Who are the poorest of the poor in CAFS?

May 7 11, 2012 Washington, D.C.

Jean-Francois Trani Brown School Washington University in St. Louis jtrani@wustl.edu

Introduction
Research on disability and poverty in CAFS is limited and narrow: only monetary approach (income poverty measure) Few studies offer a complex analysis of multidimensional poverty for disabled people (Mitra et al., Forthcoming) More research is needed to: understand circumstances of disabled people and other vulnerable groups better tailor policies and programmes Policy makers acknowledge the importance of looking at multidimensional poverty indicators to supplement official income poverty measures

Methodology (i): Alkire-Foster multidimensional poverty index (2011)

Dual cutoff approach: 1. On single dimension (d) of poverty (k cutoffs): identify whether a person is deprived with respect to the given d dimension 2. Across dimensions of poverty (one cutoff): delineate how widely deprived a person must be in order to be considered poor. This is a minimum number of dimensions of deprivation Methodology incorporates two key features: 1. it allows us to preserve information at the single dimension level, and 2. it provides flexibility through the choice of the second cutoff

Methodology (ii): Alkire-Foster multidimensional poverty index (2011)

Good for definition of policy: By increasing the cutoff we can zoom in to analyze a smaller group with a more multiplicity of deprivations, alternatively we can consider a wider proportion of the population by decreasing the cutoff Measures: proportion H of population identified as poor in the data Breadth of poverty: average deprivation share across the poor Mo, i.e. the average proportion of the d dimensions that those identified as poor are deprived in Intensity of poverty: Adjusted head-count ratio H0, total number of all the dimensions on which poor people are deprived, divided into its maximum possible value

Proportion H of poverty among Afghan children across dimensions by disability status

Higher proportion of disabled children poor on 1 to 8 dimensions
%
1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Non-disabled Disabled

Number of Dimensions

Mo for Afghan children according to disability status

Greater depth of poverty for disabled children whatever the cutoff
%
0.5

Non-disabled Disabled

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0 1 2 3 4

Number of Dimensions

10

Methodology (ii): Selecting dimensions and cutoffs Afghanistan (adults)

Dimension
1) Health status 2) Access to healthcare 3) Education 4) Employment 5) Material deprivation 6) Living standards 7) Access to clean water 8) Access to sanitation 9)A ir quality 10) Social participation 11) Care 12) Subjective wellbeing 13) Psychological wellbeing 14) Physical safety

Deprived if (1st Cut-off)

Frequently not enough or always not enough food More than 30 minutes walk from the closest facility No education No job Less than 6 assets. If family own a tractor or a car they are automatically set as non-deprived More than 3 people per room Well in residence/ compound/ plot, Covered well, Open well and kariz, Spring, River/ stream, Pond/lake, Still water, Rain water, Tanker/ truck, Open back, Open defecation field outside house, Charcoal, dung, firewood No participation in ceremonies No one takes care Rather negative or very negative (when 1 to 3 negative adjectives are selected) Severe distress (if the respondent gave an answer Yes to more than 11 items out of 22 items of a locally developed scale of mental distress) Has been mistreated

Poverty level by dimension and disability status of Afghan adults

Higher proportion of poor disabled people on several dimensions
%
1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0

Disabled Non Disabled

Dimension

Proportion H of poverty among Afghan adults across dimensions by disability status

Higher proportion of disabled people poor on 2 to 12 dimensions
%
1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Disabled Non Disabled

Number of Dimensions

Proportion H of poverty among Afghan adults across dimensions by disability type and severity
Higher proportion of mentally disabled people poor on 4 to 12 dimensions
%
1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

None/mild/moderate Physical Sensorial Mental

Number of Dimensions

M0 among Afghan adults across dimensions by disability type and severity

Greater depth of poverty for mentally disabled people whatever the cutoff
0.5

None/mild/moderate Physical

0.4

Sensorial Mental
0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Number of Dimensions

Methodology (iii): Selecting dimensions and cutoffs Darfur

Dimension 1) Health access 2) Nutrition 3) Access to clean water 4) Education 5) Child/youth labour 6) Material Wealth-Income 7) Land size 8) Animals ownership 9) Crowded space 10) Social Participation 11) Care 12) Love 13) Mistreatment 14) Psychological well-being Deprived if(1st cutoff) No access to doctor, clinic, pharmacy or NGO Frequently or always not enough food Well or surface water No education More than 2 hours (under 12 years old) or more than 4 hours (12 years or over) Less than $1.25 Less than 3 Mokhammas No cows, donkeys, camels or horses and less than 5 sheep or goat More than three people per Tukul Not invited to participate in community events such as ceremonies mother of father do not take care of me and I cannot go to them if I need support or help I dont love my mother of father and I dont think they love me I have been mistreated by someone at least once Severe or very severe mistreatment based on 8 questions

Level of poverty among Darfur children by dimension and disability severity

Not the most discriminant % 1.0
0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0

Non Disabled Mild/Moderate Disability Severe/Very Severe Disability

Dimensions

Level of poverty among Darfur children by dimension and disability type

People with epilepsy poorer in dimensions of housing, social participation and mistreatment
1.0 % 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0

No Disability Learning Associated

Locomotor Mental

Sensory Epilepsy

Dimensions

Proportion H of poverty among Darfur children across dimensions by disability severity

%
1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 1 2 3 4

Half of the sample poor on up to 5 dimensions, and more severely disabled poorer on 4-10 dimensions
No Disability Mild/ Moderate Disability Severe/ Very Severe Disability

Number of Dimensions

10

11

12

13

14

Mo for Darfur children according to disability severity

Greater depth of poverty for severely disabled children
0.5

No Disability Mild/ Moderate

0.4

Severe/ Very Severe

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Number of Dimensions

Mo for Darfur children according to disability type

Greater depth of poverty for children with epilepsy or associated disability
0.5

None Mental

Locomotor Epilepsy

Sensory Associated

Learning

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Number of Dimensions

Methodology (iv): Selecting dimensions and cutoffs Nepal

Dimension 1a&b)Quality of housing 2) Material wealth 3) Indoor air quality 4) Access to clean water 5) Access to sanitation 6) Employment 7) Land ownership 8) Health status 9) Education 10a&b) Access to health services Deprived if(1st cut off) More than 3 per room. Does not own house. Score on Asset Index is in the bottom 40th percentile. Dung, firewood, or coal. Not piped water. Pan, bush, pit, or other toilet. Works in agriculture. Size of the land below 0.2ha per HH member Less than 12 months. Cannot read with ease. Received services after 6 months of being pregnant. Received services once.

Proportion H of poverty among women across dimensions (Nepal) by disability severity

%
Half of the sample poor on up to 6 dimensions
1

No Disability
0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Mild/Moderate Severe/Very Severe

Number of Dimensions

Proportion H of poverty among women across dimensions (Nepal) by disability severity and type
Mentally disabled women poorer on 4-7 and 9 dimensions

% 1
0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

None/mild/moderate Physical and/or Sensory Mental (Learning, social, behavioural) association of physical/sensory and mental

Number of Dimensions

Mo for Nepalese women according to disability severity

0.5

No Disability
0.4

Mild/Moderate Severe/Very Severe

0.3

0.2

0.1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Number of Dimensions

Mo for Nepalese women according to disability type and severity

Greater depth of poverty for women with mental disability whatever the cutoff
0.5

None/mild/moderate

0.4

Physical and/or Sensory Mental (Learning, social, behavioural) association of physical/sensory and mental

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Number of Dimensions

Concluding remarks (i)

A unique welfare indicator of poverty such as household income not suitable to represent poverty All CAFS show extremely high levels of poverty in several domains All people, irrespective of age, gender, location, disability status are deprived in at least one dimension Disabled people are almost always facing greater level and depth of poverty, whatever the cutoff

Concluding remarks (ii)

This is of particular concern in CAFS as persons with disabilities often face additional challenges due to their specific situation: loss of assistive device or family support, inaccessibility to information or shelters Efforts need to be made in various fields: access to services, water & sanitation, employment, shelter etc., but also to more inclusive programs Policy makers must take into account social norms, cultural values and beliefs that strongly influence who gets access to what and when. And work with communities

Thank you!