Environmental Manual Jan 21 2009

Environmental Manual
for petroleum activities
Norwegian Ministry of Environment The Oil for Development Programme, Norad Petrad
FOREWORD
This Environmental Manual has been produced primarily to form a common foundation for providing advice and training to governments in developing countries by Norwegian environmental authorities and others, under the auspices of the Oil for Development Programme at Norad, the Norwegian Directorate for Development Cooperation. It summarizes many of the experiences gained through more than 40 years of petroleum activities in Norway, and draws also upon experiences from other developed and developing countries. However, it is the hope that the Manual may be of direct use to partner countries when they shall formulate, regulate or supervise environmental matters related to their petroleum activities. The current version of the Manual is a draft which has been released to be used and thus to gain some experiences from practical implementation. Comments to the Manual are therefore most welcome. The Manual will be revised and a more developed version will be issued within a few months. 1 The Manual has been developed by a group of representatives from the Ministry of the Environment, the Directorate for Nature Management and the Norwegian Pollution Control Authority, with experts from Det Norske Veritas as consultants. The Manual will be available in printed form, and on the home pages of the Ministry of Environment (www.miljo.no), the Oil for Development Programme (www.norad.no/ofd) and Petrad, the main training provider (www.petrad.no).
The Norwegian Ministry of the Environment
Please submit comments to: Terje Lind, Deputy Director General Ministry of the Environment P O Box 8013 Dep, NO-0030 Norway Tel +4722245922 email: terje.lind@md.dep.no
Environmental Manual- DRAFT January 21 2009
Table of Contents
1 2 3 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 2 THE OIL AND GAS VALUE CHAIN ............................................................................ 4 ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS AND POTENTIAL IMPACTS ................................ 6 3.1 3.2 3.3 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 6 Environmental aspects................................................................................................ 7 Overview of environmental aspects and potential impacts along the oil and gas value chain................................................................................................................ 10
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY AND LEGISLATION ................................................ 17 4.1 4.2 4.3 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 17 Developing an Environmental management policy ................................................. 17 Implementing an Environmental management policy ............................................. 18
ENVIRONMENTAL TOOLKIT ................................................................................... 19 5.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 19 5.2 Strategic Environmental Assessment ....................................................................... 21 5.2.1 SEA for opening of new areas to petroleum activity ...................................... 21 5.2.2 Regional SEA/IA for existing and future activities ........................................ 22 5.2.3 Ecosystem based Integrated Management Planning ....................................... 23 5.3 Coastal zone management ........................................................................................ 24 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 Sensitivity mapping .................................................................................................. 25 Environmental Resource Database ........................................................................... 26 Environmental Management System ....................................................................... 27 Waste management Plan .......................................................................................... 28 Environmental Risk Assessment .............................................................................. 29 Oil Spill Contingency Planning................................................................................ 30
5.10 Environmental Baseline Study and Environmental Monitoring .............................. 32 5.11 Environmental Impact Assessment .......................................................................... 33 5.12 Social Impact Assessment ........................................................................................ 34 6 A GUIDE TO ASSESS THE ENVIRONMENTAL SENSITIVITY OF A PETROLEUM DEVELOPMENT PROJECT.............................................................. 35 6.1 6.2 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 35 How can environmental sensitivity be categorised? ................................................ 35
Date : 2009-01-21
GUIDANCE ON CLIMATE CONSIDERATIONS WITHIN OFD ........................... 38 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 38 Mitigating measures ................................................................................................. 38 Policy measures ........................................................................................................ 38 Clean Development Mechanism .............................................................................. 39 Adaptation measures ................................................................................................ 39
ENSURING SUSTAINABLE LOCAL AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT ......... 40 8.1 8.2 The need for a holistic approach .............................................................................. 40 Economic implications of environmental concerns in the case of oil and gas exploration ................................................................................................................ 41
8.3 Elements of successful sustainable development ..................................................... 42 8.3.1 Transparency ................................................................................................... 42 8.3.2 Stakeholder dialogue....................................................................................... 44 8.3.3 Compensation ................................................................................................. 44 8.3.4 Civil Society ................................................................................................... 45 8.3.5 Human Rights (incl Minorities) ...................................................................... 46 8.3.6 Operator CSR initiatives ................................................................................. 47 9 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................ 48 Global agreements and conventions
Appendix 1
Date : 2009-01-21
ii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS (not complete)

OFD E&P FPSOGHG CSR CDM Oil for Development Exploration and Production (of oil and gas) Floating Production Storage and Offloading (vessel) Green House Gases Corporate Social Responsibility Clean Development Mechanism
Date : 2009-01-21
Page 1
1 INTRODUCTION
Background The Oil for Development programme was established in 2005 by Norad, the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation. Oil for Development aims at assisting developing countries with petroleum resources in their efforts to manage these resources in a way that generates economic growth, promotes the welfare of the population as a whole, and is environmentally sustainable. The Oil for Development programme is built around three pillars; resource management, revenue management and environmental management. Increased focus on environmental protection and increased demand from cooperating countries for guidance on these issues have created a need for a Manual that will be the information basis for such guidance. Purpose The purpose of this Manual is to give an overview of environmental challenges related to the development of petroleum resources so that these can be taken into consideration when developing countries plan and carry out petroleum related activities. Further, the purpose of this Manual is to provide an overview of the main tools available to manage environmental impacts. The target audience is primarily government staff from the Norwegian environmental institutions involved in giving advice to the cooperating countries in the field of environment. It is assumed that also the staff of Oil for Development at Norad, consultants and other cooperating partners will find it useful. The Manual may also form the basis of training courses offered by Petrad, which is the executive body to organize a wide range of training programmes for developing countries in the field of petroleum. It may also be of use to government staff and others in developing countries working with environmental matters related to oil and gas activities. Outline of Manual The Manual consists of the following two main parts: Environmental aspects and potential impacts (chapter 3)- The Manual provides an overview of the main environmental aspects related to the development of petroleum resources, from beginning to end of the oil and gas value chain. An overview of the main potential environmental impacts is given, as well as socioeconomic impacts associated with petroleum activities. Environmental toolkit (chapter 5)- The Manual provides an overview of the main tools that can be used by governments and/or the petroleum industry in order to avoid, minimize or mitigate environmental impacts. The focus is on tools used in Norway however international guidelines are given where relevant. The overall outline of the Manual and the underlying logic is further explained in Table 1-1
Date : 2009-01-21
Page 2
Table 1-1 The outline of the Manual. The main content of the manual is highlighted. What are the main activities carried out along the Chapter 2 The oil and gas value chain oil and gas value chain? What are the environmental aspects related to these activities, and what are the potential impacts on the environment? Chapter 3 Environmental aspects and potential impacts
What management measures can be used to avoid, Chapter 4 Environmental policy and minimize and mitigate these impacts? legislation Chapter 5 Environmental toolkit How can the environmental sensitivity be assessed at an early stag of a planned petroleum development project? (before any of the tools in the toolkit are applied) How can climate considerations be made in petroleum activities? Applying a more holistic approach- how can sustainable local and regional development be ensured? Chapter 7 Guidance on climate considerations within OfD Chapter 8 Ensuring sustainable local and regional development Chapter 6 A guide to assess the environmental sensitivity of a petroleum development project
Date : 2009-01-21
Page 3
2 THE OIL AND GAS VALUE CHAIN

This text gives a brief overview of the main activities that are carried out from start to finish of the oil and gas value chain. Environmental impacts have an origin in the activities that are carried out. Hence, this section serves as background information to chapter 3 Environmental aspects and potential impacts. For the purpose of this Manual, the oil and gas value chain is divided into seven different phases as shown in Figure 2-1. An overview of main activities along the oil and gas value chain is given in Table 2-1.
GEOLOGICAL, RESOURCE, ENVIRONMENTAL MAPPING OPENING OF NEW REGIONS/FIELDS EXPLORATION FIELD/ FACILITY DEVELOPMENT OPERATION TRANSPORTATION REFINING DECOMMISSIONING
Figure 2-1 The Oil and gas value chain
Table 2-1 Overview of main activities along the oil and gas value chain
Value chain Geological, resource, environmental mapping Description of main activities Geological mapping, including desk study and seismic surveys, identify areas with favourable geological conditions for oil and gas extraction. Seismic surveys offshore are conducted by sending sound waves into the seabed, using large, specially designed ships with air guns and cables with receivers. The air guns fire strong, compressed air-based sound pulses (sound waves) at regular intervals, typically each 25 metres the vessel moves. Seismic surveys onshore are conducted either by shot-hole method (using dynamite) or vibroseis (using a generator that hydraulically transmits vibrations into the earth). Mapping of resources and environment is performed to establish a knowledge base for environmental protection.
Opening of new regions/fields
The government 1) opens new regions (areas) for exploration drilling, 2) issue production licenses in opened areas, and 3) approve field developments for discoveries in granted licences.
Exploration
Exploratory drilling explores the presence or absence of a hydrocarbon reservoir while appraisal drilling may improve quantification of the reserves. Mobile rigs commonly used offshore include jack-ups and semi-submersibles, whilst in shallow protected waters barges may be used. For land-based operations a pad is constructed at the chosen site to accommodate drilling equipment and support services. A self-contained support camp is also constructed, which may include helipad for remote sites. The time to drill a bore hole is commonly in the order of one or two months. Where a hydrocarbon formation is found, initial well testspossibly lasting another month, are carried out, often generating oil, gas and formation water that need to be disposed of, followed by the drilling of more wells to determine the size and extent of the field (appraisal wells).
Field and facility
Field and facility development involves drilling of production wells and constructing
Date : 2009-01-21
Page 4
development
platforms/FPSO/subsea systems, production facilities, pipelines and infrastructure for transportation of oil and gas.
Operation
Oil and gas is produced from the reservoir through formation pressure, artificial lift (water or gas), and possibly advanced recovery techniques, until economically feasible reserves are depleted. Injection wells are drilled in order to inject gas/water/steam to maintain reservoir pressures and increase recovery rates (other methods of recovery can also be used). Production facilities process the hydrocarbon fluids and separate oil, gas and water. Produced water is treated and discharged or re-injected.
Transportation and refining
Oil and gas is transported to refinery where crude oil is separated and converted into end products such as high-octane motor fuel (gasoline/petrol), diesel oil, liquefied petroleum gases (LPG), jet aircraft fuel, kerosene, heating fuel oils, lubricating oils, bitumen, and petroleum coke. Refined products are transported from refinery to end-users by pipelines, ship or road.
Decommissioning
Petroleum installations are either re-used or demolished for recycling or disposal. Clean up is also included as part of decommissioning. Decommissioning generally involves permanently plugging and abandoning all wells, and may include removal of buildings and equipment, transfer of buildings and roads to local communities or host government entities, implementation of measures to encourage site re-vegetation and site monitoring.
Sources: OGP, 2008 and E&P Forum/UNEP, 1997
Date : 2009-01-21
Page 5
3 ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS AND POTENTIAL IMPACTS 3.1 Introduction

The purpose of this section is to provide an overview of the main environmental aspects related to the development of petroleum resources, from beginning to end of the oil and gas value chain. A broad overview of corresponding potential environmental impacts is given. The potential for oil and gas operations to cause impact must be assessed on a case-by case basis, since different operations, in different environments, in different circumstances may produce large variations in the magnitude of a potential impact (E&P Forum/ UNEP 1997). With management and application of best practice, potential impacts can be avoided, minimized or reduced (relevant management and assessment tools are described in section 4). Significant environmental aspects for oil and gas sector have been identified, using the following definition of environmental aspect: Environmental Aspect- Elements of an organizations activities, products of services which can interact with the environment (ISO 14001) The main environmental aspects are identified as follows: 1. Land use, water use and physical footprint 2. Discharge to water and soil 3. Emissions to air including green house gases 4. Noise/vibration 5. Waste disposal 6. Accidental discharge Aspects 1 through 5 are all related to planned activities along the oil and gas value chain, while aspect 6 relates to the unwanted events. Environmental aspects can result in impacts on the environment that can be either direct or indirect. The following definitions are used: Environmental Impact- Any change to the environment, whether adverse or beneficial, wholly or partially resulting from an organizations activities, products or services (ISO 14001) Direct impacts are caused by an action and occur at the same time and place as the action. Ex: water contamination due to disposal of hazardous wastes. Indirect impacts are caused by the action and are later in time or farther removed in distance, but still reasonably foreseeable. Ex: degradation of biodiversity due to water contamination
Date : 2009-01-21
Page 6
Environmental impacts can also result in socioeconomic impacts. The relationship between aspects and impacts are shown in Figure 3-1.
Environmental aspect
Environmental impact
Socioeconomic impact
Figure 3-1 Relationship between environmental aspects, environmental impacts and socioeconomic impacts The following sections are based on E&P Forum/ UNEP report Environmental Management in oil and gas exploration and production. An overview of issues and management approaches.
3.2 Environmental aspects

The environmental aspects relevant to the development of petroleum resources are elaborated below. Land use, water use and physical footprint Land use/occupation of land needed for shooting seismic, base camps, facilities, roads, pipelines. Water use (surface water, ground water) for production facilities and consumption Physical footprint is defined as physical disturbance to or removal of soil, seabed, vegetation and water cover as a result of construction of facilities and infrastructure Waste The primary types of wastes produced in the oil and gas value chain are listed in Table 3-1. Table 3-1 Wastes produced in the oil and gas life cycle
Value chain Geological, resource, environmental mapping Opening of new regions/fields Exploration Wastes produced The primary wastes from seismic operations include domestic waste, sewage, possibly explosive wastes, lines, cables and vehicle (including ship) maintenance wastes.
(none) The primary wastes from exploratory drilling operations include drilling muds and cuttings (small rock fragments), cementing wastes, well completion, workover and stimulation fluids and production testing wastes. Other wastes include excess drilling chemicals and containers, construction materials (pallets, wood, etc), process water, fuel storage containers, power unit/transport maintenance wastes, scrap metal and domestic and sewage wastes.
Date : 2009-01-21
Page 7
Field and facility development
The primary wastes from construction activities include excess construction materials, used lubricating oils, paints, solvents, scrap metal, sewage and domestic wastes. In addition to the wastes listed in Exploration and Field and facility development, the main wastes from operations include produced water, drain water, flare and vent gas, production chemicals, workover wastes, e.g. brines, and tank or pit bottoms. The primary wastes from refineries are asbestos, acid tars, sludges with a high lead content and many oil contaminated materials (for instance oily waste and sludges from water clean-up operations), waste biomass from effluent treatment plants, scrap metal, spent catalytic cracking catalyst and domestic waste;. (CONCAWE, 2003). The primary wastes from decommissioning and reclamation include construction materials, insulating materials, plant equipment, sludges and impacted soil.
Operation
Transportation and refining
Decommissioning
Source: OGP, 2008 Discharge to water and soil The main wastes that can be discharged to water (ocean or fresh water) and soil are (E&P/UNEP 1997): Produced water. Typical constituents are inorganic salts, heavy metals, solids, production chemicals, hydrocarbons, benzene, PAHs and naturally occurring radioactive material. Drilling fluids and cuttings. Typical constituents of water-based mud and cuttings are clay and bentonite with metals bound in minerals (Barium, Cadmium, Zink, Lead). Oil-based mud and cuttings contain hydrocarbons. Certain drilling fluids and cuttings have high pH and salt content. Well treatment chemicals. Process, wash and drainage water. Sewage, sanitary and domestic wastes. Cooling water Emissions to air The primary sources of emissions to air from exploration and production are as follows (E&P/UNEP 1997): Combustion processes such as diesel engines and gas turbines Flaring, venting and purging gases Fugitive gases from loading operations and tankage and losses from process equipment Airborne particulates from soil disturbance during construction and from vehicle traffic
Date : 2009-01-21
Page 8
Particulates from other burning sources, such as well testing The primary emission gases include carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, volatile organic compounds and nitrogen oxides. Emissions of sulphur dioxides and hydrogen sulphide can occur and depend upon the sulphur content of the hydrocarbon and diesel fuel, particularly when used as a power source. In some cases, sulphur content can lead to odour near the facility. Flaring, venting and combustion are the primary sources of carbon dioxide emissions from production operations, but other GHG should also be considered, for example methane. Methane emissions primarily arise from process vents and to a lesser extent from leaks, flaring and combustion. The primary sources of emissions to air from refineries are (Concawe, 1999): Process furnaces, boilers, gas turbines Fluidised Catalytic Cracking (FCC) regenerators Flare systems Incinerators Sulphur Recovery Units (SRU) Coke plants Storage and handling facilities Oil/water separation systems flanges and vents The primary emission gases from refineries include carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, particulates and volatile organic compounds. Accidental discharge Accidental discharges of oil and gas, fuel, chemicals and hazardous materials may occur to sea, soil, surface water and ground water, and air. Main sources representing the largest volumes are: Oil or gas well blow-out Leakages from pipelines, storage and process facilities Marine casualty as ship grounding, collisions or structural failure Most often there is a complex causality for accidental discharges. An accidental discharge can be caused by a complex combination of unwanted events such as human error, navigational failure, loss of well control during drilling, explosions, fires, structural failure, equipment failure, natural disasters, war and sabotage. The spill size depends on the volume that potentially can be discharged and the measures taken to reduce the spill size. The spill duration is an important factor regarding the size of a discharge. Thus, efficient and quick response to reduce spill size is important.
Date : 2009-01-21
Page 9
Noise/vibration The primary sources of noise/vibration are: Seismic surveys. Shooting seismic onshore involves the use of explosives. Seismic surveys offshore are conducted by sending sound waves into the seabed. Construction of base camps, facilities, roads, pipelines and vehicle traffic Operation of process facilities and vehicle traffic Decommissioning activities
3.3 Overview of environmental aspects and potential impacts along the oil and gas value chain
Table 3-2 provides an overview of the main environmental aspects and potential environmental impacts along the oil and gas value chain. The table also provides an overview of potential socioeconomic impacts associated with environmental impacts. Impacts are split into direct and indirect impacts. The impacts given in the table are potential impacts and, with proper care and attention, may be avoided, minimized or mitigated. Numerous relatively small projects may alone have relatively minor impacts, but the cumulative impacts of such projects can become significant over time. Cumulative impacts are generally described as changes in the environment that result from numerous human-induced, small scale alterations. Cumulative impacts occur first, through persistent additions or losses of the same materials or resource, and second, through the compounding effects as a result of the coming together of two or more effects. Cumulative impacts may be hard to foresee. Thus, cumulative impacts of a development must be identified and managed the same way as direct impacts, and be incorporated into land use and coastal zone management.
Date : 2009-01-21
Page 10
Table 3-2. Main environmental aspects along the oil and gas value chain. Potential environmental and socioeconomic impacts, both direct and indirect are given.
Activity Source Environmental aspect Potential Environmental impacts Direct Aerial Survey Aircraft Noise Disturbance to wildlife. Short-term, transient Seismic operations (onshore) Seismic equipment (drilling, explosions) Base camps Noise/vibration Disturbance to wildlife. Short-term Potential Environmental impact Indirect Potential Socioeconomic impact Direct or Indirect Disturbance to local population. Schedule operations during least sensitive periods. Avoid sensitive areas. Schedule operations during least sensitive periods. Avoid sensitive areas. Noise attenuation on engines. Select site to minimize clearing of vegetation and top soil. Minimize camp size. Encourage natural rehabilitation by indigenous flora. Selectively use heavy machinery to minimize footprint, noise, emissions to air. Use existing infrastructure. Minimize waste, and ensure safe handling and disposal of waste. Ensure safe handling and storage of fuels, chemicals. Contingency plans Changes in drainage patterns and surface hydrology. Influx/settlement through new access routes (potential long term impact) Minimize clearing of vegetation. Minimize line width. Hand-cut lines to minimize disturbance. Use dog-legs to minimize use as access. Mitigating measures (not complete)
Disturbance to local population.
Footprint
Loss of flora due to vegetation clearing. Erosion due to soil/ vegetation cleared.
Changes in surface hydrology and drainage pattern Habitat damage. Loss of biodiversity.
Disturbance to local population. Influx/settlement through new access routes (potential long term impact) Land use conflict
Noise
Disturbance to local environment. Short-term, transient. Soil and water contamination.
Waste disposal Discharge of sewage Accidental discharge (fuel, chemicals) Emission to air (power generation) Line cutting Footprint
Immigration of labour
Degradation of air quality Loss of flora due to vegetation clearing. Possible erosion due to vegetation cleared Mainly short-term and transient
Date : 2009-01-21
Page 11
Activity
Source
Potential Environmental impacts Direct
Potential Environmental impact Indirect
Potential Socioeconomic impact Direct or Indirect
Mitigating measures (not complete)
Seismic operations (offshore)
Seismic equipment
Noise (acoustic sources)
Physiological effects. Disturbance to marine organisms. Short-term and transient
Behavioural impacts to wildlife
Schedule seismic survey during least sensitive periods, e.g. time restrict seismic activity in spawning areas for important fish species, and in areas where concentrated spawning journeys take place. Conflict with other resource users (e.g. fishing). Short-term, transient. Contingency planning for oil spills and loss of equipment. Safe disposal of waste and oily water. Label and safeguard towed equipment. Stay on survey track to avoid unwanted interactions.
Vessel operation
Emissions to air from engines Discharges to ocean of bilges, sewage Accidental discharge (fuel, chemicals). Waste disposal on shore
Degradation of air quality Contamination of marine environment.
Contamination at on-shore waste disposal site. Low-level, transient
Exploration (onshore)
Site preparation, construction of roads and camp
Land use and Footprint
Loss of flora due to vegetation clearing. Possible erosion due to vegetation cleared.
Changes in surface hydrology and drainage pattern Habitat damage. Loss of biodiversity
Disturbance of local population. Influx/settlement through new access routes (potential long term impact) Land use conflict Aesthetic visual intrusion
Select least sensitive site location in dialogue with stakeholders, close to existing access roads and using existing infrastructure (water, sewage) if possible. Schedule construction during least sensitive periods. Minimize cleared area and size of site. Plan ahead for optimal site restoration, reusing removed vegetation and soil. Ensure proper drainage. Consider drilling method that minimizes footprint. Prevent unauthorised use of access roads. Protect soil, surface and ground water from pollution: Seal areas to be used for mud mixing, fuel and chemical storage; any mud and burn pits
Emissions to air from earth moving equipment Accidental discharge (fuel, chemicals)
Degradation of air quality.
Soil, surface water and ground water contamination.
Noise Disturbance of wildlife Short-term provided adequate decommissioning and rehabilitation
Date : 2009-01-21
Page 12
utilised for well test operations must be lined and bunded, or pits replaced by tanks. Camp and operation Use of local water sources Discharges to soil and water from well test operations (muds, cuttings, produced water, mud pits). Discharges to soil and water from camp (sewage, grey water, drainage Accidental discharges of oil, fuel, chemicals (blow-out, leakages) Waste disposal of oily muds and cuttings by landfarming, pits. Emissions to air from plant equipment, transport, well test operations and flaring Noise, vibration and extraneous light (drilling, camp, helicopter, vehicle traffic) Degradation of air quality. Depletion of local water sources, lowering of ground water table Soil, surface water and ground water contamination Habitat damage. Loss of biodiversity Disturbance and interference to local population Land use conflicts Water conflicts Interaction between workforce and local population. Immigration Employment Hunting Poaching Fishing Disturbance to wildlife Short-term, transient. Local infrastructure (education, roads, services) Short-term, transient. Use local infrastructure for water supply, sewage and wastes when possible. Minimize water use and maximize water recycling in areas of water shortage. In remote areas without access to infrastructure, case by case solutions must be designed to minimize impacts, e.g. soak away/septic tank for sewage, safe burial or incineration of wastes, monitoring of all discharges/emissions. Use low-toxic water-based drilling muds. Ensure machinery and equipment are properly cladded for noise. Shade light sources and direct onto site area. Control workforce activities in terms of interaction with local population, use of local resources. Exploration (offshore) Operations Discharges to marine environment from well test operations (muds, cuttings, produced water). Other discharges to marine environment (wash water, drainage, sewage, sanitary and kitchen wastes). Accidental discharge of oil, chemicals (blow-out, leakages). Disposal of oily muds and cuttings on onshore waste disposal sites Emissions to air (burning, flaring) Noise (helicopter, vessel Contamination of soil, ground water and water at onshore waste disposal site Degradation of air quality Disturbance to wildlife Contamination of marine environment (sediment and sea water) Loss of access and disturbance/conflicts with other marine resource users Local infrastructure (ports, roads). Local infrastructure in connection with onshore waste disposal Disturbance of local population from helicopter and vessel movements. Schedule exploration during least sensitive periods. Select least sensitive location. Treatment of all aqueous wastes prior to discharge: Use low toxic water-based drilling muds. Safe handling and storage of wastes for onshore disposal. Use efficient and maintained well test burners. Control H2S emissions.
Date : 2009-01-21
Page 13
movement)
Short-tem and transient.
Activity
Source
Potential Environmental impacts Direct
Potential Environmental impact Indirect
Potential Socioeconomic impact Direct or Indirect Disturbance due to traffic Immigration Impact on local infrastructure
Mitigating measures (not complete)
Field/facility development
Roads, site preparations, pipelines
Land-use and footprint
Barriers to wildlife movement
Long term loss of habitat Loss of biodiversity
Erosion due to vegetation clearance (onshore) Noise Emissions to air (earth works) Disturbance of wildlife Degradation of air quality Long term impacts
Changes to surface hydrology
All aspects identified for exploration drilling should be applied to permanent sites and access roads, with particular considerations for long term disturbance and effect on environment, infrastructure and local population. Site selection and preparation planning should include considerations of eventual decommissioning and restoration. Install proper waste and waste water treatment facilities. Reinject produced water. Install treatment facilities for waste gases. Avoid gas venting. Install oil sumps, interceptors and oily water treatment system.
Operation (onshore)
Use of local water sources Discharge from well operations (drill cuttings, muds, produced water). Discharges, others (drainage, sewage, sanitary and kitchen wastes) Accidental discharge of oil, chemicals (blow-out, leakages) Waste disposal of oily muds and cuttings by landfarming, pits. Emissions to air from power and process plant (waste gases, flaring). Noise/vibration
Depletion of local water sources Soil, surface water and ground water contamination
Long term loss of habitat Loss of Biodiversity Global warming Ozone depletion
Demand on local infrastructure (water, sewage, solid waste disposal). Labour force Employment Education Medical and other services Local economy
Degradation of air quality
Effects on indigenous populations. Land-use conflicts
Disturbance of wild life Long term impacts.
Water conflicts Visual and aesthetic intrusion. Long term impacts
Operation (offshore)
Discharges from well operations (drill cuttings, mud, produced
Long term chronic effects on benthic and pelagic biota
Long term loss of habitat Loss of Biodiversity
Demand on local onshore infrastructure (local port,
All aspects identified for exploration drilling should be
Date : 2009-01-21
Page 14
water) Discharges, other (drainage, sewage, sanitary and kitchen wastes)
Degradation of sediment and water quality
Global warming Ozone depletion
solid waste disposal). Disturbance from vessel and helicopter movements. Resource use interactions.
applied to permanent sites. Install oily water treatment system for both produced water and contaminated water treatment Install sewerage treatment system. Install system for treatment of waste gases. Avoid gas venting. Proper handling and disposal of wastes onshore.
Emissions to air from power and process plant, flaring.
Degradation of air quality.
Community interactions related to supply and support functions.
Disposal of oily muds and cuttings on onshore waste disposal sites
Contamination of soil, ground water and water at onshore waste disposal site Disturbance to wildlife Contamination of marine and terrestrial environment. Soil, surface water and ground water contamination Loss of habitat Loss of Biodiversity Global warming Ozone depletion Degradation of air quality. Disturbance to wildlife Demand on local infrastructure (water, sewage, solid waste disposal). Labour force Employment Education Medical and other services Local economy Effects on indigenous populations. Land-use conflicts Water conflicts Visual and aesthetic intrusion. Long term impacts
Noise from facilities and flaring Transportation and refining Accidental discharge of oil during transportation (pipe, ship, road) Accidental discharge and operational discharges of oil, chemicals from refineries. Waste disposal Emission to air from refinery Noise from refinery
Install systems for treatment of emissions to air and operational discharges. Proper handling and disposal of wastes.
Decommissioning (onshore)
Land-use and Footprint Accidental discharges of oil, chemicals
Permanent impact on wildlife if site is not restored to original state Contamination of soil, surface water and ground water Contamination of soil, surface water and ground water at onshore waste
Infrastructure and resource conflicts.
Waste disposal of hazardous
Date : 2009-01-21
Page 15
materials, and other wastes
disposal sites. Disturbance to wild life
Noise Decommissioning (offshore) Accidental discharges of oil, chemicals if systems are not cleaned before removal Land-use and Footprint Permanent impact on wildlife if site is not restored to original state Contamination of marine environment from accidental spills if systems are not cleaned before removal. Secondary use of installations as artificial reefs: Increased bioproductivity of coastal waters by providing additional habitats for marine life. Infrastructure and resource conflicts. Abandonment of offshore structures can result in physical interference with fishing activities (e.g. trawling). Decommissioning of offshore structures is subject to international and national laws, and should be dealt with on an case by case basis with local authorities, developing a decommissioning and rehabilitation plan.
Noise
Disturbance to wild life
Date : 2009-01-21
Page 16
4 ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY AND LEGISLATION 4.1 Introduction

Environmental management of a countrys oil and gas activities consists of the following three elements: 1. Environmental policy 2. Laws and regulations 3. Tools The goals and aims on how the countrys petroleum resources is to be developed is established in an environmental policy. The policy is enacted through laws and regulations and control of petroleum activities. Environmental management goals are achieved through the application of various tools. The hierarchy of policy, laws and regulations and tools is illustrated in Figure 4-1. An overview of main elements to policy and law and regulations is given in the following sections, while tools are described in chapter 5.
Figure 4-1 The hierarchy of policy, laws and regulations and tools
4.2 Developing an Environmental management policy

One of the first tasks of a government deciding to prepare for petroleum exploration or exploitation would be to adopt a petroleum policy. The policy may set forward where, when and how the search for oil and gas should take place, the goals and aims on how the petroleum resources should be developed, the environmental and social conditions which should be taken into account and how petroleum activities could contribute to achieving wider political goals. The fundamental values and principles on which the society is founded, e.g. with regard to the ownership of natural resources, the regional and social distribution of wealth, the regard for traditional peoples and industries etc, will also form the basis of an environmental policy. In this, the environmental principles may also be addressed e. g. polluter pays, precautionary, risk based
Date : 2009-01-21
Page 17
management, ecosystem based integrated management, equitable distribution, best available techniques and technology, stakeholder and public participation, transparency etc. Similarly, any international obligations related to agreements and conventions to which the state may be a party may form a basis for an environmental policy (ref annex 1). The process, including intergovernmental coordination, stakeholder and public participation etc may be an important part of developing and adopting a policy.
4.3 Implementing an Environmental management policy

When a government has decided on an environmental policy as part of a wider petroleum policy, the next step will be to decide what kind of instruments should be used to implement the policy. Generally speaking, the government would then analyse the situation in the country and decide to use instruments of legislation (acts and regulations), economic (taxes, levies) and/or other instruments (information, voluntary agreements etc.) and/or enforcing strategies (monitoring, control, sanctions etc). To cope with these tasks, governmental institutions must be capacitated or even established, either as part of the environmental, or the oil and gas administration (or through a mixture of shared responsibilities). State oil companies sometimes perform such governmental tasks, posing special challenges. The staff of these institutions must be trained in order to perform their functions in a proper way. The relationship and responsibilities of the various organizations/ministries, such as ministries of energy and ministries of environment, must be clearly defined. Each country has developed its individual set of acts and regulations governing the oil and gas sector. It is important that the environmental legislation also encompasses issues/aspects covering petroleum activities. This may imply drafting of new environmental legislation or revision of existing acts and regulations. In addition, it is important that the environmental legislation and the sector legislation, e.g. petroleum acts, are harmonised and that the sector acts also contains environmental considerations. The legislation should cover all links of the value chain.
Date : 2009-01-21
Page 18
5 ENVIRONMENTAL TOOLKIT 5.1 Introduction

There are a variety of assessment and management tools that are applied in order to avoid, minimize and mitigate environmental and social impacts from oil and gas activities. Different tools are applied in different phases of the oil and gas value chain. At the start of the value chain, the government will typically apply tools that enable a holistic and ecosystem-based management of the activities in a specific area to be opened up for exploration. Operators apply tools specific for dealing with the different environmental issues that arise during exploration, production and finally during decommissioning. Figure 5-1 shows the main tools along the oil and gas value chain that are used in Norway. They are part of Norwegian regulation of oil and gas activities. In the following sections, the tools shown in Figure 5-1 are briefly described. The purpose is to provide an overview of the toolkit available to avoid, minimize and mitigate environmental and social impacts. For each tool, the following is described: purpose of tool the party responsible for its application (government or operator) main content or steps reference to guidelines/ relevant sources how the tool relates to other tools in the toolkit
Some of the tools are described based on Norwegian approaches, motivated by the overall purpose of OfD to transfer Norwegian experiences within management of petroleum activities. For tools without specific Norwegian approaches, descriptions are based on international guidelines.
Date : 2009-01-21
Page 19
GEOLOGICAL, RESOURCE, ENVIRONMENTAL MAPPING OPENING OF NEW REGIONS/FIELDS EXPLORATION FIELD/ FACILITY DEVELOPMENT OPERATION TRANSPORTATION REFINING DECOMMISSIONING
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT SENSITIVITY MAPPING ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCE DATABASE LAND USE PLANNING AND COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE STUDY SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING OIL SPILL CONTINGENCY PLANNING ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENT WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Exploration license + discharge permit Operation license + discharge permit
Figure 5-1. The tools along the oil and gas value chain. .
Date : 2009-01-21
Page 20
5.2 Strategic Environmental Assessment

Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) has been defined as the formalized, systematic, and comprehensive process of evaluating the environmental effects of a policy, plan, or program and its alternatives, including the preparation of a written report on the findings of that evaluation, and using the findings in a publicly accountable decision-making (Thrivel et al., 1992). The application of SEA World wide extends from project specific environmental impact assessment (EIA) to policies, programs, and plans. SEA legislation generally falls under environmental impact assessment (EIA) legislation and extends the use of environmental impact assessment to programs and plans and, in some cases to policies. The European SEA Directive (Directive 2001/42/EC), for example, applies to programs and plans and equates SEA with a formal EIA-based procedure. The World Bank describes SEA as a participatory approach for upstreaming environmental and social issues to influence processes for development planning, decision making, and implementation at the strategic level. Of relevance to the offshore oil and gas activities in Norway there are two processes that may be considered SEA: SEA for opening of new areas to petroleum activity (mandatory process cf. the Petroleum Activities Act) Regional SEA/IA for existing and future activities (voluntary process cf. the Petroleum Activities Act)
5.2.1 SEA for opening of new areas to petroleum activity

Purpose of tool: Establish a sound decision basis for opening of new offshore areas to petroleum activities. For offshore oil and gas activities in Norway a SEA is required for opening of new areas under the Petroleum Activities Act, section 3-1. Prior to the opening of new areas with a view to granting production licenses, an evaluation shall be undertaken of the various interests involved in the relevant area. In this evaluation, an assessment shall be made of the impact of the petroleum activities on trade, industry and the environment, and of possible risks of pollution, as well as the economic and social effects that may be a result of the petroleum activities. Responsible: The Government by Ministry of Petroleum and Energy
Date : 2009-01-21
Page 21
Main steps and / or elements: The Strategic Environmental Assessment is an integrative process and requires the participation of key stakeholders (local, regional and national). In Norway this is corresponding to that of project specific EIA. The SEA for opening of new areas in Norway deviate from common World Bank SEA approach (i.e. common Steps in SEA: Screening, Scoping, Identification, Prediction and Evaluation of Impacts, Mitigation, Monitoring) as the SEA is subject to decision making and not followed up by mitigation or monitoring. Such activities are however implemented by other requirements and processes (e.g. EIMP). Hence the main steps of the Norwegian official SEA process is to perform Screening; are impacts possible and the SEA process necessary? Scoping; What are the impacts (issues) to be assessed? Prediction and evaluation of impacts including possible secondary impacts. Mitigation measures are intended to avoid, reduce, or offset the adverse effects of an action.
5.2.2 Regional SEA/IA for existing and future activities

Purpose of tool: The main purpose of the process is to establish a common basis on strategic/generic issues rather than consider these only on a fragmented field by field scale, and to reduce the magnitude of assessment effort for future field specific EIAs. Responsible: Oil industry association (Joint Industry Project) Main steps and / or elements: The second SEA process applied for offshore oil and gas activities in Norway is the Regional EIA. This process differs from the authority initiated SEA in different ways, e.g.: It considers present and future activities It focuses on particular common areas of concern on a strategic or generic level It establishes a basis for future field specific EIAs. Similar to that of EIA (see below) but with a regional focus also involving more and more political related stakeholders than field specific EIAs. Key issues are related to possible impacts on natural resources, the environment, third parties and the national society.
Guidelines/ relevant sources: - World Bank
Relation to other tools: - EIA
Date : 2009-01-21
Page 22
5.2.3 Ecosystem based Integrated Management Planning

The first Ecosystem based Integrated Management Plan was decided by the Norwegian Parliament in 2005 for the Barents Sea/Lofoten area, following a data collection and assessment process in the period 2002-2005. In 2007 the Government initiated a similar process for the Norwegian Sea (to be presented for the Parliament spring 2009) and in 2008 a pre-process for the North Sea was initiated.
Purpose of tool: The aim of an Ecosystem based Integrated Management Plan (EIMP) is to establish a holistic and ecosystem-based management of the activities in a specific area. The purpose of the EIMP is to provide a framework, where all activities in the area should be managed within a single context, for the sustainable use of natural resources and goods derived from the area and at the same time maintain the structure, functioning and productivity of the ecosystems of the area. The EIMP is thus a tool which should be used both to facilitate value creation and to maintain the high environmental value of the area. The management of a sea area should be based on ambitious goals set for the desired environmental quality of the area. These goals are intended to ensure that the state of the environment is maintained where it is good and is improved where problems have been identified. The achievement of the goals will then be measured through a coordinated and systematic monitoring of the state of the environment in the sea area. Should the monitoring detect negative changes in environmental quality, the need for further measures will be assessed. (Source: Norwegian Ministry of the Environment) Responsible: National authorities Main steps and / or elements: EIMP is used for balancing various interests and activities without threatening the ecosystem(s) and their functions. Important factors for achieving EIMP include knowledge on baseline data (natural resources and activities etc.), and dialogue / stakeholder involvement to obtain a common understanding of status of activities, objectives and means of the EIMP. Main measures to achieve EIMP include: Area-based management, where activities and measures are adjusted to the environmental quality of the ecosystems. Protection of the most valuable and vulnerable areas against negative pressures, included oil pollution. Reduction of long-range pollution. Strengthening of the sector/activities management. Securing control with the development of the state of the environment in the area through a more coordinated and systematic environmental monitoring.
-
Strengthening the knowledge base through better surveys and increased research. Relation to other tools: - Can be considered part of a SEA process
Guidelines / relevant sources: - Norwegian Ministry of the Environment
Date : 2009-01-21
Page 23
5.3
Coastal zone management
Purpose of tool: Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) is a process of governance and consists of the legal and institutional framework necessary to ensure that development and management plans for coastal zones are integrated with environmental (including social) goals and are with the participation of those affected. The purpose of ICZM is to maximize the benefits provided by the coastal zone and to minimize the conflicts and harmful effects of activities upon each other, on resources and on the environment. The ICZM takes into account all of the sector activities that affect the coastal zone and its resources and dealing with economic and social issues as well as environmental/ecological concerns. The goal is to harmonize these activities in such a way that all of them are consistent with and support a broader set of overarching national goals for the coastal zone. Guidelines for integrated coastal zone management. World Bank Responsible: National government Main content and steps: ICZM focuses on three operational objectives: 1. Strengthening sector management, for instance through training, legislation, and staff 2. Preserving and protecting the productivity and biological diversity of coastal ecosystems, mainly through prevention of habitat destruction, pollution, and overexploitation. 3. Promoting rational development and sustainable utilization of coastal resources. A key part of the formulation of an ICZM program is the development of the specific policies and goals that are to be the central objectives of the ICZM program in question. The means adopted to achieve the selected goals and policies include new and strengthened regulatory programs zonation schemes for partitioning the coastal zone into areas for particular uses and activities new management programs tailored for particular resources (e.g. coral reefs) or particular sites (e.g. estuary) action programs aimed at correcting and/or restoring degraded coastal resources (e.g. damaged wetlands) and other problems (e.g. coastal erosion) action programs targeted at stimulating new types of economic development in the coastal zone. ICZM is a dynamic and continuous process involving the following three steps: Step 1 Formulation of the plan Step 2 Program implementation Step 3 Monitoring, evaluation and enforcement Guidelines / relevant sources: Guidelines for integrated coastal zone management. World Bank. Relation to other tools: Input is needed from Environmental Resource Database.
Date : 2009-01-21
Page 24
5.4 Sensitivity mapping

Purpose of tool: The purpose of conducting Sensitivity mapping is to identify the environmental sensitivity of the area of interest. The sensitivity of an area should have consequences for the environmental impact management process. Responsible: Operator Main steps: Collect environmental data relevant to the project scope. Data can be collected from already existing databases or new data has to be sampled through e.g. field surveys. This is dependent on the quality and/ or level of data that are available. Evaluate the data to identify the sensitivity of the area, e.g. through a categorisation process. Environmental sensitivity indicators can be (BP 2007) 1. Areas within or potentially affecting officially designated protected area(s) or potentially affecting areas proposed for protected status. 2. Areas representing intact, unique, or rare ecosystems, and/or areas representing unique environments such as the last or most important examples of habitat types. This may include outstanding physical, biological, and geological formations; habitats of threatened species of animals and plants; areas with scientific, conservation, or aesthetic value; and pristine environments 3. The presence of protected/endangered species as defined in the World Conservation Union (IUCN) Red List (critically endangered, endangered, vulnerable); the US Endangered Species Act of 1973 (endangered, threatened); or other recognised international/national legislation, treaties, conventions, or documents. 4. Fragile environments (e.g. permafrost, tundra, forests, pantano, true deserts, fragile soils); ecosystems (e.g. mangroves, shallow and deep-water corals, saltwater and freshwater wetlands, sea grass beds etc.); and critical watersheds where construction or operational incidents could result in irreparable damage. 5. Areas of significant biodiversity value. 6. Areas where there is likely to be significant public concern or outrage (e.g. wilderness, the presence of charismatic wildlife species, perceptions of project risk) 7. Areas with subsistence cultures dependent on limited resources and where poor environmental performance
could affect their livelihoods or traditional way of life.
8.
Sites of significant cultural property including monuments, groups of buildings, natural sites and properties with historical, aesthetic, archaeological, scientific, ethnological, or anthropological value. 9. Areas with a legacy of poor environmental performance by external investors (particularly extractive industries). 10. Significant potential of cumulative or secondary environmental impacts due to planned operations. 11. Areas where operations could have significant impact on essential ecosystem services or where resource use could create a conflict with other community users. 12. Other locally identified indicators
Guidelines / relevant sources: Environmental requirements for new projects (BP 2007)
Relation to other tools: Provides input to - Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment - Environmental resource database - Oil Spill Contingency Planning - Environmental Risk Assessment - Environmental Impact Assessment
Date : 2009-01-21
Page 25
5.5 Environmental Resource Database

Purpose of tool: Store information on environmental data, e.g. flora, fauna, protected areas, monitoring data etc, in a consistent manner. Secure access to environmental resource data preferably through easy search and display functions. Give operators and authorities a uniform knowledge platform on environmental resources. Information on distribution of environmental resources is important input into several of the tools in the oil and gas value chain. Responsible: Operator(s) and/or authorities
Main steps: Environmental databases are efficient tools to be used in all phases of the oil and gas value chain, and at several levels. When planning for and operating an oil and gas activity, environmental resource data is needed on a local, regional, national and sometimes trans national level, e.g. information on protected areas, sensitive habitats, fisheries, wildlife and coastline. This type of environmental data may be stored in national or international databases like the Norwegian Naturbase, international databases like World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA) or trans national initiatives like Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (GMES). Databases with national environmental resource data are most commonly the reasonability of the authorities in each country. If environmental resource data is not available, there may be necessary to initiate large scale monitoring programs (e.g. Seapop and mareano) or collect data more locally. New data collected by operators should always be transferred to a relevant database. Activity specific databases should always be considered if national or regional databases are not available or covering the necessary environmental aspects. Activity specific databases are the operators responsibility. Common and specific needs for environmental resource data shared by operators and authorities in a region, may justify the development of specific databases. The Norwegian Marine Resource Database (MRDB) is such a database, covering all relevant information for specific tools in the oil and gas value chain. MRDB is financed and managed by operators and authorities in collaboration. MRDB covers publicly available information on coastal and marine resources vulnerable to oil pollution, for use in environmental impact analysis, environmental risk analyses, oil-spill response planning and emergency response operations. Another example of a database developed to suit the needs of the oil and gas industry is the Norwegian Environmental Monitoring Database (MOD) which contains the results of sediment monitoring studies on the Norwegian shelf. The database is financed and managed by the Norwegian Oil Industry Association (OLF). The following activities are important in the administration of an environmental database: Collect new data or up-date existing data from all relevant sources Store data in consistent manner in functional software for easy search and display of information. Provide access to the database for all relevant parties Guidelines / relevant sources: Naturbase; dnweb12.dirnat.no/nbinnsyn/ WDPA; http://www.wdpa.org/ GMES; http://www.gmes.info/index.php?id=home SEAPOP; www.seapop.no/ MAREANO; www.mareano.no/ MRDB; www.mrdb.no MOD; projects.dnv.com/MOD Data harmonisation; http://inspire.jrc.ec.europa.eu/index.cfm http://www.statkart.no/Norge_digitalt/Engelsk/ About_Norway_Digital/ Relation to other tools: Provides input to - Environmental Impact Assessment - Sensitivity mapping - Oil Spill Contingency Planning - Environmental Risk Assessment - Environmental Impact Assessment
Date : 2009-01-21
Page 26
5.6 Environmental Management System

Purpose of tool: An Environmental Management System (EMS) is part of an organisations management system used to develop and implement its environmental policy and manage its environmental aspects. ISO 14001 In ISO 14001, environment is defined as surroundings (extending from within an organisation to the global system) in which an organisation operates, including air, land, fauna, humans, water, flora, natural resources and their interrelation. The purpose of an EMS is continuous improvement of environmental performance. E & P Forum has developed guidelines to assist in the development and application of an EMS in E&P. This model is compatible with the requirements of the ISO 14000 series. Unlike ISO 14001, it also addresses occupational health and safety. Responsible: Operator Main elements: E & P Forum has developed guidelines to assist in the development and application of an EMS in E&P. This model is compatible with the requirements of the ISO 14000 series. Unlike ISO 14001, it also addresses occupational health and safety. Main elements are: Leadership and commitment Top-down commitment and company culture, essential to the success of the system. Policy and strategic objectives Corporate intentions, principles of action and aspirations with respect to health, safety and environment. Organisation, resources and documentation Organisation of people, resources and documentation for sound HSE performance. Evaluation and risk management Identification and evaluation of HSE risks, for activities, products and services, and development of risk reduction measures. Planning Planning the conduct of work activities, including planning for changes and emergency response. Implementation and monitoring Performance and monitoring of activities, and how corrective action is to be taken when necessary. Auditing and reviewing Periodic assessments of system performance, effectiveness and fundamental suitability. Guidelines / relevant sources: - ISO 14001 - E&P Forums Guidelines for the Development and Application of Health, Safety and Environmental Management Systems Relation to other tools: Incorporates - Waste management plan - Environmental monitoring
Date : 2009-01-21
Page 27
5.7 Waste management Plan

Purpose of tool: A waste management plan directly relates to the choice of waste handling and disposal options to the ecological sensitivities, regulatory requirements and available facilities/infrastructure of the geographical area involved. The plan should be written from the field perspective and provide guidance for handling each waste stream. The objective of a waste management plan is to minimize the potential of wastes to cause harm to health and the environment. Responsible waste management may be accomplished through the hierarchical application of source reduction, reuse, recycling, recovery, treatment and responsible disposal. (E&P Forum, 1993) Responsible: Operator Main steps: Step 1 Obtain management approval & commitment Step 2: Goal and Area definition. Establish the goal of the plan with measurable objectives for each goal. Define the geographical area and operational activities to be addressed. Step 3: Waste identification. Identify and briefly describe all wastes generated. Step 4: Regulatory analysis. Review international, regional and national laws and regulations to determine the types of wastes for which management practises should be highlighted. Waste types for which the regulations do not adequately define management requirements should also be identified. Step 5: Waste categorization. Identify the physical, chemical and toxicological properties of each waste via Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) or other sources like manufacturer, lab analyses, etc. Wastes can be grouped according to their health and environmental hazards. Step 6: Evaluation of waste management and disposal options. Identify and compile waste management options for each waste. Evaluation of options should include: environmental considerations, location, engineering limitations, regulatory restrictions, operating feasibility, economics, potential long-term liability, etc. Step 7: Waste minimization. Evaluate options to minimize volume of waste, reduction of toxicity, recycling and reclaiming, or treatment. Step 8: Selection of preferred waste management practise(s). Select the best practice for the specific operation and location. Life-cycle analysis including use, storage, treatment, transport and disposal should be considered. Step 9: Implementation of an area waste management plan. Compile waste management and disposal options for each waste into one comprehensive waste management plan. Step 10: Plan review and update. Review and update the waste management plan whenever new waste management practises or options are identified. E& P Forum, 1993 Guidelines / relevant sources: - E&P Forum Waste Management Guidelines - OGP Guidelines for waste management with special focus on areas with limited infrastructure - Recommended Guidelines for Waste Management in the Offshore Industry (OLF guideline No 093, 2004)
Date : 2009-01-21
Relation to other tools: Part of Environmental Management System
Page 28
5.8 Environmental Risk Assessment

Purpose of tool: Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) of accidental oil discharges is a tool to identify the main hazards for accidental oil discharges and its potential environmental impacts in order to manage and mitigate the environmental risk. Responsible: Authority / Operator Main steps: Step 1: Scoping Scoping defines what activity the assessment shall cover and what environmental impact that shall be analysed as the risk indicator. Step 2: Hazard identification Hazard identification is the process of identifying events (e.g. accidental oil discharges) which unless controlled or mitigated, could result in environmental damage. In ERA hazard identification is often carried out in a separate technical risk assessment TRA, but it can also be an integrated part of the ERA. The hazard identification shall give the probability/frequency of an event and the severity of the event (amount of oil discharged or spill rate and duration). Step 3: Modelling of oil dispersion The fate and transport of oil in the environment is modelled. Most often a probabilistic model is applied that gives the probability of oil pollution in specific areas. The model shall make a mass balance of the oil, for oil at sea this shall be the amount of oil evaporated, dispersed, degraded, beached and remaining at sea surface. Step 4: Interaction between oil pollution and sensitive environmental resources The presence of sensitive environmental resources within the area that may be polluted must be identified (see sensitivity mapping). The interaction between the sensitive resources and oil pollution must be analysed to give the probability of polluting the sensitive resources. Step 5: Assessing environmental impact The environmental impact is assessed based on the amount of oil polluting sensitive resources, the sensitivity of the resources to oil pollution and its potential to recover from a pollution. The impact can for instance be expressed as recovery time for a specific population or habitat. Step 6: Assessing the risk The probability / frequency of an environmental impact shall be evaluated against established risk acceptance criteria.
Guidelines / relevant sources: The MIRA method, a Norwegian industry standard for ERA for accidental oil spill; http://www.olf.no/miljoerapporter/metode-formiljoerettet-risikoanalyse-mira-revisjon-2007article1955-247.html (in Norwegian only) European Environment Agency: Environmental Risk Assessment - Approaches, Experiences and Information Sources http://reports.eea.europa.eu/GH-07-97-595-ENC2/en/sect1in.html SINTEF Offshore Blowout Database: http://www.sintef.no/Home/Technology-andSociety-2009/Safety-Research/Projects/SINTEFOffshore-Blowout-Database/
Relation to other tools: - Environmental Resource Database - Environmental Sensitivity Mapping - Oil spill contingency planning - Environmental Impact Assessment
Date : 2009-01-21
Page 29
5.9 Oil Spill Contingency Planning

Purpose of tool: Oil spill contingency planning is necessary in order ensure prompt response to avoid or minimise the impact of an oil spill. Oil spills can have a significant impact on ecosystems, amenities and livelihoods (www.ipieca.org). To ensure a holistic management of oil spills the oil spill contingency planning should be based on integration of offshore, near-coast, and shoreline oil spill management and a process involving analysis, planning and incident follow-up. Responsible: To ensure a holistic and systematic approach to oil spill contingency the collaboration between public and private contingency is important. The Norwegian approach implies interaction between private, municipal and public parties where responsibilities, roles and tasks are regulated by law. Primarily private actors hold the responsibility for the oil spill contingency. In situations where the polluter is not capable of handling the spill himself the public and the municipalities can be used. As an example, the organisation of oil spill contingency relating to offshore oil & gas activities on the Norwegian Continental shelf is based on the operator holding responsibility for the spill, and the use of common technical resources through the Norwegian Clean Seas Organisation for Operating Companies (NOFO) and their agreements with Regional Pollution Combat Groups (IUAs). These groups organize response on a municipality level, involving harbour authorities and resources from local fire brigades. Response to oil spills from ships in Norwegian waters are the responsibility of the Norwegian Coastal Administration (NCA). In the response operation, NCA may draw their own resources, located at a number of depots along the coast, on dedicated NCA vessels and Coast Guard vessels. In addition, NCA may mobilize privately owned resources (including NOFO resources). In the subsequent cleanup operation, NCA cooperates with the IUAs. NCA has the overall responsibility for the entire operation in strategic, tactical and economical terms and holds the position of the Operation Coordinator and the Shoreline Environmental Task Force. IUAs have the practical and technical responsibility for cleanup operations within their area, and provide On-scene Commanders, Group Leaders and the shoreline cleanup work forces ( Paper IOSC, Savannah 2008) The Norwegian Coastal Administration (NCA) has been delegated the responsibility for inspection of private and municipalities actions related to acute pollution (e.g. oil spill). Private actors and the municipalities have legal duty to contribute in public actions.
Date : 2009-01-21
Page 30
Main steps: Step 1: The first step in the establishment of an integrated plan for oil spill preparedness is to identify scenarios that would form the basis for dimensioning of the spill response capacity. Capacity requirements are generally provided by a detailed oil spill contingency analysis (OSCA) carried out in conjunction with an environmental risk assessment (ERA) for specific activities and operations. Step 2: Having defined the dimensioning scenarios the fate of the oil spill should be modelled in order to estimate the extent of the spill and provide necessary input to the ERA and OSCA. Step 3: The OSCA is carried out in order to identify the required extent of the oil spill contingency measures with regards to system capacity, response time, types of equipment, monitoring and other specific aspects related to the activity of interest. The OSCA will give important input to ERA related to consequence reducing measures. The OSCA concludes on a recommended solution which will be an input to further planning of the oil spill contingency. Step 4: Following the OSCA and ERA an oil spill contingency plan should be developed. The plan should clearly identify the actions necessary in case of a spill such as (E&P Forum/UNEP 1997): - organization structure, - response strategies, - individual responsibilities of key personnel, - training and exercise requirements, - communications network and - procedures for reporting to authorities. The plan should clearly identify: - vulnerable and sensitive locations, - equipment needed for combating the oil spill and its availability, - handling and disposal of recovered material (contaminated waste and debris) and - provide data directory and supporting information Guidelines / relevant sources: IPIECA has several relevant studies and guidelines, among others: - IPIECA Guide to Tiered Preparedness and Response Volume 14 - A Guide to Contingency Planning for Oil Spills on Water - Volume 2 - A Guide to Oiled Wildlife Response Planning Volume 13 - Guidelines for Oil Spill Waste Minimisation and Management - Volume 12 See more on: http://www.ipieca.org/activities/oilspill/oil_publications.p hp#21 OLF/NOFO has developed a guideline for OSCA: Veileder for miljrettet beredskapsanalyse (in Norwegian only)
Relation to other tools: The tool is based on input from: - Environmental Resource Database - Environmental Risk Assessment
Date : 2009-01-21
Page 31
5.10 Environmental Baseline Study and Environmental Monitoring

Purpose of tool: Environmental monitoring provides information about key environmental aspects of the project, based on potential impacts identified in the Environmental Assessment. The Environmental Monitoring Plan identifies monitoring objectives and specifies the type of monitoring to be carried out in order to reveal any impacts on the local environment. The outcome of the monitoring activities are used to evaluate the effectiveness or need of mitigation measures. A Baseline Study must be conducted prior to any project activities. This forms the basis of comparison to identify any changes/impacts after the activities have commenced. Responsible: Operator Main steps: Step 1: Assessment of the dimensions of the study area and description of relevant physical, biological, and socioeconomic conditions, including any changes anticipated before the project commences. Step 2: Collection of existing Baseline data, identify need for baseline surveys ; keywords: Physical environment: geology; topography; soils; climate and meteorology; ambient air quality; surface and ground-water hydrology; coastal and oceanic parameters; existing sources of air emissions; existing water pollution discharges; and receiving water quality. Biological environment: flora; fauna; rare or endangered species; sensitive habitats, including parks or preserves, significant natural sites, etc.; species of commercial importance; and species with potential to become nuisances, vectors or dangerous. Socio-cultural environment (include both present and projected where appropriate): population; land use; planned development activities; community structure; employment; distribution of income, goods and services; recreation; public health; cultural properties; tribal peoples; and customs, aspirations and attitudes. Step 3: Conduct Baseline surveys prior to project development and implementation. Step 4: Assemble and evaluate baseline data and prepare an Environmental Monitoring Plan identifying the objectives of the monitoring activities. The plan should include how, who, when, detection limits, threshold values that will trigger corrective actions, reporting procedures (e.g. ensure early detection of conditions that necessitate particular mitigation measures), budget and other necessary inputs (e.g., training) to monitor the impacts of the project during all project phases (construction/ operation/ decommissioning/ postdecommissioning) as well as implementation of mitigating measures. Step 5: Implementation of Monitoring Plan. Step 6: Evaluate monitoring data according to Monitoring Plan. Implement corrective actions and/ or mitigation measures. Review and update Monitoring Plan regularly through all project phases until postdecommissioning. Step 8: Implementation of an area waste management plan. Compile waste management and disposal options for each waste into one comprehensive waste management plan. Guidelines / relevant sources: Relation to other tools: Environmental Assessment Sourcebook, World Provides input to Step 9: Plan review and update. Review and update the waste management plan whenever new waste Bank / EA Sourcebook Update no. 14: - Social Impact Assessment management practises or options are identified. Environmental Performance Monitoring and - Environmental Impact Assessment Supervision.
Date : 2009-01-21
Page 32
5.11 Environmental Impact Assessment

Purpose of tool: Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is a process of identifying, screening, predicting, evaluating and mitigating the biophysical, social and other relevant effects of proposed projects and physical activities prior to major decisions and commitments being made. Main purpose of EIA is to establish a sound basis for decision making based on objective assessment of positive and negative impacts of a specific project (normally field development and operation) and its alternatives. Responsible: Licensee/Operator Main steps and / or elements: Scoping: 1. Establish a proposal for EIA program (scoping document) describing briefly the project plans, possible areas of concern/impacts and present an overview of issues, scope and magnitude of impact assessment to be performed. 2. Stakeholder consultation: Proposal for EIA program is circulated to all relevant stakeholders (authorities and NGOs) for comments. 3. The received comments are evaluated and will together with the proposed program form the formally set EIA program. EIA process: The EIA is an integral part of the development project ensuring that environmental issues are properly considered and documented. This also includes assessment of relevant alternatives (development options, energy production solutions etc.). EIA reporting: Summarises the process and main findings of the EIA process. The EIA report normally include e.g.: Project description Legislation review Baseline data evaluation/description Impact identification and prediction (environmental aspects, natural resources, third parties, society) Impact significance evaluation (focus on key issues) Mitigation measures/abatement options Alternative options assessment Environmental management planning Environmental monitoring planning Oil spill contingency The EIA report is issued for stakeholder consultation to ensure that the contents of the formally set EIA program are fulfilled. Guidelines/relevant sources: - MPE/NPD PDO/PIO guidelines (2000- currently being revised) Relation to other tool: SEA regional EIA approach
Date : 2009-01-21
Page 33
5.12 Social Impact Assessment

Purpose of tool: Social Impact Assessment (SIA) includes the process of analysing, monitoring and managing the intended and unintended social consequences, both positive and negative, of planned interventions (policies, programs, plans, projects) and any social change processes invoked by those interventions. Its primary purpose is to bring about a more sustainable and equitable biophysical and human environment. (IAIA, SIA International Principles, May 2003) The objective of SIA is to ensure that development maximises its benefits and minimises its costs, especially those costs borne by people (including those in other places and in the future). Costs and benefits may not be measurable or quantifiable and are often not adequately taken into account by decision-makers, regulatory authorities and developers. Benefits of a proactive rather than reactive approach: 1) Better decisions can be made about which interventions should proceed and how they should proceed 2) Mitigation measures can be implemented to minimise the harm and maximise the benefits from a specific planned intervention or related activity
Responsible: Operator
Main steps and / or elements: SIA is best understood as an umbrella or overarching framework that embodies the evaluation of all impacts on humans and on all the ways in which people and communities interact with their socio-cultural, economic and biophysical surroundings. Depending on the context in question, the SIA may include (but not be limited to) the following specialist sub-fields: - aesthetic impacts (landscape analysis) - archaeological and cultural heritage impacts (both tangible and non-tangible) - community impacts - cultural impacts - demographic impacts - development impacts - economic and fiscal impacts - gender impacts - health and mental health impacts - impacts on indigenous rights - infrastructural impacts - institutional impacts - leisure and tourism impacts - political impacts (human rights, governance, democratisation etc) - poverty - psychological impacts - resource issues (access and ownership of resources) - impacts on social and human capital Guidelines / relevant sources: - International Association for Impact Assessment (IAIA): SIA International Principles Relation to other tools: SIA is sometimes incorporated into a more comprehensive Environmental Impact Assessment (referred to as ESIAs). For projects with extensive social impacts a separate SIA should be conducted.
Date : 2009-01-21
Page 34
6 A GUIDE TO ASSESS THE ENVIRONMENTAL SENSITIVITY OF A PETROLEUM DEVELOPMENT PROJECT 6.1 Introduction
Geographical areas to be developed for oil and gas extraction may have ecological, social and cultural sensitivities that warrant special considerations. Presence of protected/endangered species and areas of cultural importance and subsistence indigenous populations are examples of sensitivities that warrant special considerations. Using this guide, participants in OfD can assess the environmental sensitivity of a proposed petroleum development project in a specific geographical area. The guide does not replace any of the tools in the toolkit (chapter 4), rather it can be seen as an early assessment tool that can be applied before other tools are put to use, increasing the understanding of the level of precaution needed in subsequent decision making processes. The higher the environmental sensitivity, the more precaution must be taken by both government and operator. The outcome of the assessment can provide input to Environmental Impact Assessments and other tools that may be applied later in the process. This guide for assessment of environmental sensitivity is based on BP Group Practice Environmental Requirements for new projects.
6.2 How can environmental sensitivity be categorised?

Environmental sensitivity can be categorised as high, medium and low using the definitions shown in Table 6-1. Table 6-1 Categorisation of environmental sensitivity- high, medium and low.
Environmental Sensitivity High sensitivity Medium sensitivity Categorisation Projects with the potential, using a precautionary principle, to have chronic or irreversible adverse impacts on environments Projects whose potential adverse impacts on the environment are generally localised, reversible, and in most cases, where mitigation measures can be designed more readily than for projects of high sensitivity. Projects likely to have minimal or no adverse environmental impacts. For example: where there is significant precedence and prior experience, and where the environmental risks are low and manageable.
Low sensitivity
Source: BP
Categorisation of environmental sensitivity is done in three steps: 1. Assess environmental value 2. Assess project footprint 3. Assess environmental sensitivity based on step 1 and 2
Date : 2009-01-21
Page 35
Step 1 Assess environmental value Assess environmental value qualitatively, considering issues shown in Table 6-2. Table 6-2 Assessing the environmental value
Issues Uniqueness (of habitat or ecosystem) Biodiversity value Ecosystem value and use Ecosystem capacity (capacity or fragility to damage) Stakeholders concern Low-High Low-High Low-High Low-High Scale Low-High
The assessment is conducted against a set of environmental sensitivity indicators (indicators are given in chapter 5.4). The indicators can be used to help identify key issues that might result in an areas being defined as environmentally sensitive. The precautionary principle is applied where there is incomplete knowledge. Step 2 Assess Project Footprint Assess project footprint qualitatively, considering issues shown in Table 6-3. Table 6-3 Assessing the project footprint
Issues Spatial extent (to which biodiversity, ecosystems or habitats may be impacted) Knowledge (knowledge and understanding of the issues) Timescale of impact (temporal impact of the consequences and time /potential for rehabilitation) Precedence (novel/familiar engineering solutions) Complexity of project Easy-Difficult Precedent- No precedent Short-Long Low-High Scale Small-Large
Step 3 Assess environmental sensitivity Assess the environmental sensitivity using Figure 6-1. In Figure 6-1, environmental sensitivity is a function of environmental value (step 1) and project footprint (step 2).
Date : 2009-01-21
Page 36
Figure 6-1 Environmental sensitivity (low, medium and high) presented against Environmental Value (y-axis) and Project Footprint (x-axis).. Category A = High sensitivity. Category B = Medium sensitivity. Category C = Low sensitivity. Source: BP, 2007
Date : 2009-01-21
Page 37
7 GUIDANCE ON CLIMATE CONSIDERATIONS WITHIN OFD 7.1 Introduction

OfD will provide guidance to cooperating countries on how to include climate considerations in the development of petroleum resources. The purpose of providing guidance on climate consideration is to enable national authorities in the cooperating countries to introduce those policy instruments and measures that will stimulate the most cost-effective solutions for reducing emissions of greenhouse gases. This section provides an overview of the guidance that OfD will provide, focusing on four topics (OfD, 2008): 1. Mitigating measures 2. Policy instruments 3. Clean Development Mechanism 4. Adaptation measures
7.2 Mitigating measures

The largest sources of emissions of greenhouse gases from oil and gas production activities are flue gases from energy plants and flares, emissions of natural gas from cold venting and diffuse leakages. Guidance will be offered on how countries can undertake an overall analysis of measures for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and, where appropriate, assistance in implementing and estimating the costs of such measures. Emphasis should be placed on measures that have a positive impact on the environment and development beyond that of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Technical mitigation measures for the petroleum sector can be roughly divided into three categories: Energy efficiency Reduction of direct emissions from flares and cold venting, and Carbon capture and storage
7.3 Policy measures

Authorities may choose to adopt different policy instruments for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The chosen instruments should, however, be adapted in such a way as to achieve the desired objectives and to be administratively possible to follow up. In addition to the desired reductions in greenhouse gas emissions and environmental impact, it is also important to highlight socio-economic profitability and budgetary implications when determining which instruments to adopt. The potential revenues which national authorities can earn from environmental taxes or the sale of quotas will be particularly significant in developing countries. The instruments that are chosen by a countrys authorities should be established by law. National authorities in many OfD countries have poor levels of expertise and therefore little authority in issues linked to the regulation of petroleum activities, including that of
Date : 2009-01-21
Page 38
regulating environmental and climate measures. The building of expertise and institutions is therefore absolutely decisive. OfD will provide assistance in both developing policy instruments and building the necessary institutions, so that environmental regulation and good climate measures can be implemented and enforced as an integrated part of petroleum activities. National authorities in the recipient countries should be encouraged to adopt an international level of climate policy instruments in order to avoid exploitation of weak environmental legislation by operators. OfD will offer education on the significance and implementation of integrated impact assessments and analyses. It is important to highlight the socio-economic and budgetary impacts when determining which instruments should be adopted.
7.4 Clean Development Mechanism

The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) under the Kyoto Protocol, and measures within the petroleum sector represent an area which demands particular expertise and one in which the amount of effort required in the years to come can prove to be considerable. The CDM is therefore within the scope of the OfD initiative. OfD will provide basic information on the CDM, with an emphasis on capacity building and project development. Should a cooperating country request more detailed training, technical or economical support in development of specific CDM projects, the country should be referred to the relevant specialist communities, institutions or Norad support schemes. Where appropriate, OfD will facilitate contact between project developers and the Ministry of Finance, which purchases CO2 emission quotas under the CDM.
7.5 Adaptation measures

Climate change can result in natural resources becoming more vulnerable to adverse impacts. An example of this is where water deposits in arid areas may be more vulnerable to pollution or water harvesting than indicated by a current assessment. Climate changes may also increase the risk of injury to humans and of environmental and material damage when, for example, extreme wind conditions destroy petroleum installations or infrastructure. The estimated climate changes in the region in question should therefore be included in impact assessments and risk analyses before petroleum activities are developed. The OfD initiative will contribute to raising national authorities' awareness about these issues, not least in respect of assessing the need for a regulatory framework, etc. OfD will provide general information about the possible impacts of climate change and the necessary adaptations related to petroleum activities. Should a countrys authorities request assistance with more detailed analyses and technical support relating to the possible impacts of and adaptations to climate changes, the OfD initiative should refer them to the relevant specialist communities for more specialised training.
Date : 2009-01-21
Page 39
8 ENSURING SUSTAINABLE LOCAL AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT 8.1 The need for a holistic approach
Sustainable development is a concept that refers to development where emphasis is shifted from short term economic gains to a more long term approach where there is balance between economic, social and environmental considerations. The most widely quoted definition of sustainable development is that outlined in the United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) report Our Common Future (1987), also known as the Bruntland Report: Def Sustainable Development: "development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs." The definition encompasses both how considerations must be given to interrelationships and integration of competing needs, as well as the long term intra-generational perspective. Inherent in this lays the assumption that the national and/or regional policy context must take into account cross-sectoral issues in an integrated resources management approach. Oil and gas exploration brings opportunities for great economic gains. However, multiple examples show that if inadequately administered, these economic gains are often dispersed in an uneven and unsustainable manner, providing short term gains to a selected few (and often foreign) benefactors at the sacrifice of local and regional economic growth and improved social conditions. To exploit the full development potential stemming from oil and gas exploration, the breadth of potential socioeconomic impact areas must be appreciated and included in the wider resource management schemes. A distinction should be made between the different forms of socioeconomic impact. Direct impacts typically include local job opportunities and boost in local services. Changes in the biophysical environment may however also cause significant indirect impacts, one notable and often seen example being the need for resettlement of current inhabitants in the relevant extraction areas. Failing to include both direct and indirect impacts in the overall resource management plan may both represent a lost opportunity for positive local and regional development but also, more gravely, lead to a deterioration of current conditions. If, in addition to this, the environmental aspects of the oil and gas exploration are neglected, the net impact on local communities may in fact be negative. There are numerous examples of environmental neglect in petroleum production causing unfortunate spin-off effects on other local industries such as tourism, fishery or agriculture (see section 8.2). To ensure full exploitation of the long term socioeconomic scope of oil and gas exploration, it is therefore essential to apply a holistic approach to resource management, capturing both immediate local and wider regional concerns. Rather than a piecemeal approach, an integrated approach to decision-making is required, linking the economy, the environment, and society. Development of this type requires a process of interaction between public authorities, civil society, and the private sector.
Date : 2009-01-21
Page 40
8.2 Economic implications of environmental concerns in the case of oil and gas exploration
The potential environmental issues accompanying petroleum production are numerous. Many of the commonly experienced problems are most notably seen in natural resource rich developing countries with rapid economic growth. And, whilst economic growth should in theory enable countries to better deal with their environmental problems, there are abundant examples of failure or a scarcity of success in dealing with these challenges. Environmental problems are often of a refractory and poorly understood nature, resulting in either failure to deal with them altogether, or to interventions that tend to treat the symptoms rather than the underlying root causes, with consequent failure. Alongside issues of intrinsic value and preserving local nature and wildlife, there is also an economic rationale for investing into environmental protection. Generally speaking, environmental degradation stemming from petroleum production has two main economic implications: Significant clean-up costs in the case of accidents (e.g. spills or leakages) Serious negative ripple effects on other local / regional industries World-wide there are numerous examples of how environmental degradation stemming from petroleum production has spurred significant costs and negatively affected other industries. A classical example is offshore oil-spills damaging local fisheries and / or tourism due to lack of sufficient preparedness schemes. Accidents of environmental degradation often have widespread geographic consequences. Failing to preventively identify, analyse and plan for potential environmental problems stemming from oil and gas exploration activities can have serious implications. The cost of proactively installing preventive measures is likely to be minimal compared to the potential economic implications of dealing with the consequences of various forms of environmental degradation, particularly so when including also the many indirect negative effects.
Date : 2009-01-21
Page 41
Illustrative examples: When the oil tanker Erika broke in two parts and went down in the Bay of Biscay on 12 December 1999, the oil spill spread along a 400 kilometre coastline in France and Northern Spain. Norway, along with other European countries, took part in the rescue and clean-up after the accident; however the immediate negative impacts on aquatic biodiversity, birdlife and popular tourist sites along the affected coastline were substantial. During the war between Israel and Lebanon in July 2006, the bombing of the power station of Jiyeh led to a large quantity of fuel oil being spilled into the sea and polluting the Lebanese coast. Clean-up operations had to be carried out at sea, in the coastal zone and on the shores. Norway contributed with equipment and expertise immediately after the incident, and has since considered financial support to the clean-up operations and treatment of the hazardous waste generated from the incident. In Uganda, oil has been discovered in one of the most valuable areas of the country which also constitutes the most attractive area for nature-based tourism. Here, the potential benefits of petroleum production had to be weighted against the overall economic scope for the tourist industry, hereunder considering the zero-option alternative.
8.3 Elements of successful sustainable development

To ensure successful local and regional development in the wake of new petroleum production, a holistic long-term approach should underpin the development of resource management schemes. Good governance at both national and international level is a central sustainable development prerequisite. At the domestic level, sound environmental, social and economic policies, together with democratic institutions responsive to the needs of people, the rule of law, anticorruption measures and an enabling environment for investment are essential underlying factors for a sustainable development.
8.3.1 Transparency
Transparency can be defined as a principle that allows those affected by administrative decisions, business transactions or charitable work to know not only the basic facts and figures but also the mechanisms and processes. The definition implies a duty on civil servants, private sector managers and civil society trustees to act visibly, predictably and understandably. Corruption, the misuse of entrusted power for private gain, is the main hamper to transparent and efficient processes. In later years, the issue of corruption has been addressed widely both within public and private sectors worldwide, and there is a growing notion of zero-tolerance in this respect. The cost of corruption is said to be four-fold: On the political front, corruption constitutes a major obstacle to democracy and the rule of law, particularly so in newly emerging democracies. In a democratic system, offices and institutions lose their legitimacy when they are misused for private advantage.
Date : 2009-01-21
Page 42
Economically, corruption leads to the depletion of national wealth when it causes funnelling of scarce public resources into uneconomic profile projects at the expense of more necessary infrastructure projects such as hospitals and roads. Furthermore, it hinders the development of fair market structures and distorts competition, thereby deterring investment. Socially, corruption undermines people's trust in the political system, in its institutions and its leadership, resulting in a weak civil society. That in turn clears the way for irresponsible management where bribes and personal agendas flourish. Environmental degradation is another consequence of corrupt systems, typically stemming from a lack (or non-enforcement) of environmental regulations and legislation. In many cases careless exploitation of natural resources by both domestic and international agents has led to ravaged natural environments. Environmentally unsound projects are given preference in funding, because they are easy targets for channelling public money into private pockets. In several cases, unsustainable petroleum production projects (e.g. pipelines and refineries) have marked unfortunate examples of uneconomic profile schemes launched at the expense of more necessary local needs. (Source: Transparency International) The Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) supports improved governance in resource-rich countries through the verification and full publication of company payments and government revenues from oil, gas and mining. The EITI is a globally developed standard that promotes revenue transparency at the local level, by requiring companies to publish what they pay for and governments to disclose what they receive. The EITI is a coalition of governments, companies, civil society groups, investors and international organizations. The initiative has a robust yet flexible methodology that ensures a global standard is maintained throughout the different implementing countries. Whilst an EITI Board and international Secretariat are the guardians of the EITI methodology, implementation itself is the responsibility of individual countries.
Government of Norway hosting the EITI International Secretariat Since the outset of the initiative in 2007, the EITI International Secretariat has been based in Oslo. Officially opened in September 2007 and hosted by the Government of Norway, the Secretariat is an independent body solely accountable to the EITI Board. The Secretariat is responsible for turning policy decisions of the EITI Board into action, and for coordinating worldwide efforts in implementing the EITI. Its role specifically includes: outreach and advocacy, communicating and sharing lessons learned with stakeholders, managing a resource centre on revenue management and transparency, and oversight of the Validation process. An important role of the Secretariat is to support implementation. Although implementation is the responsibility of local EITI stakeholders, the Secretariat aims at ensuring coordination between supporting countries and assistance providers such as the World Bank. The Secretariat closely follows in-country implementation and findings of Validation processes to guide and inform the national EITI processes. Norway actively supports the EITI, and encourages all OfD-countries to implement the initiative.
Date : 2009-01-21
Page 43
Reference Sources: Transparency International www.transparency.org Offers various tools on anti-corruption work.
Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) www.eitransparency.org
8.3.2 Stakeholder dialogue

To optimise the sustainable development scope from petroleum production activities, a cooperative process between the different sectors involved should be promoted, where both Government, operators and civil society (including community) interests are formally represented. To enhance transparency and endorsement of overall resource management strategies, all affected stakeholders should be given the opportunity to participate in relevant decision-making processes. Stakeholders in this context could span from individual local inhabitants, interest groups and businesses through to national and international NGOs. In a transparent dialogue process, the stakeholders roles and rights to access information should be documented in a language relevant to their needs, taking into account potential illiteracy or lack of access to media such as the internet. To the extent possible, the stakeholder engagement process should try to identify the scope for local capacity building and facilitation of understanding and learning. AccountAbility outlines in its Stakeholder Engagement Standard (AA1000) a best practice guideline for planning for, preparing, and measuring the implementation of a best practice stakeholder engagement approach.
Reference Sources: AccountAbility www.accountability21.net (Stakeholder Engagement Standard AA1000 available for download at website.)
8.3.3 Compensation
The introduction of petroleum production activities will often have significant impact on the local exploration area. In the case of oil spills, resettlement, or otherwise substantially affecting the livelihood of local inhabitants, appropriate compensation schemes are vital. When local communities are likely to be affected directly or indirectly by petroleum production, legal and formally binding compensation agreements should be developed. Where compensation is to be paid in monetary forms, this should be undertaken in a timely manner to ensure that the displaced or otherwise affected persons are not disadvantaged. Where involuntary displacement (resettlement) is necessary, the same compensation and support standards should apply to all groups whether they have agreed to relocation arrangements or not.
Date : 2009-01-21
Page 44
At the overall community level, larger social compensation projects such as new roads, schools or health facilities are often introduced. The ownership of such projects should be considered, both during construction periods and not least for the long-term operational phases of petroleum extraction, and if possible be anchored with the local authorities rather than with the commercial operators (ref section 8.3.6).
8.3.4 Civil Society

The role of civil society is increasingly being acknowledged in national and international decision-making processes. A broadly-based and dynamic civil society is thought essential to the development of a democratic society that serves the interests of all its members. Civil society can be defined as: Formal and informal organisations, networks and movements that are active in the public sphere between state and family. These organisations are neither owned nor governed by the state and primarily operate on an idealistic basis. An arena for participants in civil society and their relationship to other actors such as the state and the private sector. This arena is shaped by the external environment in which civil society operates, including legislation. In practice, the concept encompasses organisations such as community groups, charities, NGOs, faith-based organisations, professional associations, trade unions, business associations, coalitions and advocacy groups. Civil society gives people the right and opportunity to influence societal development, improve their own circumstances and provide support for the poor and underprivileged so that their voices are heard and their interests are brought into focus.
Norwegian governmental cooperation with civil society Norwegian authorities actively cooperate with civil society organisations domestically and abroad through The Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (Norad). In Norads work, considerable emphasis is placed on efforts to strengthen local cooperation partners organisations in developing countries in order to ensure the sustainability of projects and promote the development of civil society. Cooperation with civil society is partly conducted through Norwegian and international organisations, and in some cases directly with national organisations via Norwegian embassies. The objective of Norads cooperation with NGOs is to strengthen civil society as a driving force and agent of change in order to achieve national development objectives.
Date : 2009-01-21
Page 45
8.3.5 Human Rights (incl Minorities)

The past decades have marked an increasing emphasis on sensitizing the general public on violations of and threats to human rights. International media and the global civil society are scrutinizing both private and public sector decision-makers into seriously tackle the issue. The international system of promotion and protection of human rights has been substantially developed and strengthened during recent years. International human rights law now comprises a vast number of standard-setting instruments adopted by universal and regional intergovernmental organizations. Numerous bodies entitled to monitor the implementation of these instruments have been established. Examples include the numerous International Labour Organisation (ILO) Conventions, addressing different aspects of workers rights. One aspect of human rights is the issue of minority rights. In the case of extracting industries such as petroleum production, this issue typically arises in the case of resettlement or otherwise affecting areas that minority / indigenous groups currently inhabit or depend on. Indigenous groups livelihood often strongly depends on the environment, and as such they are particularly vulnerable to changes in the local biophysical sphere. In later years, many governments from around the world have signed up to a variety of international human rights treaties, the UN Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities and the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples being two notable examples.
Reference Sources: UNESCO www.unesco.org (A guide to Human Rights: Institutions, Standards, Procedures available for download at website) UN Declaration on the Rights of Persons belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities (available for download at www.minorityrights.org) UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (available for download at www.minorityrights.org)
Date : 2009-01-21
Page 46
8.3.6 Operator CSR initiatives

The later years have marked a strong increase in expectations of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) among private sector operators, particularly so for companies in exposed sectors including oil and gas. CSR is increasingly prioritised and communicated as a core element of large multinationals key strategies. CRS initiatives can span from philanthropic support of projects far from the companys own operations, through to extensive social schemes developed around highimpact commercial projects. Examples of the latter are often seen in commodity industries such as petroleum, where exploration projects will typically have significant impact on local communities and may involve substantial resettlement schemes. Company-funded schools, roads and health infrastructure may also be put forward as a way to gain local governmental support, e.g. in cases where multiple operators compete for licences to operate in a new area. Although company CSR initiatives may often be both thorough and well-managed, there is also an element of letting what is normally seen as key government responsibilities too much into the hands of commercial agents. There might in the end be an issue of power distribution in the local area. Ideally a dialogue between local authorities and relevant operators should be established from the very outset, where the interface between private CSR initiatives and local governmental involvement is clearly defined. One way of ensuring that the power over key infrastructure is kept within local authorities could be schemes where funding and / or development costs are carried by the operator, whilst administration and ownership is placed with local municipalities, at least in the post-construction phases.
Reference Sources: World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) www.wbcsd.org
Date : 2009-01-21
Page 47
REFERENCES
Climate Change and the Oil for Development Initiative. Report by the Working Group on Climate Measures under the OfD Initiative. 5 June 2008 Environmental Management in oil and gas exploration and production. An overview of issues and management approaches. Joint E&P Forum /UNEP Technical Publication. 1997 Guidelines for Integrated Coastal Zone Management. Jan C. Post and Carl G. Lundin, Editors. Environmentally sustainable development studies and monographs; no. 9. World Bank 1996. Guidelines for waste management with special focus on areas with limited infrastructure. Report No. 413. September 2008. OGP A guide for reduction and disposal of waste from oil refineries and marketing installations. CONCAWE report no. 6/03. Best available techniques to reduce emissions from refineries. CONCAWE document no. 99/01. BP Group Practice Environmental Requirements for new projects. E&P FORUM Guidelines for the Development and Application of Health, Safety and Environmental Management Systems. Report No. 6.36/210. July 1994 Thrivel, Riki, Elizabeth Wilson, Stewart Thompson, Donna Heaney, and David Pritchard. 1992. Strategic Environmental Assessment. London: Earthscan.
OfD, 2008 E&P Forum /UNEP, 1997 World Bank, 1996
OGP, 2008 CONCAWE, 2003 CONCAWE, 1999 BP, 2007 E&P Forum, 1994 Therivel et al, 1992
Date : 2009-01-21
Page 48
APPENDIX
1 GLOBAL AGREEMENTS AND CONVENTIONS
- o0o -
Overview of agreements- SKAL REVIDERES P BAGRUNN AV INPUT FRA MD/SFT

Global agreements and conventions Air United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer (Vienna convention) International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL 73/78) Fresh water sources Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes (ECE Water Convention) Waste Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal (Basel Convention Convention on the ban of the import into Africa and the control of transboundary movements and management of hazardous wastes within Africa (Bamako convention, not yet in force) Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP) Regional and bilateral agreements
Convention on liability and compensation for damage in connection with the carriage of hazardous and noxious substances by sea (HNS) Hazardous substances/chemicals Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPconvention) Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade (Rotterdam convention) Sea United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter (London convention) and the 1996 Protocol thereto Convention on the Law of the Non-navigational Uses of International Watercourses International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL 73/78) International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems on Ships (AFS Convention) International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments (BWM Convention) (not in force) International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response, and Co-operation (OPRC) Convention for the protection of the marine environment of the North-East Atlantic (OSPAR convention) Convention for the protection of the marine environment of the Baltic Sea (Helsinki convention) Convention for the protection of the Mediterranean Sea against pollution (Barcelona convention) Convention on the protection of the Black Sea against Pollution (Bucharest convention) Agreement for cooperation in dealing with pollution of the North Sea by oil and other harmful substances (Bonn Agreement) Convention for Co-operation in the protection and development of the marine and coastal environment of the West and central African Region (Abidjan convention) Convention for the protection, management and development of the marine and coastal environment of the Eastern African Region (Nairobi convention) Kuwait regional convention for co-operation on the protection of the marine environment from pollution (Kuwait convention) Convention for Co-operation in the protection and sustainable development of the marine and coastal environment in the North-East Pacific (Antigua Convention) Convention for the protection and development of the marine environment of the Wider Caribbean Region (Cartagena convention) Convention for the protection of the marine environment and coastal zone of the South-East Pacific (Lima convention)
Convention for the protection of the marine environment and coastal zone of the South Pacific (Noumea convention) Biodiversity Convention of Biological Diversity Convention on Migratory Species The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands The UN Convention to Combat Desertification Others Convention on the Transboundary Effects of Industrial Accidents Convention on the environmental impact assessment in a transboundary context (ESPOO) Convention on Access to Information, Public participation in Decision-Making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters (rhus convention) Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention) The European Landscape Convention
Air
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) The objectives of the convention are to stabilize greenhouse-gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system, within a time-frame sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, and to ensure that food production is not threatened to enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner. The Kyoto protocol follows up the work of the convention, and commits the developed countries to stabilize the green house gas emissions. http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/conveng.pdf Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer (Vienna convention) The objectives of the Convention are: to protect human health and the environment against adverse effects resulting or likely to result from human activities which modify or are likely to modify the ozone layer, to adopt agreed measures to control human activities found to have adverse effects on the ozone layer, to co-operate in scientific research and systematic observations, and to exchange information in the legal, scientific, and technical fields. The Montreal protocol follows up the work of the convention, and has taken measures leading to total elimination of global emission of ozone-depleting substances. http://ozone.unep.org/Treaties_and_Ratification/2A_vienna_convention.asp http://www.unep.org/ozone/montreal.shtml International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL 73/78) The protocol of 1978 relating to the convention also deals with prevention of air pollution from ships. For more details about the convention, see under sea section.
Sea
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) The convention lays down a comprehensive regime of law and order in the world's oceans and seas establishing rules governing all uses of the oceans and their resources. The Convention governing all aspects of ocean space, such as delimitation, environmental control, marine scientific research, economic and commercial activities, transfer of technology and the settlement of disputes relating to ocean matters. http://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/convention_overview_convention.htm Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter (London convention) and the 1996 Protocol thereto The objectives of the convention are to prevent indiscriminate disposal at sea of wastes liable to create hazards to human health, to harm living resources and marine life, to damage amenities, or to interfere with other legitimate uses of the sea. The fundamental principle of the Convention is the prohibition of dumping of certain wastes, the requirement of a specific permit prior to dumping of others, and the demand for a general permit for the rest. The 1996 Protocol to the Convention entered into force in 2006 and thus replaced and modernized the Convention as between Protocol parties. Under the Protocol all dumping is prohibited, except for acceptable wastes on the so-called "reverse list". http://www.londonconvention.org/ Convention on the Law of the Non-navigational Uses of International Watercourses The convention applies to uses of international watercourses and of their waters for purposes other than navigation and to measures of protection, preservation and management related to the uses of those watercourses and their waters. http://www.un.org/law/ilc/texts/nnavfra.htm International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL 73/78) The objectives of the convention are to eliminate pollution of the sea by oil, chemicals, and other harmful substances which might be discharged in the course of operations; to minimize the amount of oil which could be released accidentally in collisions or strandings by ships, including also fixed or floating platforms; to improve further the prevention and control of marine pollution from ships, particularly oil-tankers. The protocol of 1978 relating to the convention also deals with prevention of air pollution from ships. http://sedac.ciesin.org/entri/texts/pollution.from.ships.1973.html International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems on Ships (AFS Convention) The International convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems on Ships prohibits the use of harmful organotins in anti-fouling paints used on ships and establishes a mechanism to prevent the potential future use of other harmful substances in anti-fouling systems. http://www.imo.org/home.asp?topic_id=1488
International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments (BWM Convention) (not in force) The objective of the Convention is to prevent, minimize and ultimately eliminate the transfer of harmful aquatic organisms and pathogens through the control and management of ships' ballast water and sediments. The Convention was adopted in 2004 and will enter into force 12 months after ratification by 30 States, representing 35 per cent of world merchant shipping tonnage. http://www.imo.org/home.asp?topic_id=1488 International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response, and Co-operation (OPRC) The objectives of the convention are to prevent marine pollution incidents by oil, in accordance with the precautionary principle, in particular by strict application of the International Convention for Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) and MARPOL 73/78; to advance the adoption of adequate response measures in the event that an oil-pollution incident does occur; and to provide for mutual assistance and co-operation between States for these aims. http://www.imo.org
Fresh water resources

Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes (ECE Water Convention) The objectives of the convention are to strengthen national and international actions aimed at the protection and ecologically sound management of transboundary waters, both surface waters and groundwaters, and related ecosystems, including the marine environment; to prevent, control, and reduce the releases of hazardous, acidifying, and eutrophying substances into the aquatic environment; and to promote public information and public participation in relevant decision-making processes. . It has a protocol on water and health. http://www.unece.org/env/water
Waste
Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal (Basel Convention) The goal of the Basel convention is the environmentally sound management of hazardous wastes. To this end, the convention pursues three key objectives to reduce transboundary movements of hazardous wastes to a minimum, to dispose of these wastes as close as possible to where they are generated, and to minimize their generation. http://www.basel.int/ Convention on liability and compensation for damage in connection with the carriage of hazardous and noxious substances by sea (HNS)
The main objective of the HNS convention is to provide adequate, prompt and effective compensation for loss or damage arising in connection with the carriage of HNS on sea-going ships. http://folk.uio.no/erikro/WWW/HNS/hns.html#conv
Hazardous substances/chemicals
Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POP-convention) The objective of the convention is to protect human health and the environment from persistent organic pollutants (POPs). POPs are chemicals that remain intact in the environment for long periods, become widely distributed geographically, accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and are toxic to humans and wildlife. In implementing the convention, Governments will take measures to eliminate or reduce the release of 12 of the most dangerous POPs into the environment. http://www.pops.int/ Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade (Rotterdam convention) The objectives of the convention are to promote shared responsibility and cooperative efforts in the international trade of certain hazardous chemicals in order to protect human health and the environment from potential harm, and to contribute to their environmentally sound use by facilitating information exchange about their characteristics by providing for a national decision-making process on their import and export. http://www.pic.int/
Biodiversity
Convention of Biological Diversity http://www.cbd.int/ Convention on Migratory Species http://www.cms.int/index.html The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands http://www.ramsar.org/ The UN Convention to Combat Desertification http://www.unccd.int/
Others
Convention on the Transboundary Effects of Industrial Accidents The convention shall apply to the prevention of preparedness for and response to industrial accidents capable of causing transboundary effects, including the effects of such accidents caused by natural disasters, and to international cooperation concerning mutual assistance, research and development, exchange of information and exchange of technology in the area of prevention of, preparedness for and response to industrial accidents. http://www.unwcw.org/env/teia/text.htm Convention on the environmental impact assessment in a transboundary context (ESPOO) The objectives of the convention are to enhance international co-operation in assessing environmental impacts; to promote environmentally sound and sustainable development; to support the development of anticipatory policies and of measures preventing, mitigating, and monitoring significant adverse environmental impacts, to promote measures taken at an early planning stage of proposed activities aimed at preventing potentially harmful environmental impacts, in particular those with a transboundary dimension, and to strive towards convergence of relevant national policies and practices; to provide for notification and consultation among states concerned on all major projects under consideration that are likely to cause significant adverse environmental impact across boundaries; and to promote public information and public participation in relevant decision-making processes. http://www.unece.org/env/eia/eia.htm Convention on Access to Information, Public participation in Decision-Making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters (rhus convention) The objectives of this convention is to guarantee the rights of access to information, public participation in decision making, and access to justice in environmental matters in order to contribute to the protection of the right of every person of present and future generations to live in an environment adequate to his or her health and well-being. http://www.unece.org/env/pp/ a. Regional and bi-lateral Air Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP) The aim of the Convention is that Parties shall endeavour to limit and, as far as possible, gradually reduce and prevent air pollution including long-range transboundary air pollution. Parties develop policies and strategies to combat the discharge of air pollutants through exchanges of information, consultation, research and monitoring. The Convention has been extended by eight protocols that identify specific measures to be taken by Parties to cut their emissions of air pollutants. http://www.unece.org/env/lrtap/
Sea Convention for the protection of the marine environment of the North-East Atlantic (OSPAR convention) The 1992 OSPAR Convention is the current instrument guiding international cooperation on the protection of the marine environment of the North-East Atlantic. It combined and up-dated the 1972 Oslo Convention on dumping waste at sea and the 1974 Paris Convention on land-based sources of marine pollution. The work applies the ecosystem approach to the management of human activities and is organised under six strategies: Protection and Conservation of Marine Biodiversity and Ecosystems, Eutrophication, Hazardous Substances, Offshore Oil and Gas Industry, Radioactive Substances and Monitoring and Assessment. http://www.ospar.org/eng/html/welcome.html Convention for the protection of the marine environment of the Baltic Sea (Helsinki convention) The aim of the convention is to protect the Baltic marine environment from all sources of pollution. The convention covers the whole of the Baltic Sea area, including inland waters as well as the water of the sea itself and the sea-bed. Measures are also taken in the whole catchments area of the Baltic Sea to reduce land-based pollution. http://www.helcom.fi/press_office/en_GB/pressroom/ Convention for the protection of the Mediterranean Sea against pollution (Barcelona convention) The aim of the convention is to protect and improve the Mediterranean marine environment in order to contribute to sustainable development in the area and to prevent, abate, combat and, as far as possible, eliminate pollution in this area. Particular attention is given to four types of pollution: pollution caused by dumping from ships and aircraft; pollution from ships; pollution resulting from exploration and exploitation of the continental shelf and the seabed and its subsoil, and pollution from land-based sources. http://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l28084.htm Convention on the protection of the Black Sea against Pollution (Bucharest convention) The aim of the convention is to prevent, reduce and control the pollution in the Black Sea in order to protect and preserve the marine environment and to provide legal framework for co-operation and concerted actions. The convention has three protocols: the control of land-based sources of pollution; dumping of waste; and joint action in the case of accidents. http://www.blackseacommission.org/OfficialDocuments/Convention_iframe.htm Agreement for cooperation in dealing with pollution of the North Sea by oil and other harmful substances (Bonn Agreement) The Bonn Agreement is the mechanism by which the North Sea States, and the European Community, work together in order to combat pollution from maritime
disasters, chronic pollution from ships and offshore installations, and to carry out surveillance in this regard. http://www.bonnagreement.org/eng/html/welcome.html Convention for Co-operation in the protection and development of the marine and coastal environment of the West and central African Region (Abidjan convention) The aim of the convention is protection and development of the marine and coastal environment of the West and Central African Region. The Convention and its protocol concern cooperating in combating pollution in cases of emergency. http://www.unep.org/AbidjanConvention/COP_8/index.asp Convention for the protection, management and development of the marine and coastal environment of the Eastern African Region (Nairobi convention) The aim of the convention is to prevent pollution of the coastal environment from activities, to establish objectives, policies and legislation for the protection of the marine environment, and to promote sustainable development and management of marine and coastal area. The convention provides a mechanism for regional cooperation, co-ordination and collaborative actions. http://www.unep.org/NairobiConvention/ Kuwait regional convention for co-operation on the protection of the marine environment from pollution (Kuwait convention) The aim of the convention is to prevent, abate and combat pollution of the marine environment by co-operation, developing an integrated management approach to the use of the use of the marine environment etc. http://sedac.ciesin.org/entri/texts/kuwait.marine.pollution.1978.html Convention for Co-operation in the protection and sustainable development of the marine and coastal environment in the North-East Pacific (Antigua Convention) The aim of the convention is to protect and preserve the marine and coastal environment of the Northeast Pacific against all kinds and sources of environmental pollution and degradation. The Antigua Convention sets forth the legal obligations and establishes the cooperative mechanisms necessary for the long term conservation and sustainable use of the highly migratory fish stocks of the Eastern Pacific Ocean. http://www.unep.ch/regionalseas/main/nep/nepconve.html Convention for the protection and development of the marine environment of the Wider Caribbean Region (Cartagena convention) The convention requires adoption of measures aimed at preventing, reducing and controlling pollution from ships, pollution caused by dumping, pollution from seabed activities and airborne pollution. The convention is supplemented by three protocols. http://www.cep.unep.org/cartagena-convention/cartagenaconvention/plonearticle.2005-10-04.2793893381
Convention for the protection of the marine environment and coastal zone of the South-East Pacific (Lima convention) The objective of the convention is to protect the marine environment and coastal zones of the South-East Pacific against all types and sources of pollution. http://sedac.ciesin.org/entri/texts/marine.environment.coastal.south.east.pacific.1981. html Convention for the protection of the marine environment and coastal zone of the South Pacific (Noumea convention) The aim of the convention is to prevent, reduce and control pollution from any source and to ensure sound environmental management and development of natural resources. The Convention has two protocols: protocol for the prevention of pollution by dumping, and protocol concerning co-operation in combating pollution emergencies. http://cc.msnscache.com/cache.aspx?q=72732588134154&andmkt=nbNO&andlang=nb-NO&andw=1e108d79&andFORM=CVRE2
Waste Convention on the ban of the import into Africa and the control of transboundary movements and management of hazardous wastes within Africa (Bamako convention, not yet in force) The aim of the convention is to ban the import into Africa and the control of transboundary movement and management of hazardous wastes within Africa. http://sedac.ciesin.org/entri/texts/acrc/bamako.txt.html Biodiversity Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention) http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/cultureheritage/conventions/bern/default_en.asp The European Landscape Convention http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/cultureheritage/Conventions/Landscape/default_en.asp - o0o -

Environmental Manual Jan 21 2009

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Environmental Manual Jan 21 2009

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Environmental Manual

for petroleum activities

The Norwegian Ministry of the Environment

Environmental Manual- DRAFT January 21 2009

Environmental Manual- DRAFT January 21 2009

Environmental Manual- DRAFT January 21 2009

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS (not complete)

Environmental Manual- DRAFT January 21 2009

Environmental Manual- DRAFT January 21 2009

Environmental Manual- DRAFT January 21 2009

2 THE OIL AND GAS VALUE CHAIN

Figure 2-1 The Oil and gas value chain

Opening of new regions/fields

Field and facility

Environmental Manual- DRAFT January 21 2009

Transportation and refining

Sources: OGP, 2008 and E&P Forum/UNEP, 1997

Environmental Manual- DRAFT January 21 2009

3 ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS AND POTENTIAL IMPACTS 3.1 Introduction

Environmental Manual- DRAFT January 21 2009

3.2 Environmental aspects

Environmental Manual- DRAFT January 21 2009

Field and facility development

Transportation and refining

Environmental Manual- DRAFT January 21 2009

Environmental Manual- DRAFT January 21 2009

Environmental Manual- DRAFT January 21 2009

Disturbance to local population.

Disturbance to local environment. Short-term, transient. Soil and water contamination.

Environmental Manual- DRAFT January 21 2009

Potential Environmental impacts Direct

Potential Environmental impact Indirect

Potential Socioeconomic impact Direct or Indirect

Mitigating measures (not complete)

Seismic operations (offshore)

Noise (acoustic sources)

Physiological effects. Disturbance to marine organisms. Short-term and transient

Behavioural impacts to wildlife

Degradation of air quality Contamination of marine environment.

Contamination at on-shore waste disposal site. Low-level, transient

Site preparation, construction of roads and camp

Land use and Footprint

Degradation of air quality.

Soil, surface water and ground water contamination.

Noise Disturbance of wildlife Short-term provided adequate decommissioning and rehabilitation

Environmental Manual- DRAFT January 21 2009

Environmental Manual- DRAFT January 21 2009

Short-tem and transient.

Potential Environmental impacts Direct

Potential Environmental impact Indirect

Mitigating measures (not complete)

Roads, site preparations, pipelines

Land-use and footprint

Barriers to wildlife movement

Long term loss of habitat Loss of biodiversity

Changes to surface hydrology

Degradation of air quality

Effects on indigenous populations. Land-use conflicts

Disturbance of wild life Long term impacts.

Water conflicts Visual and aesthetic intrusion. Long term impacts

Discharges from well operations (drill cuttings, mud, produced

Long term chronic effects on benthic and pelagic biota

Long term loss of habitat Loss of Biodiversity