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Rome in Italian Peninsula

Near Mediterranean Sea Apennines Mountain crosses the Italian

Peninsula Alps divided Rome from rest of Europe Less bad lands than Greece, many rivers easy transport, tie the country easily

City hills defensive Tiber River, near port

Shallow, small boat pass Fast, large boat cant pass no attack!

Tiber Valley near trade route

Not Republic yet

Romulus and Remus, twins of Mars (God of War) Uncle threw them to Tiber She-Wolf save them Found Rome Romulus kills Remus

Tiny Rome!
First Roman Settlement 800 B.C. Built villages formed city

Kings had power Allow Rome to grow Old Boy aristocrat Senate, advised king

Senate comes from Latin senex, meaning Old Man

Aristocrats were getting disappointed about Monarchy Thus, marks the start Tarquin the of Proud did bad things to Roman Republic, where all free adult people male had privilege of

being in government Leaders overthrew Tarquin the Proud, commenced Roman Republic

Republic comes from Latin of res publica, meaning public thing/business

Before Roman settlement, there were people already


Borrowed their culture

With Greece
Borrowed Greece legends Greek Myth Zeus Jupiter Athena Minerva Hera Juno

Most powerful of Italy then Lived in north of Latium As trading, learned many things (Greek, Phoenicians) Had their own alphabet Rome adopt it

Latin

Also example of cultural diffusion Loss of war with Samnite

Decided to use Samnites military, maniples Legion 4,500 5,000 soldiers Maniples broke from Legions (60 160 soldiers) Short sword - gladius

it was impossible even for native pronounce with certainty whether the whole system was aristocratic, democratic, or monarchical. - Ancient historian Polybius

Not written
Based on custom & Tradition

Government organized it

When monarchy ended, didnt want any to have whole power


Worked for 500 years

To learn more about Roman Separation of Power

There were two consuls


Consuls were top leaders Both consuls has to agree! They can veto things Veto means I forbid in Latin

Democratic Part Citizens (All free adult males) Pass law, elect Magistrates

Rich peoples votes count more than poors

Oligarchic Wealthy, government money, pass law, control foreign policy Not represent people guide state Chosen by official named censor Advised others Rich, old people thought smarter than others

Power of high officials like monarch Wealthy, ancestors was high officials Elite family? Politics essential Moved from low to high

Race of honor

Quaestors
States Money Help higher Good at quaestors? Can be elected at aedile Aedile hold festival

Plebians before becoming higher officials, become tribunes Protect plebs Can veto laws Had huge amount of power Not allowed go harm them/stop them from doing job

After aedile/tribune Judge case Manage city Rome Lead military

After praetor, can become two consuls Top officials Looked over senate, assembly, highest judges

Consuls & Praetors


Special toga Lictor guarded Sat on ivory chairs

Consuls Veto Assembly by the Senate and Magistrates Magistrates by Assembly and the Senate The Senate by Assembly and Magistrates


Roman Republic

Only free man could vote Slavery Direct Democracy Constitution non written


U.S.

All American as long as 18 or above can vote No slavery Representative Democracy Constitution written

There is senate Check & Balance President veto law as tribunes of plebs Rule of Law law applies to everyone

Senate choose dictator on emergency Held absolute power, but only for 6 months Cincinnatus famous dictator

Chosen as dictator, quickly defeat After that, did what he usually did - farming

Oldest of the family has houses power Father can even kill their family

Power was forbidden by tradition

Women was active in society, can own things


Cant have offices, cant vote

40% of population! No right, but keep money, own property Could be killed Worked in mines, housework, teachers, secretaries Spartacus fought against Rome in 70 B.C.

Crucified

3 wars Carthage & Rome Hannibal on 2nd war, came over Alps

Unexpectedly attack and win 204 B.C., General Scipio attack Carthage Defeat Carthage Hannibal
Scipio

Economy Furthermore, it is my opinion that Carthage must be destroyed.

Speech

146 B.C. Carthage is destroyed by Rome


Carthage people were sold to slavery Now, Rome owned more than one territory

I.

People breaks rule


a. Magistrates become wealthy by stealing b. Politicians use money to get elected

II.

Poor
a. Tenant loose job as there are slaves from

other territory

Government decides to give poor meals 123 B.C., Tiberius Gracchus tried to give land to poor, killed by enemies

III.

Military gets power

Gaius Marius, Consul, allowed poor people to join army


Before, only who has money for weapon could join Poor to get successful afterwards, loyal to military general than Rome


Rich

Large farm, tenant & slaves farm Two story villa with gardens, etc., water Political


Poor

As written, many farm for rich Disease, fire common house, no water Other than tenant, construct, stores, taverns, restaurants

IV.

Civil Wars
Marius VS Sulla, Sulla won, became dictator

for a year Pompey & Senate VS Julius Caesar, Julius Caesar wins, became dictator for life

Who Was Julius Caesar?

At first, worked with Pompey, never cared about law & customs Later, they had war
Julius Caesar

crossed Rubicon with army (illegal) Won, died in Ides of March (15th of March), 44 B.C.

Octavian, Caesars supporter & Stepson, has war with people who killed Caesar
Victory

Also has war with Mark Antony & Cleopatra


Victory

Starts Empire, titled Augustus, which means greatly honored one


Titled also used for later emperor

Was empire before, if they had emperor

Art
Mosaic Greek Gods Look like real people Greek showed young, beautiful people,

Roman showed real life

Latin
Not used today, but influenced other

languages Romance languages

Romance languages French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, etc.

Words such as etc., et al, educate, and

more comes from Latin Catholic use Latin

Cicero was good at it(Roman Republic) Cicero was example for later

Virgil (Roman Republic) wrote Aeneid, based on Iliad & Odyssey Hoarce (Republic to Empire) wrote Odes, about love, advises, etc. Ovid (Republic to Empire) wrote verses about mythy

Satire
Entertainment, making fun of government

Philosophy
Seneca developed from Greek Stoic Philosophy

Claudius Ptolemy in Egypt (Roman Empire)


Astronomer & Mathematician Wrote Almagest (influenced until 1400, when proved wrong)

Claudius Galen studied with animals


Found out that arteries & vein carry blood

Hosted even before Rome Fought until one died First for funeral, later only for entertainments Winners were freed from slavery Sometimes with teams, boats, or animals

Location: Circus Maximus 270,000 people could watch People often died

Twelve Tables
Early period no written, but in 400s B.C.,

wrote a law called Twelve Tables

Influences
Civil Law as in France, Spain, Portugal,

Mexico, Brazil, Louisiana, U.S.

30 B.C. 180 A.D. Period of Roman Peace where 65 million people were in steady place

Pax Romana ended when Marcus Aurelius die and his son on throne From 100s A.D., military leaders fought to become emperor There wasnt no peace (I agree, double negative)

Septimius Severus gained power after civil war


Septimius Severus knew that military liked him,

so he is on power

He knew it wasnt people who liked him Severus listened to military, but not to his man

Didnt challenge to Senate (Emperors who

preceded him did it )

Emperor afterward - fail

Economy
Wars cost a lot Gave more money to military Money come from tax Trade hurts Money with less gold merchants

recognized raise cost, inflation

Diocletian made Rome more stable


Organized government Treated Christians badly Thought Christians caused problem for Rome Chose co-emperor to manage large Roman

Empire (East Diocletian, West co-emperor) Chose Junior Emperor to get the throne
Didnt work that way, though

Constantinople wasnt Junior emperor but got the throne by civil war Built Constantinople in Byzantium Converted to Christian

Legend says after fighting under cross and

getting the victory in his dream

Built Hagia Sophia

(Before Invasion) (Invasion starts) (Middle and end of invasion)

Romes enemy more and more dangerous


a. Took long time to tell emperor about it
b. Hard for military to attack quickly

Persian Sassanian Persian emperor Shapur I captured Valerian Roman Empire Huns- One of the most fearsome, use spear in horseback Goth Adopted in Rome

Germanic Invasion
Frank, Vandal, Goth Settled there Because thought Rome was

good place to live in Adopted Greco Roman


Adopted in Rome

Huns
Attila as the leader, however defeated Huns were still dangerous

Germanic
Goth tried to find place to hide from Huns Thus, Rome attack Goth, Goth defeat Rome (Battle of Adrianople)

Rome tried mercenaries


Gave tribes money, fight for money not

country Sometimes turn away

Goth (410), Vandal (455), General Odoacer (476) captured Rome Odoacer threw Romulus Augustus out of throne

Byzantine Empire (East) continued for 1000 years

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