2010 2nd Interational Conference on Industrial and Information Systems

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1 Institute of information science&engineering
Hebei University of science and technology
Shijiazhuag, China
huboning@sina.com, wanging_ 0423@163.com
Abvlrdcliber-optic dispersion and its effect on optical
transmission system are analyzed. The most commonly used
dispersion compensation fber (DL) technology is studied in
this article. Three schemes (pre-compensation, post
compensation, mix-compensation of dispersion compensation) of
disprion compensation with DL are proposed. The
simulation model of the WDM based on the Optisystem is
presented according to the above principle. The simulation
results such as Q factor and BER are given and deeply
analyzed. It is found that mix- compensation performance is
the best. And the input fber power is taken as 9-10dB, the
corresponding BER performance is better.
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I. INTRODUCTION
1 In recent years, with the rapid growth interet
business needs, people ugently need more capacity and
network systems.[I] So the demand for tansmission
capacity and bandwidth ae becoming more ad more
challenging to the ca iers and service suppliers. Under the
situation, with its huge bandwidth and excellent
transmission performance, optical fber is becoming the
most favorable delivering media and laying more and more
important role in inforation indust[2,3]. The optimal
design and application of optical fber ae very important
to the tasmission quality of optical fber transmission
system. Therefore, it is ver necessa to investigate the
transmission chaacteristics of optical fber. And the main
goal of comnication systems is to increase the
transmission distance. Loss ad dispersion ae the major
factor that afect fber-optical communication being the
high-capacit develops. The EDF A is the gigantic change
happened in the fber-optical comunication system; the
loss is no longer the major factor to restict the fber
optical tansmission. Since EDFA works in 1550 nm wave
band, the average Single Mode Fiber (SMF) dispersion
value in that wave band is very big, about 15-20ps / (
nm.km-1)[4]. It is easy to see that the dispersion become
the major factor that restricts long distance fber-optical
transfers[5].
Fund: HcbciUnivcrsityotscicnccandtcchnoIogyscicntic
rcscarchmnds(XL2)
978-1-4244-8217-7110/$26.00 2010 IEEE
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2 Transport Departents
Hebei Broadcasting and Television Bureau
Shijiazhuang, China
hbgdwangwei@sina.com, zhaoruimei@hebust.edu.cn
In this study, we propose three DCF compensation
scheme, pre-compensation, uder-compensation and mix
compensation scheme. Simulation studies show that mix
compensation scheme is the best. I can geatly reduce the
infuences of the fber nonlineaity and increase the
transmission distance geatly.
The rest of paper is organized as followed. In Section
II , the cause of fber dispersion and its efects on optical
transmission is intoduced. I Section III, present Fiber
dispersion compensation technology. In Section IV,
present the research of DCF dispersion compensation
scheme. Section V present trasmission system simlation
with sofware OPTISYSTEM, analyses and compare each
kind of compensation scheme, Section VI concludes the
paper.
II. THE EFFECT OF FIBER-OPTIC DISPERSION ON
OPTICA TRANSMISSION
Loss and dispersion ae the major factor that afect
fber-optical communication being the high-capacity
develops. The EDF A is the gigantic change happened in
the fber-optical communication system; the loss is no
longer the major factor to restict the fber-optical
transmission. Since EDFA works in 1550 nm wave band,
the average Single Mode Fiber (SMF) dispersion value in
that wave band is ver big, about 15-20ps / ( nm. k-I). It
is easy to see that the dispersion become the major factors
that restrict long distance fber-optical transfers[ 6].
Dispersion is defmed as because of the diferent fequency
or mode of light pulse in fber transmits at diferent rates,
so that these fequency components or models receive the
fber terminals at diferent time. It can cause intolerable
aounts of distortions that ultimately lead to erors.
In single-mode fber perforance is primarily limited
by chromatic dispersion (also called group velocity
dispersion ), which occus because the index of the glass
varies slightly depending on the wavelength of the light,
and light fom real optical transmitters necessaily has
nonzero spectal widt (due to modulation)[7,8].
Polarization mode dispersion , another source of limitation,
occurs because although the single-mode fber can sustain
only one tansverse mode, it can car this mode with two
diferent polaizations, and slight imperfections or
distortions in a fber can alter the propagation velocities for
the two polaizations. This phenomenon is called
lIS 2010
birefingence. Mode birefingence Bm is defmed as the
follow Formula:
l
/x
-
/
yl
Bm T T
a
x
y
(I)
nx, ny ae the efective refactive of the two orthogonal
polarizations. For a given Bm, its fast axis and slow axis
components will be formed te phase diference afer the
light waves tansmission L K.
27
y

,I

(Ax
-
Aj
)
I

(
/x

I
^ (2)
If the Bm is a constant, through the light waves in
transmission process the phase diference between its fast
axis and slow axis will periodicity repetition. The power
exchage also periodically. The length that it leads to a
phase diference of 21 or power periodic exchange is
called polaization beat length:
I

27

-
1/x
-
/yl
-
,
( 3 )
If the incident light has two polaization components,
due to refactive diference between the fast axis and slow
axis, the tansmit rate of two polaization components will
be diferent. Because the randomness of fber
birefingence changes, the group velocity of diferent
polaization direction is also random, this will result in the
outut pulse broadening. Degee of pulse broadening can
be expressed by diferent group delay D1.

. I .

)
_.
(^^_

'^^
)
J
_
(4)
L

C C
From the equations present that the initial pulse is
broadened by the transmission. The longer the optical
signal transmission distance, the geater the fber
dispersion coefcient, the more pulse broaden. The two
adjacent pulse result overheaing, eror judgment will
generated[9].
The infuence of dispersion on system performance is
also refected in the optical fber nonlinear effects.
Dispersion increased the pulse shape distortion caused by
the self-phase modulation dispersion (SPM); the other
hand, dispersion in WDM systems can also increase te
cross-phase modulation, four-wave mixing ( FWM) and
other nonlinear efects[ lO,II].
III. DCF DISPERSION COMPENSATION TECHNOLOGY
In order to improve overall system performance and
reduced as much as possible the tasmission perforance
infuenced by the dispersion, several dispersion
compensation technologies were proposed[12]. Amongst
the vaious techniques proposed in the literature, the ones
that appear to hold immediate promise for dispersion
compensation and maagement could be broadly classifed
as: dispersion compensating fbers (DC F), chirped fber
Bragg gatings (FBG), and high-order mode (HOM)
fber[13].
The idea of using dispersion compensation fber for
dispersion compensation was proposed as ealy as in 1980
but, until afer the invention of optical amplifers, DCF
began to be widespread attention and study. As products of
+1
DCF ae more mature, stable, not easily afected by
temperature, wide 0 bandwidt, DCF has become a most
usefl method of dispersion compensation and has been
extensively studied.
There is positive second-order and third-order
dispersion value in SMF (single mode fber), while te
DCF dispersion value is negative. So by inserting a DCF,
the average dispersion is close to zero[14]. As the local
dispersion of higher tansmission link, FWM and XPM
were ignored; only to consider the role of SPM and
dispersion, the signal tansmission can be simulate by
solve the nonlinea Schrodinger equation.
aA(z,t) 1 0

A (z,t)

U
( 5 )

:

:
2-i A/z,t

A/z,t)+-A/z,t)=O
i 2
at
2
A ( z, t)
is complex amplitude of j channel optical
pulse, '
'^
'

is the dispersion pareter of j chanel,

' is the nonlinear coefcient, a is the loss coefcient.
Afer N-section dispersion compensation of DCF, the
chanel residual dispersion ca be expressed as
M(A ) ^ [(1- )D (A
)+( ~
)
8
A(
dD
S
(A
p
) Jp
D
SM
(A
p
)
dDD(A
P
]
, S Jp SM
P
'
dA DOF(A
p
) dA
( 6 )
In the forula,
J
p is the dispersion compensation rate of
p-channel.
I
oC'^:
I
oci
I
Jp

'vi'^
I
:vi
( 7 )
LSMF and LDCF ae the conventional single-mode fber
length and dispersion compensation fber length within the
amplifer spacing. ^ is the channel wavelength spacing.
oC'^
and
vi'^
ae the dispersion coefcient
of conventional single-mode fber and dispersion
compensation fber at the
^
wavelength.
IV. DISPERSION COMPENSATION SCHEME
The dispersion compensation system in the WDM is
studied in this paper. Based on optical tansmission
equation, considering the vaious types of nonlinea efects
and the impact of EDF A, system simulation models ae
established. According to relative position of DCF and
single-mode fber, post-compensation, pre-compensation,
mix compensation is proposed. DCF Pre-compensation
scheme achieve dispersion compensation by place the DCF
before a certain conventional single-mode fber, or afer
the optical tansmitter. Post -compensation scheme achieve
dispersion compensation by place the DCF afer a certain
conventional single-mode fber, or before the optical
transmitter. Mix compensation scheme is consist of post
compensation and pre-compensation .Diferent location on
the system will generate diferent nonlinea effects. The
Simulation of three dispersion compensation system is
shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1 (a) shows the post-compensation schemes. The
WDM system consists of eight channels, each channel wit
40Gb/s. Te simulaon modle includes te tansmission
module, tansmission link and the receiver module.
Simulation model use Mach-Zehnder exteral modulator
to modulate the CW Laser. Eight diferent center
fequency wavelength of the light carier were produced.
The center fequency range of Laser is 192.6-194.01 THZ.
Transmission code is the DPSK modulation code. 8-
channel WDM bandwidth is 80GHZ.Optical fber
transmission link composed of a 160Km. The kind of
optical fber is G.655. Dispersion compensation is
achieved with DCF. EDFA is used to compensate the
power loss generating by SMF and the DCF signal.
Receiver module includes demultiplexer and receiver
flters.
M DEM
1 . ^.1 _
2 Tx

R
8 Tx R.x
! post -compensation
: [ouuu :
b) p compensation
l n
L^
:

c) mix- compensation
Figure 1 the three dispersion compensation system
Figure 1 b) and Figure lc) respectively show the pre
compensation scheme and the mix- compensation scheme.
The simulation confguration is as similar as Figure 1 a).
The difference is that at the tansmitter DCF compensate
80Km of single-mode fber dispersion in Figure 1 b). In
Figure lc), there is a mix- mix- compensation scheme.
V. RSULTS AD ANAYSIS
In optical communication systems, only optical signal
to noise ratio (OSNR) could not accurately measure the
system performance, especially in WDM systems.
Typically, as a quality factor, Q is a one of the important
indicators to measure the optical performance by which to
characterize the BER. Figure 2 display the infuence of
input optical power on the performance of transmission
system.
3
31
29
27
0
25
23
21
19
17
15
4 5
mX- coa | 0D
-pt-
co a | 0D
~n|nCnm| on
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
l, oi ca fi 0 (d
Figure 2 Comparison of transmission iPlUPCof three
compensation system
+Z
Figure 2 appea that the efect of laser average power is
just conta to the previous situations. A moderate bigger
value of laser average power is favorable to the
performance of the tansmission system. And fom the
fgure we can fmd that with the input optical power
increased to about 9dB, the Q factor increases. When the
input optical power approaches 9dB, the Q factor becomes
the maximum. When the input optical power is geater
than 9dB the quality factor decreased gradually and the
eror performance is gradually degraded. This is because
as the optical power increases, nonlinea efects increase,
but the optical signal noise ratio increased. When the input
optical power is geater tha 9dB, the nonlinea effect
increases rapidly, making the system BER performance is
degaded rapidly.
As can be seen fom Figure 2 in the case of the fber
optical power equal, the quality factor of mix
compensation is geater tha the two other kinds of
dispersion compensation. Through the whole system study
found that the performance of mix -compensation system is
best in the long-distance high-speed WDM systems.
Figur3 give the simulation results at diferent channel.
As we can see fom the fgure3, the effect of dispersion
compensation is ver good. The signal quality is high,
eye's shape is ver good, ad the edge neat graph is
symmetrical. And the efect of dispersion compensation
quite good. The curve of Q-factor changes with the open
degee of eye diagam as follows: More approaches the
point of lagest eye diagam opened, the Q-factor is bigger,
and the Coresponding BER is smaller. Figure shows at the
largest eye diagram opened, the Q-factors of the four
channels achieve about 20. According to the test, when
Q=6, the BER is about 10-9; when Q=7, the BER is about
10-12. The fgure shows this system have the big decision
scope under the guarantee of the condition of system bit
eror rate. This indicated the DCF compensate diferent
channel's chromatic dispersion greatly.
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w 0w
41
WWw
Figur3 the eye diagram at diferent channel

VI. CONCLUSION
On the basis of compared and analyzed the three system
simulation results conclusions are as the followings. Using
DCF for dispersion compensation in 40Gb/s WDM system
is an efective solution. The attenuation of DCF fber is not
null. Thus, the attenuation of DCF fber will produce
impairment to the signal qualit as well as that of SMF. As
the previous discusses, the infuence of attenuation can be
compensated with optical fber amplifer such as EDF A.
Mix-compensation scheme can greatly reduce the fber
nonlinea efects, this progam better than the pre
compensation and post compensation program. For this
compensation scheme, the efect of laser average power is
just conta to the previous situations. A moderate bigger
value of laser average power is favorable to the
performance of the tansmission system the input fber
power is taken as 9-10dB, the coresponding BER
performance is better.
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