Doctor Alan Moelleken, MD Cottage Hospital, Santa Barbara

Specialty Medical Degree Internship Residency Fellowship Board Certification Affiliations Office Spine treatment; Orthopedic surgery University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Orthopedic surgery, UCLA Orthopedic surgery, American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery

Surgery, UCLA Spine surgery; Neurosurgery, New York University

American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgery; North American Spine Society 401 East Carrillo St., Santa Barbara (805) 563-0998

Website

www.spineandorthocenter.com

Surgery
Main article: Surgery

Surgical specialties employ operative treatment. In addition, surgeons must decide when an operation is necessary, and also treat many non-surgical issues, particularly in the surgical intensive care unit (SICU), where a variety of critical issues arise. Surgeons must also manage pre-operative, post-operative, and potential surgical candidates on the hospital wards.

Surgery has many sub-specialties, including general surgery, cardiovascular surgery,colorectal surgery, neurosurgery, oral and maxillofacial surgery,oncologic surgery, orthopedic surgery, otolaryngology, plastic surgery, podiatric surgery, transplant surgery, trauma surgery,urology, vascular surgery, and pediatric surgery. In some centers,anesthesiology is part of the division of surgery (for historical and logistical reasons), although it is not a surgical

discipline. Other medical specialties may employ surgical procedures, such as ophthalmology and dermatology, but are not considered surgical sub-specialties per se. Surgical training in the U.S. requires a minimum of five years of residency after medical school. Sub-specialties of surgery often require seven or more years. In addition, fellowships can last an additional one to three years. Because post-residency fellowships can be competitive, many trainees devote two additional years to research. Thus in some cases surgical training will not finish until more than a decade after medical school. Furthermore, surgical training can be very difficult and time consuming.

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