MODULATION

Simplified Approach to AM and FM

James Rodney P. Santiago

General Definition
Modulation
- a process of mixing two sinusoidal signals, it includes a low frequency signal being imposed onto a higher frequency carrier signal.
INFORMATION MODULATED SIGNAL

CARRIER

James Rodney P. Santiago

Need for Modulation

- modulation becomes important if we want to deliver the information over vast distances. 1. Direct transmission of the information will be easily overwhelmed by interference since the RF is the same as the information. 2. Information (audio) usually resides on low frequencies which limits the radiation via an antenna (Tx/Rx) because of physical length/size impracticality.
James Rodney P. Santiago

Types of Modulation in Broadcast

There are two major modulation techniques used in broadcast. Amplitude Modulation Frequency/Phase Modulation

Note : Digital Modulation techniques are not included.

James Rodney P. Santiago

AMPLITUDE MODULATION
Mathematical relationship to Practical concepts
James Rodney P. Santiago

Basic AM
Linear combination of the signal and carrier. ecarrier

eoutput
esignal

carrier

signal

James Rodney P. Santiago

James Rodney P. Santiago

Definition
AM is a method that employs Non-Linear combination of the information and carrier.
Percentage Modulation A measure of the extent of the carrier voltage variation with respect to the signal. % Modulation = = = (Es/Ec)x100% Emin Emax x 100% Emin + Emax Es/Ec

Es Signal Voltage ; Ec Carrier Voltage ; m modulation index

James Rodney P. Santiago

Mathematical Expression
Vc = Vc Sinc t ; Vm = Vm Sinm t

Vm

Vc

James Rodney P. Santiago

Mathematical Analysis
Condition : Initially, a Carrier is without a modulating information ; therefore it has a constant Vc. Upon the application of the information, the instantaneous voltage is now changed to Vm. The instantaneous change in Carrier amplitude (A) is Vm Sinm t. Modulation index is the ratio of the Vm over Vc, it is a number between 1 & 0.

James Rodney P. Santiago

Double Side-Band Modulator

Message Spectrum

INFORMATION

MODULATED SIGNAL

fc
Carrier

CARRIER

Spectrum

Modulated

fc

Spectrum

James Rodney P. Santiago

Mathematical Analysis
From the previous conditions : Let us derive the double sideband AM modulator

A = Vc + Vm
Vc = Vc Sinc t ; Vm = Vm Sinm t

Vm

Vc

James Rodney P. Santiago

Practical Explanation
Since DSBM simply is a sum and difference of information to the carrier, we can simply express it as :
Information Carrier - Low frequency - Higher frequency

FLSB + FC + FUSB (FC Fm) + FC + (Fc + Fm)

2 2
James Rodney P. Santiago

Practical Explanation
Computing for the Bandwidth
Assuming there is only one sideband on the upper and lower part with respect to the carrier.

Fsb = Fc +/- nFm

Fsb Fc N Fm = = = Frequency of the Sideband Carrier Frequency number of sidebands Frequency of the information/message

FBW = (FC + FUSB) - (FC - FLSB)

James Rodney P. Santiago

Single Side-Band Modulator

Message

multiply
INFORMATION

Spectrum

fc
CARRIER

CARRIER

90 Phase Shift

Carrier

Add

Spectrum

Modulated

fc

Spectrum

multiply
James Rodney P. Santiago

General Illustration

James Rodney P. Santiago

Tower Design

0.5H

0.5H
James Rodney P. Santiago

Guyed Tower Details (Top view)

Anchor

0.5H 120

120

Anchor

120

Anchor

James Rodney P. Santiago

Insulated Tower
Very simple AM tower implementation of which the current is 90 from the top (can be from the base if tower height is less than 90). Compare the effect of the velocity of propagation in relation to the physical and electrical height of the tower.

James Rodney P. Santiago

General Definition

AM Transmission operates at quarter wavelength due to the physical difficulties in constructing the structure

/4

Electrical /4

James Rodney P. Santiago

Theoretical V & I Distribution on a Vertical Radiator

James Rodney P. Santiago

BASED ON TERRAIN PROPERTIES

FIELD STRENGTH

10

20

50

5000

CONDUCTIVITIES

Why do we need to maintain 90 electrical length?

/4

Electrical /4

James Rodney P. Santiago

Factors that affect AM Radiation

Weather Temperature Man made interference Parasitic effects Etc.

James Rodney P. Santiago

Theoretical V & I Distribution on a Vertical Radiator

Assuming constant tower cross-section, the current distribution can be computed via :

ia = Ia sin (G y)
ia Ia G Y = = = = current in amperes at height y. max. current in amperes tower height in degress height in degrees of the current element ia.

James Rodney P. Santiago

Grounded Towers, Shunt Fed and Folded Monopoles Structures with grounded base can be utilized as an AM radiator, the base impedance of such is zero, impedance increases as the elevation of the feed point increases.

James Rodney P. Santiago

Top Loading
For towers that are electrically short (< 90), top loading can improve its BW and radiation performance.

Increase the capacitance to ground

James Rodney P. Santiago

Earth Mat
There are 120 Cu conductors laid on the base of the tower to increase conductivity and generate a better electrical image of the /4 tower.

Why do we need an earth mat?

James Rodney P. Santiago

FREQUENCY MODULATION
Mathematical relationship to Practical concepts
James Rodney P. Santiago GMA Network Inc. Technical Specialist SBETP-Vice President

FM BAND OF FREQUENCIES
The standard range of frequencies for FM :

88 to 108 MHz

2 0 0 K H z

25 Khz Guard Band

75Khz LSB

75Khz USB

25 Khz Guard Band

Full Modulation = 75Khz deviation

James Rodney P. Santiago

FM Frequency Allocations

James Rodney P. Santiago

PRE-EMPHASIS

F = 1/ 2RC
F = Frequency (Hz) R = Resistance (Ohms) C = Capacitance (Farads)

James Rodney P. Santiago

James Rodney P. Santiago

James Rodney P. Santiago

BI-PHONIC STEREO BASEBAND

James Rodney P. Santiago

FM Channel

James Rodney P. Santiago

James Rodney P. Santiago

FM Stereo
LSB L+R Signal
P I L O T

L-R Signal This is the monophonic audio signal

Pilot Freq. X 2

C A R R I E R

S u p p r e s s e d C a r r i e r

USB L-R Signal

From the Pilot Freq., the stereophonic information is now identified by the receiver

James Rodney P. Santiago

STEREO GENERATION BLOCK DIAGRAM AND EXAMPLE CIRCUIT

FDM MPX STEREO GENERATOR

TDM MPX STEREO GENERATOR TDM MPX STEREO GENERATOR

TDM MPX STEREO GENERATOR

PLL TDM STEREO DECODER

STEREO DECODER L+R & L-R MATRIX

Reference : National Association of Broadcasters Handbook Stereo Generator by Forest Cook http://www.ntc.gov.ph