contact (5) and quenches the arc there. Breaking fault currents In the event of high short-circuit currents, the quenching gas on the arcing contact is heated substantially by the energy of the arc. This leads to a rise in pressure in the contact cylinder. In this case the energy for creation of. the required quenching pressure does not have to be produced by the operating mechanism. Subsequently, the fixed arcing contact releases the outflow through the nozzle (3). The gas flows out of the contact cylinder back into the nozzle and quenches the arc. The specific properties of the twin nozzle system are beneficial for restrike-free switching of low inductive and capacitive currents. Thanks to its high arc resistance the system is especially suitable for the breaking of certain types of fault such as those close to generators.

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Isolator
An isolator (UK terminology) or disconnector (US terminology) is a switch used to isolate a section of a circuit from any energised conductors, by presenting a visible break in the circuit. Isolators are not designed to break load currents (unless fitted with optional arc-breaking feature) or to break fault currents.

Types of isolater
Type of Isolator
Horizontal Centre Break Isolator (HCB) Horizontal Double Break Isolator (HDB) Pantograph Isolator (Panto) Vertical Break Isolator (VB) Knee type Isolator for 765kV Staggered

Knee type Isolator in close position

Fig.11: 765kv knee type isolator in close view

Reactor:
It is a simple shunt inductor or series capacitor installed to bring down the voltage at the receiving end of a long transmission line, where the voltage is being boosted due the Ferranti effect. It is line equipment, installed immediately at the incoming / outgoing ends after the lighting arrestor and potential transformer in the line. As the power is transmitted over long lines at high voltages the high capacitance of the transmission line compared to its resistance and inductance will result in generation of reactive power which ultimately results in boosting up of voltage at the receiving end of the transmission line.

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Thus, a shunt inductor or a series capacitor is installed at the line ends to consume this reactive power generated along the transmission line and pull down the voltage to appropriate level of transmission. Reactors are generally installed on either side substations of the transmission lines , at appropriate ratings calculated as for the (each leg shunt capacitance) Pi-model of the line.

The reactors used in wardha substation:

There are 10 single phase reactors and 5 three phase reactors in wardha substation. Among the ten single phase reactors 3 of them are used in incoming line of seoni-1 dia 3 of them are used in incoming line of seoni-2 dia 3 of them are used as bus reactors (maintains bus bar voltages) The other one is a spare reactor. All 5three phase reactors are used in 400kv yard in different lines for the same purposes as described.

Fig.12: a single phase reactor installed in 765kv yard at wardha substation

Fig.13: a three phase reactor installed in 400kv yard at wardha substation

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InterConnecting Transformer:
It is a static piece of device which is used for stepping down / stepping up of voltage levels keeping power constant at a given frequency of operation. It works on the principle of mutual induction It is line equipment installed at the incoming/outgoing ends of the line where ever a change in voltage level is desired. The use of transformer in the power system as lead to the reduction of generating costs and transmission and distribution losses by providing a provision to have Generation at low voltage level ( economical) Transmission at high voltage (low losses) Distribution at low voltage ( to suit consumer requirements)

Interconnecting Transformers used in wardha substation:

There are 10single phase and 3three phase interconnecting transformers in wardha substation All the ten single phase transformers are auto transformers rated 765/400 kv, which are used to connect 765kv yard to the 400kv yard 3 of them are used in outgoing line of seoni-1 dia 3 of them are used in outgoing line of seoni-2 dia 3 of them are used in bus reactors dia The other one is a spare transformer. All 3three phase transformers are star-delta-star transformers rated 400/33/220 kv, which are used to connect 400kv yard to the 220kv yard The tertiary winding of the 3-phase transformer is to trap the third harmonic current. In wardha substation, the tertiary winding of ICT1 in the 400kv yard is planned to be used as a backup power source for substation equipment in future.

Fig.3: A single phase ICT installed

in 765kv yard at wardha substation

Fig.4: A three phase ICT installed

in 400kv yard at wardha substation

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WHAT IS A PROTECTION?
Humans need protection from external disease, sun and whether. All the internal parts of the human beings are protected naturally. Heart and lungs are protected by ribs bones from external impact. Brain is protected by skull. Eyes are protected by eyelids and by closing eyes. We need cloths to protect us from external environment conditions. Similarly electrical equipment needs protection from any external or internal faults which may produce a detrimental effect on it.

Electrical faults in the power system:

Transients Faults Permanent faults

Requirements of Protection System: SENSITIVITY: The relay shall be sensitive to operate for minimum quantity of
operating parameter. SELECTIVITY: The relay/scheme should be able to select the faulty section and isolate. SPEED: The relay should operate faster so that fault is isolated as fast as possible. RELIABILITY: The relay/scheme should operate for all types of faults with repeatability and reliability. COST: The relay/scheme should be economical.

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ELEMENTS OF PROTECTION

Bus Trip Ckt CB Current

DC SOURCE

CT

Voltage

CV T

Relay

Feeder

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General Line Protection

Relay
A protective relay is an electromechanical apparatus, often with more than one coil, designed to calculate operating conditions on an electrical circuit and trip circuit breakers when a fault is detected. Unlike switching type relays with fixed and usually ill-defined operating voltage thresholds and operating times, protective relays have well-established, selectable, time/current (or other operating parameter) operating characteristics. Protection relays respond to such conditions as over-current, over-voltage, reverse power flow, over- and under- frequency. Distance relays trip for faults up to a certain distance away from a substation but not beyond that point. Objectives of Relay Protection Protect persons and equipment in the surrounding of the power system. Protect apparatus in the power system. Separate faulty parts from the rest of the power system to facilitate the operation of the healthy part of the system. Types of Protective Relays Overcurrent relay An "overcurrent relay" is a type of protective relay which operates when the load current exceeds a preset value. The ANSI device number is 50 for an instantaneous overcurrent (IOC), 51 for a time over current (TOC). In a typical application the overcurrent relay is connected to a current transformer and calibrated to operate at or above a specific current level. When the relay operates, one or more contacts will operate and energize to trip (open) a circuit breaker. Distance relay The most common form of protection on high voltage transmission systems is distance relay protection. Power lines have set impedance per kilometre and using this value and comparing voltage and current the distance to a fault can be determined. The ANSI standard device number for a distance relay is 21. Current differential protection Another common form of protection for apparatus such as transformers, generators, busses and power lines is current differential. This type of protection works on the basic theory of Kirchhoff's current law which states that the sum of the currents entering and exiting a node will equal zero. It is important to note the direction of the currents as well as the magnitude, as they are vectors. It requires a set of current transformers (smaller transformers that transform currents

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down to a level which can be measured) at each end of the power line, or each side of the transformer. The current protection relay then compares the currents and calculates the difference between the two. As an example, a power line from one substation to another will have a current differential relay at both substations which communicate with each other.

Static relays Static relays with no or few moving parts became practical with the introduction of the transistor. Static relays offer the advantage of higher sensitivity than purely electromechanical relays, because power to operate output contacts is derived from a separate supply, not from the signal circuits. Static relays eliminated or reduced contact bounce, and could provide fast operation, long life and low maintenance. Numerical Protective Relays
The functions of electromechanical protection systems are now being replaced by microprocessor-based digital protective relays, sometimes called "numeric relays". A microprocessor-based digital protection relay can replace the functions of many discrete electromechanical instruments. These convert voltage and currents to digital form and process the resulting measurements using a microprocessor. The digital relay can emulate functions of many discrete electromechanical relays in one device, simplifying protection design and maintenance. Each digital relay can run self-test routines to confirm its readyness and alarm if a fault is detected. Numeric relays can also provide functions such as communications (SCADA) interface, monitoring of contact inputs, metering, waveform analysis, and other useful features. Digital relays can, for example, store two sets of protection parameters, which allows the behavior of the relay to be changed during maintenance of attached equipment.

Basis of Classifications of Relays

Quantity of response: Voltage, current, frequency, power etc. Function: Detection, time-delay, tripping, alarm, signaling, flag, contact multiplication Construction: Electromagnetic, Static or Numerical

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Transmission Line Protections

Distance Protection. SOTF. Over voltage Protection. VT Fuse fails. Power Swing Blocking. DEF Protection.

Transformer Protections
Differential Protection REF Protection Over flux protection Over current and Earth fault protection Mechanical Protections- PRV, Buchholz, WTI, OTI .

Bus Bar Protection

The Differential Current protection principle is used to protect the Bus Bars. Here the current entering the bus and leaving the bus are summed up. The sum should be zero. Bus Bar Scheme at Wardha S/s Numerical Distributed Bus Bar Scheme ( CU and PU)

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Testing in powergrid
FIELD TESTS
DEW POINT MEASUREMENT FOR LARGE TRANSFORMER FILLED WITH DRY AIR OR NITROGEN FILLED WINDING RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT VECTOR GROUP AND POLARITY VOLTAGE RATIO TEST MEASUREMENT OF MAGNETIZING CURRENT MAGNETIC BALANCE TEST ON THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER INSULATION RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT MEASUREMENT OF CAPACITANCE AND DISSIPATION FACTOR DISSOLVED GAS ANALYSIS ( DGA )

Pre Commissioning Tests

Polarity Test Magnetization Curve Test Ratio Test Primary Current Injection Test Secondary Current Injection Test

Trasformer oil testing

BDV( breakdown voltage) PPM(parts per million) Dissolved gas analysis Resistivity

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