The international system of units Or Physics seven (7) Basic quantities The 'INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS', abbreviated SI,

defines the seven quantities listed in the left box below and the specific methods to build up a physical standard for each, called the unit, against which any other quantity of the same type can be compared. Fundamental Quantities 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Length (meter) Mass (kilogram) Time (second) Electric current (ampere) Thermodynamic temperature (kelvin) Amount of substance (mole) Luminous intensity (candela)

These quantities are considered to be the building blocks of physics. They are used to express the laws of physics. Derived Quantities Many other quantities can be derived out of the combination of the basic quantities. For instance a speed is the ratio of a length by a time. Acceleration is the ratio of a speed by a time. And a force is the multiplication of acceleration by mass. Because physics expresses everything in the Universe in terms of these basic quantities, one concludes for oneself that in physics there are no other basic quantities than those of this SI unit system.

A set of fundamental units is a set of units for physical quantities from which every other unit can be generated. In the language of measurement, quantities are quantifiable aspects of the world, such as time, distance, velocity, mass, temperature, energy, and weight, and units are used to describe their measure. Many of these quantities are related to each other by various physical laws, and as a result the units of some of the quantities can be expressed as products (or ratios) of powers of other units (e.g., momentum is mass times velocity and velocity is measured in distance divided by time). These relationships are discussed in dimensional analysis. Those that cannot be so expressed can be regarded as "fundamental" in this sense. There are other relationships between physical quantities which can be expressed by means of fundamental constants, and to some extent it is an arbitrary decision whether to retain the fundamental constant as a quantity with dimensions or simply to define it as unity or a fixed dimensionless number, and reduce the number of fundamental constants by one. For instance, time and distance are related to each other by the speed of light, c, which is a fundamental constant. It is possible to use this relationship to eliminate either the fundamental unit of time or that of distance. Similar considerations apply to Planck's constant, h, which relates energy (with dimensions of mass, length and time) to frequency (dimensions of time). In theoretical physics it is customary to use such units (natural units) in which c = 1 and = 1. Slightly different considerations apply to the so-called permittivity of free space, which historically has been regarded as a separate physical constant in some systems of measurement but not in others. In the SI system, there are seven fundamental units: kilogram, meter, candela, second, ampere, kelvin, and mole. In theory, a system of fundamental quantities (or sometimes fundamental dimensions) would be such that every other physical quantity (or dimension of physical quantity) can be generated from them.

One could eliminate any two of the meter, kilogram and second by setting c and h to unity or to a fixed dimensionless number. One could then eliminate the ampere either by setting the permittivity of free space to a fixed dimensionless number or by setting the electronic charge to such a number. One could similarly eliminate the mole as a fundamental unit by reference to Avogadro's number. One could eliminate the kelvin as it can be argued that temperature simply expresses the energy per particle per degree of freedom which can be expressed in terms of energy (or mass, length, and time). Another way of saying this is that Boltzmann's constant could be expressed as a fixed dimensionless number. Similarly, one could eliminate the candela as that is defined in terms of other physical quantities. That just leaves one fundamental dimension and one fundamental unit, but we still have plenty of fundamental constants left to eliminate that too - for instance one could use G, thegravitational constant, or me, the electron rest mass.

A widely used choice is the so-called Planck units, which are defined by setting = c = G = 1. That leaves every physical quantity expressed simply as a dimensionless number, so it is not surprising that there are [1] also physicists who have cast doubt on the very existence of incompatible fundamental quantities.

RESULTANT OF A FORCE Resultant force on an object is the force that has the same effect as all the forces acting on that object. It can be found by using the'tip-to-tail' method and the parallelogram of forces method. 'Tip-to-tail' method:

Parallelogram of forces method:

These methods can also be used to find the resultant of other vectorquantities.

HISTORY AND ORIGIN OF FILIPINO DANCE

sovereign amid promises of enriching the land with new plants, new farming and agricultural technology as well as new products, an international galleon trade and new animals of burden like the horse, the cow and the carabao and a Religion that will take them to heaven after death. After the majority of the Ethnic States, including some cordillera tribes and the Muslimized Sultanates, agreed to accept the Spanish King as their natural sovereign thereby enlisting themselves as part and parcel of the newly-formed FILIPINO STATE, a show of ethnic dances was instantly organized to the amazement of the Spanish conquistadores and friars. Each Pre-Hispanic Ethnic State displayed their respective dances to celebrate their unity under the newly formed Filipino State under the Crown of Spain. The Spanish conquistadores and friars immediately noticed that, save some chants, all the dance movements were executed a to rhythm that had no melody. Drums, gongs, bamboo sticks, grass leaves, claps, cymbals were the instruments that provided the rhythm to the unchoreographed dances that also displayed what the Ethnic States had for their respective dress to cover their bodies. Though primitive, the dancers as well as the dances had their innate charm that entertained even the most discriminating of Spanish friars and conquistadores. Based on that established unity, the Spanish government and church with their missionary labor included the introduction of music, the seguidilla chord that is now the basis of the Filipino melody in kundimans, habaneras and balitaos aside from the early church music as now discovered and revived in Bohol. With the introduction of the town Fiesta culture, both Filipino Folkdance and Ballroom dance were born in all our old grand houses, mga bahay na bato, and municipal plazas and conventos. These Filipino dances, which show no trace of the newer American influence in this genre, has been with our people through the centuries and they are now priced as purely Filipino dance traditions. A mirror of both the Pre-Hispanic and Hispanic dances can be appreciated today in the repertoires of local dance groups like the Bayanihan and the old Filipinescas. More researches into Filipino culture and history is now yielding the direct links of Filipino folk and ballroom dances with the old Flamenco dances that flowered inside Intramruos de Manila and in many of the provincial cabeceras scattered all over the Philippine Islands. Thus, the Filipino dance genre, in both its folkdance form, as well as in its socialized forms like the Rigodn de Honor, as well as its ballroom dances in the form of Habaneras, Pasacalles, Polkas, Valses, Pasodobles, Chotis, Danzas, Rumbas and Tangos, are well defined dance traditions that continue to give enjoyment to the new generation of Filipinos who naturally want to be proud of what we all know is Filipino culture Ang Kultura or La Cultura Filipina.

HISTORY AND ORIGIN OF FILIPINO DANCE by Guillermo Gmez Rivera, Bayanihan Dance Company ConsultantResource Person, Balroom and Flamenco Dance Master and a former University Professor with a Ph D in Spanish and Literatura Filipina. How did dance originate and was institutionalized in Filipino society? To properly answer this question, we need to review the cultural and political history of the Filipino people and society as we know them today. The first clue is to investigate from what language does the word Filipino come from. And, as it is obvious, we will instantly say Spanish. Indeed, the word or name Filipino is Spanish because it was derived from the name of a Spanish king, Felipe Segundo or Philip the Second of the Spanish Casa de Austria. Felipe Segundo was, by his father half Flemish or half German, he being a Hapsburg that was born out of the marriage between Prince Felipe el Hermoso (the handsome) and Princess Juana de Castilla (Joan of Castille, the famous Spanish Queen who became crazy, or mad, because of love and jealousy.) The archipelago we now know as The Philippines is really Filipinas or Pilipinas because of Felipe Segundo de Hapsburgo. Upon the establishment of the Filipino State by Miguel Lpez de Legaspi in June 24 1571 (also the founding of Manila as the Capital of the Filipino State under the Crown of Spain), the Pre-Hispanic Ethnic States of these Islands were incorporated into that newly founded Filipino State that is today the basis of what is Filipino. What were those Pre-Hispanic Ethnic States? Nothing else that the Tagalog States with their own Chieftains, territory in southern Luzon and their own language, the Pampango State of Central Luzon, the Ilocano State of Northern Luzon, the Bicolano States with their own language varieties, the Visayan States with their own related languages and the Mindanao Ethnic Lumads as well as the two SemiMuslimized Sultanates of Maguindanao and Sul or Jol with their own languages and little economy and trade. In a synod-referendum held between 1598 and 1599, all the Chieftains of these Pre-Hispanic Ethnic States were ferried to Manila and asked by the Spanish authorities and friar missionaries if they accepted the King of Spain, Felipe Segundo, as their natural

Countries of the world have their own cultures made more colorful, beautiful and vibrant because of folk dances that are a reflection of who they are and what they are. In the East, the Chinese have their symbolical dragon dance; the Japanese have the ancestral dance Bon Odori. In the West, the Americans have their Square Dance. The Scottish people have their worldfamous dances (Highland and Country Dance, Jig and Reel). On the other hand, the Philippines will not be left behind! The ?Pearl of the Orient? boasts of a variety of Philippine folk dances. The Filipinos pay tributes and owe itself to cultural heritage. One way of showing such love and respect for the country gave birth to the development of Philippine ethnic folk dances. And there are several of these; namely, Binasuan, Sublian, Itik-itik, Tinikling, Maglalatik, Cari?osa etc. Binasuan is a native dance of Pangasinan. This dance literally means ?dancing with glasses.? The steps are executed with glasses filled with rice wine balanced on the head and the hands of the dancers. Danced to show balance and to reflect rural gaiety, Binasuan is performed usually in wedding ceremonies and occasions in the barangay. Sublian owes its meaning to native words ?subsub? meaning to fall with the head and ?bali? or broken. This meaning is reflected in the dance steps. The dancers move feebly and tortuously as if without vigor. This dance, however, traces its roots to Batangas where it was originally played as a ritual dance which evolved into a symbol of religious tradition performed during town fiestas. Itik-Itik is one of the Philippine folk dances which have an interesting origin. According to stories, a Filipina maiden-dancer of Surigao del Norte was asked to perform a native dance in one special occasion. She started to improvise new steps and imitate the courtship movements of a local species of duck known as ?itik.?

The spectators began to imitate her and that is how the dance came to be. Tinikling is another Philippine folk dance that is inspired by an endemic bird called ?tikling.? The steps of this dance are an imitation of the movements of a ?tikling? bird that hops and escapes the traps set by hunters. Moving with poise and grace, the dancers skip inbetween two bamboo poles that are held to pound rhythmically against each other. This dance is a specialty of Leyte. Maglalatik is danced to mimic the early battle against Christians and Moros to win coconut meat or ?latik? during the time of Spanish colonization. This is also performed to pay homage to the town saint of Bi'an, Laguna ? San Isidro Labrador. This dance is divided into four parts: baligtaran, palipasan, paseo and escaramusa. This is performed by all-male dancers who wear blue pants to represent the Christians and red pant for the Moros. All dancers, however, have coconut shells mounted on their body parts. These aforementioned Philippine folk dances are ethnic in nature and origin. On the other hand, there are several Philippine folk dances that were influenced by some Western countries as some of these had colonized Philippines in the past. One such country is Spain. Some of the so-called ?influenced? Philippine folk dances are the following: Pandango sa Ilaw, Cari?osa, Balitao and Rigodon. To conclude, these folk dances whether ethnic in origin or not reflect the lively culture that the Filipinos have. These dances may be diverse but through these cultural forms, the Filipinos are unified and proud by way of having Philippine folk dances that are truly one of the bests in the world.