Power Engineering

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January 2014 t www.power-eng.com
RENEWABLE ROUNDTABLE
EXECUTIVES DISCUSS THE FUTURE
OF RENEWABLE POWER
GAS TURBINE TECHNOLOGY
CALIFORNIA PROJECT IS FLEXIBLE,
FAST AND EFFICIENT
MATS COMPLIANCE
CHOOSING THE RIGHT TECHNOLOGY
the magazine of power generation
2013
Projects
of the
Year
1
1
8
YEARS
1401PE_C1 1 1/9/14 2:28 PM
Solvay Chemicals, Inc.
1.800.SOLVAY C (800.765.8292)
www.solvair.us
Copyright 2014, Solvay Chemicals, Inc. All Rights Reserved
MATS/ MACT regulations
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www.power-eng.com
1
FEEDBACK
Feedback
I
read your Op Ed piece (Disruptive Forces) in the No-
vember issue of Power Engineering. I could not agree
with you more about the fact the utility industry
needs to accept the fact that distributed energy is here to
stay and either they get on board or get run over by it. I have
been advocating to people for a long time that the utilities
need to stop trying to prevent homeowners from installing
solar energy, windmills, etc. and start fguring out how they
can be a part of the deployment.
If we look at some of the European countries, especially
Germany, they have supported solar energy through feed
in tariffs and subsidies to the point where they have a huge
installed solar base and it is making a notable impact of the
amount and type of energy that they as the utility industry
must deliver. They are now going further and subsidizing
battery storage so that even more can be accomplished
with solar energy. I dont know how they maintain the cost
to support their existing infrastructure, but I dont think
that charging a fat fee to everyone
to support the existing infrastructure
would be unacceptable to consumers
if it is properly explained to them.
What the utility industry here in the
U.S. needs to do is to fgure out how
they can be the supplier, installers,
maintainers and the owners of the
panels and then be selling the power
to users. They already have a meter they
own hung on the side of the house, so
why not go further and own the panels
on the roof that produce the power? A
well-designed solar system does not
require much maintenance, so once it
is installed the cost to maintain such a
system may actually be lower in cost than
the transitional infrastructure used to
deliver power.
There is no place for the utilities to hide
in saying they cant make money and
it would be too costly for them to enter
this business. If that is true, how is it that
Solar City can make money? Elon Musk is
not a fool, he sees the value of installing
solar energy on peoples homes and he is
making a lot of money doing so, and if he
Letter to Editor:
can do it and make money why couldnt a utility?
The bottom line is that a lot of the larger older utilities
are still managed by an old guard that dont want anyone
else playing in their industry. These people are out of touch
with the changing world of distributed energy and they are
going to lose a lot more. You might be better off to make an
analogy between these stubborn utilities and Blackberry.
Like Blackberry, these utilities are going to see their market
taken away from them whether they like it or not, and as
their business diminishes and they become vulnerable
fnancially they may become the acquisition and takeover
targets of the utilities that do embrace the changes that are
taking place in the industry.
Sincerely,
Bradley Schneider, President/CEO
Recovered Energy Resources Inc.
November 2013 t www.power-eng.com
CHEMICAL LOOPING
A BREAKTHROUGH CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGY
MATERIAL HANDLING
DEALING WITH MOISTURE IN FLY ASH
EMISSIONS CONTROL
KCP&L SOLVES FLY ASH ACCUMULATION IN SCR
the magazine of power generation
CLEAN COAL:
M
aking Progress
1
1
7
YEARS
1401PE_1 1 1/9/14 3:39 PM
DEPARTMENTS
1 Feedback
4 Opinion
6 Clearing the Air
8 Gas Generation
10 View on Renewables
12 Energy Matters
14 Nuclear Reactions
16 Industry Watch
64 Ad Index
18
The Worlds Best Power
Projects Unveiled
New power projects from around the world
were recognized during the Projects of the Year
Awards at POWER-GEN International 2013 in
Orlando, Fla. The editors of Power Engineering and
RenewableEnergyWorld.com evaluated each
entry and selected the winning projects.
32 Design Features Enhance
Operating Flexibility of
Sentinel Energy Project
The Sentinel Energy Project is an 800-MW natural gas-fired peaking plant surrounded
by 3,000 wind turbines near Palm Springs, Calif. The plant is equipped with fast-start
aero-derivative gas turbines from General Electric and can meet a wide range of
dispatch loads ranging from 50 to 800 MW.
52 DSI-ACI Technology
for MATS Compliance
The Mercury Air and Toxics Standard (MATS) was finalized by the EPA
and enacted in 2013. U.S. power producers have until April 2015 to
comply. This article examines the use of dry sorbent injection and
activated carbon injection to curb pollutants covered by the MATS rule.
Power Engineering is the flagship
media sponsor for
POWER ENGINEERING ONLINE : www.power-eng.com
Newsletter:
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Power Engineering
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VOLUME
FEATURES
1401PE_2 2 1/9/14 2:54 PM
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1401PE_3 3 1/9/14 2:54 PM
www.power-eng.com
4
OPINION
Rethinking Wind Power
BY RUSSELL RAY, MANAGING EDITOR
O
nce again, the federal subsidy
that has driven the construc-
tion of new wind power proj-
ects in the U.S. has expired. But dont ex-
pect a quick extension like last year.
Congress isnt expected to consider an
extension of the 2.3 cent per kilowatt-
hour production tax credit until it con-
cludes discussions on tax reform. That
could take months.
Although the credit expired Jan. 1,
there is still plenty of work for wind pow-
er developers in 2014.
New orders for wind turbines and new
power purchase agreements for wind en-
ergy will continue in 2014 because the
credit applies to projects under prelimi-
nary construction by Dec. 31, 2013. Pre-
viously, qualifying projects were required
to be in operation by the end of the year.
The change, which acknowledges the 18-
to- 24-month construction timeline for
wind power projects, allows developers
to build new projects beyond 2013. As
long as a developer incurs just 5 percent
of the projects total capital cost before
the credit expires, they will have until
2015 to put the project into service and
claim the credit.
But without an extension or an alter-
native solution, wind power develop-
ment will eventually grind to a halt, as
it did this time last year after Congress
waited until the eleventh hour to extend
the credit another year. Months of un-
certainty in 2012 killed the market for
new projects as wind turbine manufac-
turers shut down factories and cut jobs.
Our industry still faces uncertainty
in the medium and long term and needs
Congress to address that, said Rob
Gramlich, senior vice president of public
policy for the American Wind Energy As-
sociation. The legislative vehicle could
be tax reform, an extenders package or
something else, but, ultimately, our in-
dustry will begin to feel the impacts of
uncertainty in 2014.
Historically, lawmakers have renewed
the credit for wind and other forms of
renewable power shortly after they ex-
pire in a legislative measure known as an
extenders package. This year, however,
an extension has been placed on hold as
lawmakers take on a major overhaul of
the nations tax system.
The overhaul may include long-term
incentives for wind power. But an exten-
sion of the credit is not a given. Some say
the long-standing credit for wind power
should not be revived, arguing that
wind power is a mature technology that
no longer needs government support.
Whats more, critics maintain the growth
of wind power undermines the reliability
of the U.S. grid because of its intermittent
nature and limited transmission capacity.
The uncertainty in the U.S. may en-
courage some developers to take their
projects abroad. Walt Hornaday, presi-
dent of Cielo Wind Energy in Austin,
told the Fort Worth Star-Telegram last
month that he is hopeful the tax credit
will be renewed but added his company
is making plans for the credits demise.
Canada, Mexico and South America
are pretty busy right now, Hornaday
said. Pretty much everything except
for Europe is open to more wind energy
right now.
As Congress considers and debates
ideas for tax reform, the industry should
use this time to rethink its strategy for fi-
nancing wind power projects in the U.S.
Without the credit, many projects
would not be profitable because the
price to produce the power often ex-
ceeds the price it can be sold for under
long-term power purchase agreements.
The 10-year credit creates a predictable
return for investors and reduces the
risk. Whats more, wind power gener-
ally cant compete with gas-fired power
at todays prices. Wind power becomes
competitive when gas prices exceed $6
per thousand cubic feet. By most ac-
counts, gas prices will remain well be-
low $6 for several years.
While a long-term extension may be
the most effective way to promote the
development of new wind power proj-
ects, developers must face reality and
begin preparing for life without the
production tax credit for wind. With-
out new financing strategies or a sharp
spike in gas prices, the industry will
experience a long stint where virtually
no new wind power projects will be fi-
nanced or built.
New projects can be financed with
well-structured deals, even in the
absence of production tax credits.
They will be more difficult to finance
and build, but there are a number of
approaches that can be used to turn
a marginal project into a fruitful
venture.
Spread the risk out among multiple
projects. This will reduce the risk for in-
vestors by providing a safeguard against
an underperforming project or technol-
ogy. The use of risk management tools
such as insurance, hedges or contracts
in combination with a reputable power
purchaser will lower the perception of a
projects risk. These and other strategies
were featured at POWER-GEN Interna-
tionals Financial Forum, Nov. 13-14, in
Orlando, Fla.
If you have a question or a comment,
contact me at russellr@pennwell.com.
Follow me on Twitter @RussellRay1.
1401PE_4 4 1/9/14 2:54 PM
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1401PE_5 5 1/9/14 2:54 PM
www.power-eng.com
6
CLEARING THE AIR
But yes, natural gas is abundant too
right? New methods are now available
to reach previously un-attainable gas
reserves. This
is great news,
but, is putting
so much depen-
dency on gas the
right thing to
do in a volatile
climate of price
f l uc t uat i ons ,
supply concerns,
fracking issues,
etc.? Certainly it is a large piece of this
complex solution, but most any utility
executive will tell you that a diversified
portfolio is most desirable.
A portfolio of coal, gas and renewables
makes a lot of sense to combat price fluc-
tuations reaching their customers.
In the midst of current con-
fusion in power industry, one
tends to forget that all of the
above is in fact the official
policy approach to energy,
which is accepted by most
elected officials.
We cannot stop our current
coal fleet from getting older,
and now is the time to con-
sider replacement.
Yes, replacement. Why not
make our fleet more efficient,
cleaner, and create thousands
of jobs right here in our own
country with our own abundant natural
resource? Tremendous efficiency gains
can be realized with ultra-supercritical
cycles.
Burn less fuel with clean combustion
combined with the full suite of air quality
E
very day we read of another util-
ity coal unit retirement. With
GHG limitations coming, new
water regulations and coal combustion
residue requirements, it seems logical
that utilities are looking seriously into
retirement of their coal fleets. This puts
the pressure on alternate fuels and energy
sources. But, are we ready?
EEI predicts that our electrical load
demand with growth over 20 percent be-
tween 2010 and 2020.
How are we going to make this gap up
with all of these retirements?
Natural gas prices are low at the mo-
ment, and the name of the game today is
combustion turbine and gas conversion.
Alternate power should be encour-
aged, but in the foreseeable future, they
can only contribute a small percentage of
our ever-growing needs.
Nuclear is clearly on the mend and
probably will not be sustainable for
many years.
Even if we started today, a new nuclear
plant would take decades to get on line,
and with plenty of opposition.
controls, and certainly more reliability
than the old aging fleet.
Top this off with stable lower elec-
tricity prices.
Conc e r ne d
about carbon?
Lets take care
of that too.
With clear pol-
icy guidance,
CCS technolo-
gies can be
c omme r c i a l -
ized in time to
make new coal power plants a low
carbon intensity option for generating
electricity.
Contrary to all the horrible images
of dark clouds of smoke spewing out
of stacks whenever a coal power plant
is mentioned, clean coal technologies
are real and available today.
EIA predicts that by 2020 the U.S.
will require over 500 GW of reliable
power needs.
Where is that electricity going to
come from?
In the developing nations of the
world, coal is still king and will remain
the lowest cost reliable power supply to
keep their economies flowing. Here in
the US, we will be relying mostly on
natural gas and all that it comes with.
New coal plants would include ul-
tra-supercritical cycles, with advanced
air pollution control equipment that
will achieve near zero emissions. Coal
is domestic.
Coal is affordable. Coal keeps jobs
in America. Coal can be clean.
LETS NOT FORGET ABOUT COAL.
Will the Lights Go Out?
BY ROBERT NICOLO, AQCS, HITACHI POWER SYSTEMS AMERICA LTD
We cannot stop our
current coal fleet from
getting older, and now
is the time to consider
replacement.
- Robert Nicolo, Hitachi
1401PE_6 6 1/9/14 2:54 PM
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1401PE_7 7 1/9/14 2:54 PM
www.power-eng.com
8
GAS GENERATION
responding, clean, efficient combined
cycle power plant to partner with Cali-
fornias large non-dispatchable renew-
able generation. It is a highly efficient
combined cycle plant with an operating
efficiency of over 57 percent designed
for intermediate to continuous duty and
capable of daily cycling.
Since it began operation, the facility
has more than 240 starts with a 99.7 per-
cent reliability averaging 20 fired hours
per start.
Wind and solar power plants are de-
pendent on the weather so they cant
always operate. They are clean and effi-
cient, and you want to use them when
you can, but that means you have to
have a plan in place so that you can still
provide power when they arent produc-
ing. If you have one small wind turbine,
this isnt a problem, but when you have
big blocks of wind and solar, its a big
change when one of those locations
stops producing. You need to replace
that power.
The California grid operators, CAISO,
publish information on generation,
and they are looking at this issue. For
example, on February 24 last year, they
experienced 1,300 MW of solar and 800
MW of wind dropping off the grid in 2.5
hours. Thats about enough power for
about 1700 homes that just went away
in 2.5 hours. Something has to turn on.
Thats where Flex-Plants come in. At
Siemens, we wanted to make clean, ef-
ficient flexible power plants to enable
grids to use renewables and get real envi-
ronmental benefit. Gas-fired combined
cycle power plants have always been
clean and efficient, but they used to be
slow. It took several hours to get from
off to base load, so you couldnt really
R
enewable power is becoming a
larger and larger part of the en-
ergy mix worldwide. California
is a leader in this trend, adding signifi-
cant amounts of wind and solar capac-
ity to the grid. These renewable, green
resources are environmentally friendly,
but are intermittent due to their depen-
dence on immediate local environmen-
tal conditions. Power today is primar-
ily provided by power plants designed
for base load and lacking the ability to
quickly start up or quickly change load.
One plant designed to provide a solu-
tion is the Lodi Energy Center in Cali-
fornia, which celebrated its one-year
anniversary of commercial operation in
November. The plant has an installed ca-
pacity of 300 MW and is located in Lodi,
Calif.
Lodi Energy Center is a Siemens
SCC6-5000F 1x1 Flex-Plant - a fast
use them to back up fast moving wind
and solar. They also produced more
emissions when they were changing
load. They were designed to turn on and
stay on. Flex-Plants are still clean, high-
efficiency power generation, but now
that same plant can start fast, change
load fast and maintain low emissions
when it does. They are also available in
a range of sizes going all the way to over
1,000 MW, so you can use a Flex-Plant
combined cycle to back up a very large
amount of renewable energy.
Plant start-up times are reduced by
up to 50 percent due to the integra-
tion of fast-start features, including
the three-pressure reheat heat recovery
steam generator (HRSG) with Benson
once-through technology, high capac-
ity steam attemperation, full capacity
steam bypass systems, innovative piping
warm-up strategies and Siemens steam
turbine stress controller (TSC). Using
the Siemens SGT6-5000F gas turbine as
the prime mover, the plant will provide
high power density while requiring a
relatively small plant footprint. The Sie-
mens SPPA-T3000 control system pro-
vides an easy-to-use control platform for
the entire combined cycle power plant.
Its fast start capability with 200 MW in
30 minutes or less can result in a carbon
monoxide reduction of over 200 tons
per year when compared to traditional
F-class combined cycle plants.
Siemens partnered with NCPA for a
successful project by delivering prov-
en solutions and project execution
know-how, including core execution
competencies in plant engineering,
procurement, transportation/logistics,
construction management/TFA and
commissioning.
BY RICHARD LOOSE, DIRECTOR OF MARKETING,
SIEMENS ENERGY SOLUTIONS
The Lodi Energy Center in
California celebrated its one-year
anniversary in November.
A Reliable Complement
to Renewable Power
1401PE_8 8 1/9/14 2:55 PM
siemens.com/energy/controls
Ignite your plants performance with Siemens power plant
optimization solutions. SPPA-P3000 can increase plant
operational flexibility, efficiency and reliability as well as
decrease emissions without mechanical changes to your
equipment. Our solution offers advantages for all types of
power plants, from large coal-fired units and advanced
combined cycles to small cogeneration or industrial energy
facilities. You can depend on Siemens to be there with the
expertise, innovative products and solutions that help
optimize your plants performance, day in and day out.
Whether you need faster starts, higher efficiency or lower
emissions, contact us today at 678-256-1500.
Spark a change for the better in your power plant.
The power to change starts
with the right spark.
Siemens SPPA-P3000 maximizes your power plants performance without mechanical equipment changes.
1401PE_9 9 1/9/14 2:55 PM
www.power-eng.com
10
VIEW ON RENEWABLES
of TAS Energy noted some significant
challenges that are preventing rapid
expansion.
[These countries] want to take ad-
vantage of their unbelievable geother-
mal resources the Congo alone has
enough resources to power the entire
globe but they dont have the re-
sources to develop it. That is where we
come in.
Suppliers and developers must be
prepared to do business with these
countries, how-
ever. [Compa-
nies] need pa-
tience to go work
in Africa or In-
donesia and the
tenacity to hang
in there, Dickey
said. Many com-
panies in these emerging markets are
unfamiliar with drafting power pur-
chase agreements (PPA) and various
financial mechanisms, so it may take
some time to educate all parties in-
volved and finally accomplish deals.
It takes initiatives like USAID, it
takes political will, it takes companies
like those that are sitting in this room
to join together to from a structure to
support what they want to do. I want to
see some kind of facilitation. We need
to come together and not have 100
companies doing their own thing,
said Dickey. If we are slowed down
here in the U.S., it doesnt matter
there is plenty to go do overseas.
W
hats the next big oppor-
tunity for geothermal?
According to panel-
ists at Renewable Energy Worlds in-
ternational geothermal session, its
emerging markets. Kicking off the
two-hour discussion, special guest
Agnes Dasewicz of the U.S. Agency
for International Development (US-
AID) explained the Power Africa ini-
tiative, which launched in June 2013.
USAID is attempting to unlock energy
growth in six countries: Kenya, Tanza-
nia, Ghana, Nigeria, Liberia, and of
particular interest to the geothermal
crowd Ethiopia.
Power Africa has committed more
than $7 billion for infrastructure in-
vestment and technical assistance, and
the private sector has committed more
than $14 billion, which has mainly
come from African financiers. Das-
ewicz said that investment banks such
as Ex-Im and OPEC are very open to
discuss and support geothermal devel-
opment in resource-rich Africa.
Craig OConnor of Ex-Im Bank con-
firmed that the Power Africa initiative
will help move development along.
The will and the resource is there,
but youve got risk elements. African
governments do not like to give finan-
cial guarantees, but we need assurance
from them. With Power Africa, we
hope to get these guarantees in place.
OConnor pointed to Indias National
Solar Mission as a prime example of
effective market development. They
offered a guaranteed power purchase
agreement, and now they have over 1
gigawatt of solar happening. The op-
portunity is there; we just need to step
in and put the financing together.
Taking a broader look at the interna-
tional industry, Ben Matek of the Geo-
thermal Energy Association (GEA) dis-
cussed the vast growth opportunities
that he highlighted in his recent In-
ternational Geothermal Market Over-
view released by the GEA in October
2013. The global
geothermal mar-
ket is expected
to reach 12,000
megawatts (MW)
of capacity by
the end of 2013,
showing signs
of steady expan-
sion. This constant growth has been
about 4 percent each year which, ac-
cording to Matek, is considerable com-
pared to the 1 percent growth in U.S.
demand.
What is most notable, Matek said, is
where companies are looking for new
projects. For example, in 2011 and
2012, most U.S.-based companies were
focused on the domestic market. But
now, many have shifted their sights to
global markets. Significant progress is
led by developing areas such as Africa,
Latin America and the Asia Pacific re-
gion.
Despite this significant potential
and gradual growth, Halley Dickey
International
Geothermal Market Set
for Development Boom
BY MEG CICHON, ASSOCIATE EDITOR, RENEWABLEENERGYWORLD.COM
African governments
do not like to give
fnancial guarantees,
but we need assurance
from them.
- Craig OConnor, Ex-Im Bank
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12
ENERGY MATTERS
A
new year means new EPA
challenges. EPAs regulatory
schedule for 2014 will keep
the energy industry occupied, reading
thousands of pages of guidance docu-
ments and court decisions. In turn,
hundreds of questions will be gener-
ated on what all the words mean for
compliance and what the broader im-
plications are for energy markets.
From a strategic standpoint, on Nov.
19, EPA issued for public comment its
four-year strategy document. This plan
contains fve goals:
1. Addressing Climate Change and Im-
proving Air Quality
2. Protecting Americas Waters
3. Cleaning Up Communities and Ad-
vancing Sustainable Development
4. Ensuring the Safety of Chemicals
and Preventing Pollution
5. Protecting Human Health and the
Environment by Enforcing Laws and
Assuring Compliance
In the climate change arena, EPA pro-
posed a greenhouse gas (GHG) New
Source Performance Standard (NSPS)
for new coal- and natural gas-fred plants
and plans to fnalize these rules in 2014.
For existing coal- and natural gas-fred
plants, EPA is expecting to propose a
GHG NSPS in 2014, with fnalization
in 2015. EPA expects signifcant com-
ments on these draft rules, and that the
fnal rules will certainly undergo legal
challenges. During EPAs listening ses-
sion roadshow, some agency personnel
acknowledged that the GHG NSPS for ex-
isting units may be the most diffcult rule
they have ever attempted to promulgate.
We agree.
Several existing air quality regulations
are still in fux. On June 25, EPA took
comments on issues related to the Mer-
cury and Air Toxics Standards (MATS)
and NSPS. Numerous public comments
were received concerning the defnition
of startup. The EPA requested addition-
al input on the use of default diluent gas
cap values, procedures when a common
stack is shared and default electrical pro-
duction rate values to calculate output-
based emission limits during startup
and shutdown hours where the electrical
load is zero. EPAs fnal determination on
these issues will be critical to the ability
of some utilities to achieve compliance
with MATS and NSPS regulations. The
MATS compliance deadlines are getting
closer and thus any changes EPA makes
could impact compliance strategies and
mandated air pollution controls.
The Supreme Court is determining
the validity of the DC Circuit Court de-
cision which threw out the Cross State
Air Pollution Rule (CSAPR) based on its
good neighbor provision. EME Homer
City Generation, L.P. v. E.P.A., 696 F.3d
7 (C.A.D.C. 2012). The Supreme Court
could reinstate the rule in 2014, which
would require utilities to have additional
sulfur dioxide (SO
2
) and nitrogen oxide
(NO
x
) reductions beyond those required
by the Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR),
reduce trading among states and limit
statewide emissions through the assur-
ance provisions. If the Supreme Court
reinstates CSAPR, it is unknown how
quickly utilities would have to com-
ply, but lets hope it is more than the six
months EPA gave utilities originally.
There are continuing challenges to
EPAs Federal Implementation Plans for
regional haze. EPA may set a new ozone
National Ambient Air Quality Stan-
dard (NAAQS) in 2014. Compliance
determinations for other NAAQS, such
as SO
2
, NO
2
and PM, will continue. Also,
New Source Review (NSR) look-back and
consent decrees continue to hang over
all utilities. There are several rule recon-
siderations pending, which may or may
not be resolved in 2014, including NSR
Aggregation Rule, NSR Reasonable Possi-
bility Rule, and Fugitive Emissions Rule;
all of which will affect modifcations at
existing power plants.
Signifcant changes are expected for
PM
2.5
. A rule is needed to fx the signif-
cant monitoring concentrations (SMCs)
and signifcant impact levels (SILs) that
were thrown out by the courts. Addition-
ally, EPA will fnalize its guidance on
demonstrating compliance with stan-
dards for secondary PM
2.5
(i.e., particu-
late matter formed from sulfur, nitrogen
and other compounds).
Air is not the only media that is see-
ing signifcant EPA action. On the water
side, EPA is expected to fnalize the Clean
Water Act Section 316(b) rules. The wa-
ter discharge Effuent Limit Guidelines
(ELGs) were proposed in 2013 and are ex-
pected to be fnalized in 2014. The Coal
Combustion Residual (CCR) rules are
also expected to be fnalized in 2014. To
EPAs credit, it is trying to coordinate the
ELG and CCR rules. However, even more
synergistic impacts exist in the real world
between the air, water and CCR rules
that have not been accounted for in EPAs
proposals. Beyond EPA, environmental
groups such as the Sierra Club are chal-
lenging new and existing coal plants.
Unfortunately, 2014 looks like another
year of dealing with new EPA rules and
interpretations, court decisions and envi-
ronmentalist challenges. Maybe someday
we can have an atypical year!
What to Look for
from EPA in 2014
BY ROBYNN ANDRACSEK, P.E. AND BLOCK ANDREWS, P.E., BURNS & MCDONNELL
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14
NUCLEAR REACTIONS
is 92 pages long. It provides excellent
problem definitions, lists of insights on
how the problem evolved, desired end
state descriptions as well as actions. It is
exhaustive. The section on Initial Im-
provement in Management and Leader-
ship alone includes over 35 behaviors
and responsibilities for supervisors and
managers. It is not surprising that there
have been grumbles in the industry that
the activities to address cumulative im-
pact are creating additional burden.
I dont mean to be critical of the ef-
forts of people who have worked hard
to understand cumulative impact and
identify ways to reduce regulatory bur-
den. My main concern is that INPOs
ability to lead the industry in reducing
regulatory burden may be significantly
constrained by its own mental models
and by how it has historically addressed
any problem. INPOs mission is to pro-
mote the highest levels of safety and re-
liabilityto promote excellencein the
operation of commercial nuclear power
plants. In speaking to the BP Oil Spill
Commission in 2010, Jim Ellis, then
CEO of INPO, stated that INPO has
strongly and successfully resisted any
efforts over the years to alter its mission.
Recall that the industrys most sig-
nificant gains in safety and reliability
performance began in the late 1990s,
when a number of utilities started
participating in de-regulated electric-
ity markets that put great pressure on
plants to perform. I suggest that true
innovation in the efficient manage-
ment of nuclear energy in the future
will need to come from outside the in-
stitutions that are currently so tightly
interwoven to protect the industry
from lapses in safety.
T
he Washington D.C.-based
Center for Strategic and In-
ternational Studies (CSIS) re-
cently released a paper on the economic
and national security imperatives that
should compel lawmakers to enable the
U.S. nuclear industry to be more com-
petitive in the global nuclear energy are-
na and thereby maintain a crucial lead-
ership role. In Restoring U.S. Leadership
in Nuclear Energy, the CSIS explains how
state and federal mandates for renew-
able energy have created market distor-
tions in the electricity sector. Combined
with sustained low natural gas prices,
direct and indirect renewable subsidies
have made nuclear power uneconomic.
In addition to current economic disad-
vantages, the other major challenges to
U.S. nuclear leadership are export mar-
ket impediments and domestic chal-
lenges. Domestic challenges include
excessive capital costs for new construc-
tion, waste management uncertainties,
gaps in public acceptance, and regula-
tion.
Regulation - in particular, self-
regulation - is the one area in which
the industry has the ability to make
improvements directly. Although the
authors only briefly discuss the impact
of compounding regulation (NRC)
and self-regulation (INPO), they ex-
press concerns about added regulatory
requirements that lack commensurate
safety benefits that, in turn, contribute
to financial pressures and potential ad-
ditional plant shut-downs. This concern
is not academic, in that regulatory issues
have been cited in recent plant closure
announcements, such as the SONGS
shutdown in California.
There is widespread recognition that
the nuclear power industry has benefit-
ted from the diligence and high stan-
dards of the NRC and INPO, which have
helped raise overall plant performance
to high levels. Nonetheless, there is also
now an acknowledgement that cumula-
tive regulation has become notably bur-
densome to the management of nuclear
facilities across the U.S.
Both the NRC and INPO have start-
ed looking at the cumulative impact of
regulation and possible ways to address
it. The Nuclear Energy Institute (NEI)
is working with the NRC on ways to
assess the effects of regulation and po-
tential tools for managing the totality of
regulatory actions. Initial NEI presenta-
tions on the subject include 22-page and
30-page slideshows replete with flow
charts, spreadsheets and tables, plus
multiple appendices with additional in-
formation. NEI has proposed pilot proj-
ects on cumulative impact at plant sites
next year, but the NRC commissioners
would have to be involved in any pilots
and the NRC is moving at a slower pace.
The NRC is working on an initial pa-
per on regulatory efficiency due next
July, and it is working on another paper
on cumulative impact that will not be
complete until 2015. While you would
expect and want potential changes im-
pacting nuclear power regulation to be
detailed, comprehensive and not rushed,
I fear that the industry and the regulator
are over-engineering and broadening
potential solutions to the problem of
low-value regulatory burden.
INPO has had teams working on cu-
mulative impact and recently shared
with its members the first report on
short-term actions. The INPO report,
which focused on four initial areas,
U.S. Nuclear Power
Survival Part 2
BY MARY JO ROGERS, PH.D., PARTNER, STRATEGIC TALENT SOLUTIONS
1401PE_14 14 1/9/14 2:55 PM
1401PE_15 15 1/9/14 2:55 PM
www.power-eng.com
16
INDUSTRY WATCH
framework must be voluntary, the Execu-
tive Order calls for the adoption of incen-
tives for the electric industry and other
sectors to comply with these standards.
The nature of these incentives and how
the NIST standards will interact with the
existing NERC CIP standards remains to
be seen. In fact, the draft NIST cyberse-
curity framework, which was published
in late October for public comment by
Dec. 13, 2013, seems to treat the NERC
CIP standards as one of many informa-
tive references that the electric industry
must become familiar with and incorpo-
rate into their day-to-day cybersecurity
programs. The Executive Order also em-
braces the voluntary information sharing
concept by directing the Department of
Homeland Security to expand its En-
hanced Cyber Security Service, by enlist-
ing private sector experts into Federal ser-
vice to advise on information needed to
protect critical cyber assets, and by direct-
ing federal agencies to produce unclassi-
fed reports in a timelier manner. As with
the NERC and FERC efforts at voluntary
information sharing, the roles of enforcer
and partner will need to be sorted out for
all sectors, even those that have not the
extent of standards enforcement experi-
enced in the electric industry.
Change may be an inherent part of
the cybersecurity landscape, given how
quickly new threats can emerge and
spread. However, as regulators attempt
to impose and improve standards to ad-
dress cybersecurity and to take new ap-
proaches to safeguarding cybersecurity
such as facilitating the sharing of cyber
threat information, they should consider
the pace of such changes and the indus-
trys need for certainty to make necessary
investments in critical infrastructure and
critical infrastructure protection.
W
ith the Obama Adminis-
trations Executive Order
13636 last February and the
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
(FERC) and the North American Electric
Reliability Corporation (NERC) recently
adopting Version 5 of NERCs Critical
Infrastructure Protection (CIP) Reliabil-
ity Standards, cybersecurity is currently
at the forefront of the electric industrys
collective mind.The problem is the rules
of the road seem to be changing. Now,
as FERC has directed NERC to make ad-
ditional changes to Version 5 and the
National Institute of Standards and Tech-
nology (NIST) is contemplating a new
cybersecurity framework to govern all
critical infrastructure industries, includ-
ing the electric industry and other key
sectors, the question remains for the elec-
tric industry: How is this all supposed to
work? Investment decisions occur over a
long term horizon, but such decisions are
diffcult to make when the regulations
are in a constant state of fux.
Cybersecurity in the electric industry
has been regulated under NERCs CIP Re-
liability Standards for several years. These
CIP standards require the industry to
implement specifc cybersecurity protec-
tions and subject industry to substantial
monetary penalties for noncompliance.
The frst mandatory CIP standards were
proposed by NERC in 2006 and approved
by FERC in 2008.We are now on Version
5, and FERC just directed NERC to make
additional changes to the CIP standards
in what will inevitably become Version 6.
While one or more individual standards
have been through the same number of
revisions, no single set of standards has
been revised more as a group. Even with-
out the revisions, NERCs reading and ap-
plication of the CIP standards has evolved
in the past 5 years. Determinations made
in audits three years ago are now being
revisited in more recent audits. NERC has
published guidance documents to help
the industry understand how to apply the
CIP standards, but even those guidance
documents have undergone substantial
revision.
Perhaps in reaction to this change or
because the change is not coming fast
enough, regulators are trying out new
ways of protecting cybersecurity. NERC
through its Energy Sector Information
Sharing and Analysis Center (ES-ISAC),
and FERC through its new Offce of En-
ergy Infrastructure Security (OEIS) are
supplementing their role as enforcement
agencies and taking on more voluntary
outreach activities. In the past couple of
years, NERC has revamped its ES-ISAC to
act as a clearinghouse for cybersecurity
threat information for the electric indus-
try. FERC OEIS is making a more targeted
approach by offering to provide individu-
alized threat assessments to individual
entities in the electric industry. It may be
hard for both NERC and FERC to marry
their roles of enforcer of CIP standards
and partner in the sharing of cyber threat
information. Earlier this year, NERC had
to adopt a formal frewall policy to assure
that any voluntary sharing would not be
the source of penalties. Moreover, the in-
dustry has yet to confront liability issues
associated with handling and responding
to cyber threat information.
Executive Order 13636 appears to be a
blend of the standard setting and infor-
mation sharing approaches employed by
NERC and FERC. As noted earlier, the
Executive Order requires NIST is work-
ing on a cybersecurity framework for
all critical infrastructure industries,
not just the electric industry. Although
Cybersecurity and
Regulatory Uncertainty
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18
plant ever. The 560-MW natural gas-
fired combined cycle power plant will
use 30 percent less natural gas than the
units replaced. The units can provide
an output of 300 MW in 10 minutes,
which allows them to provide back up
support for wind and other renewable
sources.
The Flex-Plant 10 includes an SGT6-
5000F gas turbine integrated with a
single-pressure, non-reheat bottoming
cycle. Together with an air-cooled heat
exchanger for steam condensing, the
Flex-Plant 10 provides a net efficiency
of nearly 49 percent, making it the
most efficient peaking plant technol-
ogy available.
The project has met the challenges
of permitting, construction and op-
erating in a highly populous and vis-
ible beach community on an exist-
ing, constrained generation site in
the South Bay Southern California
E
ach year, power proj-
ects from around the
world are honored dur-
ing POWER-GEN Inter-
nationals Projects of the
Year awards. Project winners for 2013
were announced Nov. 11 at Hard Rock
Live in Orlando, Fla.
This years winners reflected the in-
dustrys search for cleaner, more effi-
cient sources of power generation and
demonstrated new technologies that
are helping power producers achieve
these goals. Project winners ranged
from the worlds most efficient coal-
fired power plant in Arkansas to the
electrification of remote villages in
India.
To be eligible for a 2013 award, proj-
ects had to be commissioned between
Aug. 1, 2012 and July 31, 2013. When
judging the finalists, editors consid-
ered capacity, the technology, and the
projects impact on the industry and
on the communities in which they
were installed.
The editors at Power Engineering and
RenewableEnergyWorld.com evaluated
each entry and selected the winning
projects.
NATURAL GAS
WINNER: Florida Power & Lights
Cape Canaveral Clean Energy
Center, Brevard County, Fla.
The 1,200-MW Cape Canaveral
Clean Energy Center sits on the site
of a former 1960s-era power plant
that was demolished in 2010. The new
plant cuts the CO
2
emissions rate in
BY SHARRYN DOTSON, ASSOCIATE EDITOR, POWER ENGINEERING,
AND MEG CICHON, ASSOCIATE EDITOR, RENEWABLEENERGYWORLD.COM
half from the older plant and reduces
air emissions rate by 90 percent with-
out requiring any additional water or
land.
The new units use Siemens H-Class
gas turbines as the main drivers. The
facility can generate enough electric-
ity to power about 250,000 homes and
businesses while using 33 percent less
fuel per megawatt compared to the
original power plant. Improving the
fuel efficiency means the plant will
save hundreds of millions of dollars in
fuel costs savings that are passed on
to the customer.
In addition, the sites administration
building uses solar panels and an elec-
tric vehicle charging station.
RUNNER UP: NRG Energys
El Segundo Energy Center, El
Segundo, Calif.
The El Segundo Energy Center is
the first Siemens Flex-Plant 10 power
NATURAL GAS
The
WORLDS BEST
Power Projects Unveiled
1401PE_18 18 1/9/14 2:55 PM
CIVIL
GOVERNMENT SERVICES
MINING & METALS
OIL, GAS & CHEMICALS
POWER
Bechtel is among the most respected engineering,
project management, and construction companies in
the world. Bechtel operates through five global
business units that specialize in power generation;
civil infrastructure; mining and metals; oil, gas and
chemicals; and government services.
Since its founding in 1898, Bechtel has worked on more
than 22,000 projects in 140 countries on all seven
continents. Today, our 53,000 employees team with
customers, partners and suppliers on diverse projects
in nearly 50 countries. We stand apart for our ability to
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1401PE_19 19 1/9/14 2:55 PM
www.power-eng.com
20
Though the plant is historical in na-
ture, it did not come without hurdles.
Environmental groups challenged
virtually every operational and envi-
ronmental permit issued. Engineering
and procurement continued during a
delay in the air permit, which allowed
for an efficient completion of the con-
struction process once the delays were
cleared. Construction started in 2008,
right as the U.S. economy took a down-
turn. Beginning construction during
the recession actually helped to tem-
per the effect on the local economy. At
peak construction in 2011, more than
2,000 craft and staff workers were at
the site.
RUNNER UP: Duke Energys Cliff-
side Modernization Project in Cliff-
side, N.C.
The modernization project at the
Cliffside coal-fired power plant, re-
cently renamed the James E. Rogers
Energy Complex, in North Carolina
consisted of building a new $1.8 bil-
lion ($2,182/kW), 82-MW Unit 6,
adding a wet flue gas desulfurization
(WFGD) to the 560 MW Unit 5 and re-
tiring units 1 through 4. The new unit
has a heat rate of 8,806 Btu/kWh (net)
with extremely low emissions, for
which Duke received a $125 million
Clean Coal Tax Credit. The project also
uses reuse and recycling to increase
area. Amongst the many challenges
has been the coordination of complex
demolition and construction logistics
while maintaining effective operation
of existing ongoing generation units.
More than 500 tons of concrete had to
be removed and recycled.
COAL
WINNER: Southwestern Electric
Power Co.s John W. Turk Power
Plant in Hempstead County, Ark.
The 624-MW John W. Turk power
plant is the first plant in the U.S. to
use the ultra-supercritical steam cycle
that helps cut emissions of SO
2
, NOx,
mercury, CO
2
and particulate; reduces
production of solid waste products and
reduces requirements for water and
commodities such as activated carbon,
lime and ammonia.
An ultra-supercritical unit operates
just above supercritical steam pres-
sure and at steam temperatures above
1,100F (593C). Advanced alloys are
used in the steam generator, turbine
and piping to operate in these con-
ditions. The technology allows the
power plant to achieve a full loan heat
rate of 8,720 Btu/kWh, lower than con-
ventional subcritical and supercritical
cycle technologies. The plant is a single
reheat system and burns Powder River
Basin coal.
efficiency and decrease waste.
The upgraded units 5 and 6 produce
double the electricity of the original
units 1 through 5 while reducing emis-
sions of SO
2
by 80 percent, NOx by 50
percent and mercury by 50 percent.
Unit 6 is designed to burn a wide range
of fuels, including bituminous sub-
bituminous blends.
Alstom guaranteed lowered emis-
sion rates for Unit 6, including 99
percent SO
2
removal and 90 percent
mercury removal over a wide range of
fuels. The near ultra-supercritical Hita-
chi boiler and the quad-flow Toshiba
turbine generator operate with main
steam/reheat pressures of 3932/678
PSIA and steam temperatures of
1055F/1075F. A key innovation is
integration of the operator Human
Machine Interface exclusively within
an Emerson Ovation DCS, eliminat-
ing almost all standalone controllers,
PLCs, displays, etc.
The project was largely constructed
inside the existing rail loop serving an
operating plant. EPC contractor CB&I
and other contractors had to coordi-
nate work, including extensive rail and
coal unloading modifications, around
coal deliveries and had to minimize
the impact of tie-in outages on the ex-
isting plant.
NUCLEAR
WINNER: Florida Power & Light
and Bechtels Extended Power Up-
rate Project, Southeast Florida
The Florida Public Service Com-
mission approved plans for the $3.1
billion Extended Power Uprate (EPU)
project in January 2008. The last of the
four upgraded units reached full EPU
power in June 2013. Florida Power &
Light and Bechtel initially estimated
that the EPU project would add 399
MW of generating capacity to the St.
Lucie and Turkey Point nuclear power
plants, but the project actually pro-
vided an additional 522 MW for both
COAL
1401PE_20 20 1/9/14 2:55 PM
break through
the
NOISE
Better Signal-to-Noise Ratio Means
Better Level Control Performance
While transmit pulse amplitude (signal size) has helped to make
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measurement, the fact is signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) represents a far
more critical indicator of level control performance. For superior SNR in
all process conditions, no other GWR device beats the Eclipse
Model
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The ECLIPSE Model 706 transmitter has a
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1401PE_21 21 1/9/14 2:55 PM
www.power-eng.com
22
Closure Head Replacement Proj-
ect, Killona, La.
An integrated project team led by
URS Corp. successfully replaced two
steam generators and a reactor vessel
closure head (RVCH) at Entergys Wa-
terford 3 even as Hurricane Isaac caused
the project site to be evacuated and the
delivery of the replacement steam gen-
erators was delayed, which pushed back
the start date of the outage.
A lift system was required to accom-
modate 720T steam generators and a
containment opening that required
hydro blasting through approximately
three feet of concrete and cutting a
steel liner. An engineered temporary
work platform (TWP) protected the
discharge area of the safety-related
cooling towers. The TWP, constructed
between the cooling towers and the
shield building wall to facilitate con-
crete removal, was designed and con-
structed to meet extreme loading and
seismic requirements. A containment
opening was used to rig, remove and
replace the generators and RVCH.
The project was deferred 18 months
because of delayed delivery of the re-
placement generators, so multiple ma-
jor modifications had to occur at the
same time as the generator replace-
ments, requiring extensive coordina-
tion. The delay also meant the project
power plants.
Work on the project included new
high-pressure and low-pressure tur-
bines, generator rotors, moisture sepa-
rator reheaters, condensers and start-up
transformers. Because of the forecast
load demand, the additional megawatts
were scheduled to be placed into ser-
vice in 2012 and early 2013. The project
was implemented in four overlapping
phases to meet the expedited schedule.
Phase 1 was the engineering analysis
phase; phase 2 was the long lead equip-
ment procurement phase; phase 3 was
the engineering design modification
phase; and phase 4 was the implemen-
tation phase. Despite the expedited
timeline, the project was completed on
schedule and with an industrial safety
record approximately 15 times better
than the average utility safety rate.
The Extended Power Uprate is pro-
jected to save over $100 million in fos-
sil fuel costs during the first full year
of service and $3.4 billion over the
remaining licensed life of the units as
well as reduce CO
2
emissions by an es-
timated 33 million tons. In addition,
the project improves grid stability by
generating electricity where it is need-
ed most.
RUNNER UP: Entergys Waterford
3 Steam Electric Station, Steam
Generator and Reactor Vessel
faced significant resource challenges,
so the team worked collaboratively
to ensure appropriate resources were
mobilized to support the outage. Hur-
ricane Isaac occurred seven weeks be-
fore the outage start, during the height
of extensive pre-outage work. An
emergency team stayed onsite before
the hurricane reached the area and
secured the site to ensure the safety of
personnel and equipment. Through
aggressive planning and execution, the
schedule was maintained.
SOLAR
WINNER: Solar Electrification of
57 Remote Villages
Deep in the heart of Andhra Pradesh
in southern India, hundreds of villag-
ers huddled by candlelight to go about
their nightly activities, many having
never seen electricity in their lifetimes
until now. Premier Solar Systems elec-
trified 57 of these remote villages with
solar energy, and it was no easy task.
To reach each village, workers typi-
cally were forced to walk several kilo-
meters through wilderness trails, cross
rivers by boat, and then walk some
more. A long line of workers carried
equipment to each site on foot one
with a solar panel, the next carried a
sack of bricks, then a roll of wire, a bag
of nuts and bolts, batteries and so on.
After several days of hauling, techni-
cians, with help from the locals, would
construct an 8-kilowatt (kW) solar ar-
ray, and the villagers would finally see
light.
These off-grid projects collect solar
energy throughout the day, which is
stored in batteries. At night, a dusk-
to-dawn switch is activated, and the
batteries provide fresh solar energy to
the villages. Each installation powers
an average of 23 homes per village.
Street lights are also installed, which
turn off at 9:30 p.m. and switch back
on from 5:00 to 7:00 a.m.
According to Premier Solar, the solar
NUCLEAR
1401PE_22 22 1/9/14 2:55 PM
Experience the Zachry Dierence
From project development and execution to turnarounds and outages, we work as a collaborative force to plan,
build and renew some of the worlds most critical infrastructures. With our in-house engineering, construction and
industrial servicesand our strong outside partnershipswe provide the simplicity and ease of working with one
company for multiple needs and services. Our rich 90-year history, vast service oerings and committed safety
culture top the competition. Find out how a Zachry EPC approach could make the dierence on your next job.
www. zhi . com
ENGI NEERI NG | CONSTRUCTI ON | NUCLEAR | I NDUSTRI AL SERVI CES
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1401PE_23 23 1/9/14 2:55 PM
www.power-eng.com
24
DECEMBER 911, 2014 // ORLANDO, FLO LORI DA / ORANGE COUNTY CONVENTI ON CENTER
W W W . P O W E R - G E N . C O M
OWNED & PRODUCED BY: PRESENTED BY: SUPPORTED BY:
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1401PE_24 24 1/9/14 2:55 PM
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primtech is intuitively logical
Increase your productivity by using primtech. primtech is a proven AutoCAD based software solution for intelligent substation design.
It comprises extensive component libraries of intelligent 3D objects and further functions like lightning protection. It also enables automatic
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even opened their own shops.
Premier Solar will continue its work
to electrify villages by taking on anoth-
er 20 in Adilabad and 19 in Khamman.
Runner-up and Readers Choice
Award: Solar-Agro-Electric Model
installations have revolutionized the
villages and connected them to the rest
of the world. Construction created jobs
for villagers to earn income, which has
allowed some to purchase electronics
and learn the concept of trade some
In Gujarat, India, a solar project is
providing both electricity and agricul-
tural benefits. The Solar-Agro-Electric
Model consists of a 3-MW solar project
that spans over 17.5 acres of farmland
in a rural community.
Its a symbiotic relationship. The
panels produce electricity for the vil-
lagers but also provide necessary shade
and security for the growing crops be-
low. The panels are washed often for
increased efficiency, and the crops are
watered simultaneously. Post-harvest
residues are replaced under the panels
for improved fertilization.
The project has provided agricultur-
al work for 100 villagers, and the crops
are sold at local markets and also dis-
tributed among the workers.
WIND
Winner: Bison Wind Project
In the U.S., phase 2 and 3 of the
SOLAR
1401PE_25 25 1/9/14 2:55 PM
www.power-eng.com
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Bison Wind Project came online in late 2012, bringing an addi-
tional 210 MW of capacity to the grid. The North Dakota-based
project, which is now at a total capacity of 292 MW, is part of
Minnesota Powers larger goal of transitioning from mostly coal
to an energy mix of one-third renewables, one-third coal and
one-third natural gas by 2030. The project delivers power to cus-
tomers via a repurposed transmission line built in the late 1970s
that now carries renewable wind power rather than coal.
Perhaps what is most unique about the Bison project is its
energy storage arrangement with Manitoba Hydro. When wind
resources are high or demand is low, Bison wind energy can be
stored in hydroelectric reserves in Canada and then utilized
when necessary.
Bison clocks in at a 42 percent to 44 percent average capac-
ity factor, beating the national 34 percent average, according to
Minnesota Power. This performance is due in part to its use of
dino tail blade technology patented by Siemens. The spiked
blades are more efficient and quieter than typical turbines.
The project has boosted the local economy, bringing 280 jobs
during its three-year construction and 23 full-time permanent
positions.
HYDRO
Winner: Xiangjiaba Hydroelectric Power Plant
Along the Jinsha River between the Yunnan and Sichuan
Provinces in China is the Xiangjiaba Hydroelectric Power Plant.
Part of Chinas West to East Electricity Transfer Program, which
strives to deliver more power to the ever-growing eastern prov-
inces, the plant is expected to deliver 6,400 MW of much-needed
power to the region.
Utilizing the highest-output air-cooled hydro generator
units at 800 MW each, all four units at its underground
powerhouse are currently in operation.
The project ranks in at several top 10 lists, including: Chi-
nas third highest capacity hydroelectric plant, the worlds
WI ND
1401PE_26 26 1/9/14 2:56 PM
www.power-eng.com
Day & Zimmermann is the leading
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retubing contractor serving the
global power industry since 1974.
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seventh highest capacity hydro plant, and the worlds
ninth highest capacity plant of any fuel type once the re-
maining four 800-MW units come online in 2015.
Due to the sheer size of the units, custom ventilation
and cooling components were adapted to prevent energy
losses, and Alstom developed and patented double-layer
thrust bearing pads to ensure reliability and maintain nor-
mal pressure distribution. Despite its massive size and cus-
tom parts, developers were able to install and commission
each unit quickly at about two months apart.
Once completely commissioned, the 6,400-MW plant
is expected to supply power to 40 million people yearly.
Runner-up: North Fork Skokomish Powerhouse
and Fish Passage Facility
A dual initiative of clean energy and environmental re-
sponsibility, the North Fork Skokomish Powerhouse and
Fish Passage Facility in Washington produces clean ener-
gy while minding the fragile fish habitat of the Skokom-
ish River. The 3.6-MW facility includes an innovative fish
collection and passage system to help bolster the popula-
tion of Washingtons endangered steelhead and salmon.
Two dams had blocked fish since the 1920s, but now
the North Fork facility traps fish swimming upstream
with a safe, passive-capture system powered by the water
discharged by its turbines. The fish are then moved to a
hopper, which takes them to the top of the dam where
they are sorted then released into the upper river.
GEOTHERMAL
Winner: McGinness Hills Geothermal Power Plant
Resource exploration is considered one of the major
barriers to geothermal development. Even if resources
are visible above ground, successful construction is not
always a guarantee, which is why the McGinness Hills
Geothermal Power Plant developed by ORMAT is such a
HYDRO
1401PE_27 27 1/9/14 2:56 PM
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1401PE_28 28 1/9/14 2:56 PM
www.power-eng.com
29
TOWER POWER
Increase power cycle efficiency and reduce
environmental impact with Oxamine
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Cleaner energy starts with a cleaner condenser; and that begins with Oxamine.
Oxamine performs better than conventional oxidizing microbicides in high
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means burning less fuel for every megawatt of power produced reducing
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fumaroles, which are e difficult to pin-
point and develop.
The 30-MW project located in Ne-
vada was developed with a mix of
notable project. Not only was the proj-
ect located amidst protected wildlife,
it was also a blind resource because
of its lack of surface hot springs and
conventional and innovative explora-
tion techniques and tests, which in-
cluded soil mercury geochemistry, geo-
logic mapping, gravity survey, 3-D GIS
modeling, slim hole drilling and well
testing. This data was compiled into
reservoir modeling technology, par-
tially funded by the U.S. Department of
Energy (DOE), which was able to show
a clearer picture of what was brewing
beneath the surface. Due to this ex-
tensive testing, the typically three-year
permitting process was finished in less
than two and mechanical construction
took less than eight months.
Developers also took special care
not to disrupt the fragile sage grouse
habitat a bird local to that area of
Nevada. Efforts included minimizing
noise impact, continued monitoring
or impact analysis, construction noise
GEOTHERMAL
1401PE_29 29 1/9/14 2:56 PM
www.power-eng.com
January 29-30, 2014
Henry B. Gonzalez Convention Center
San Antonio, Texas
CONNECT with the leaders who
CONNECT electric power in Texas
PRESENTED BY:
www.TransmissionHub.com
TransForum Texas brings together the transmission industrys heavy hitters to talk about Texas most current issues, from resource
adequacy to the impact of oil and gas development on transmission. Nowhere else can you get electric transmission content so
timely and regionally focused.
CREZ - Lessons Learned
Implications of Oil & Gas
Preparing for the unexpected: Transmission Planning in ERCOT
Resource Adequacy - Getting
Transmission Involved
And More!
To see the full conference agenda and register to attend, visit www.energyhubforums.com/texasforum
Register at: energyhubforums.com/texasforum | For information call 888-299-8016
January 28-30, 2014 | Distributech.com Co-located with:
$200,000 to local educational institu-
tions to contribute to the development
of the geothermal workforce while
also establishing hundreds of jobs at
its power plants across the state.
limitations to not disrupt mating sea-
son and underground piping to reduce
land impact.
With its huge presence in Nevada,
ORMAT has donated more than
BI OENERGY
BIOENERGY
Winner: Sacramento BioDigester
Communities around the globe
are scrambling to find ways to fight
a mountainous problem: landfills.
Though recycling and efficiency ef-
forts have come a long way over the
years, it is still a growing issue that
must be contained, which is why the
city of Sacramento, California has de-
veloped the Sacramento BioDigester
the largest biodigester in the U.S.
A technology that is finally gaining
steam, the biodigester facility process-
es 10,000 tons of food and agricultural
waste per year that would have other-
wise been thrown in a landfill. Accord-
ing to developers, the digester gener-
ates the equivalent of 2 MW of energy
in the forms of heat, electricity and
gas. For example, it produces nearly
1401PE_30 30 1/9/14 2:56 PM
www.power-eng.com
31
Weve been launching new
ideas for generations.
Scotland.
Famous for shipbuilding
and offshore wind
energy.
Weve got a rich and proud history in heavy
engineering. From shipbuilding on the Clyde to the
development of the North Sea oil and gas industry,
innovation, invention and passion are in our blood.
When it comes to advancing our offshore wind
industry, we have both the skills and the experience.
No wonder overseas companies like Areva, Gamesa,
Mitsubishi Power Systems Europe and Samsung
Heavy Industries are developing their next
generation of wind turbines in Scotland. We have
a talented workforce, a renowned academic sector
and a well-developed energy infrastructure. We have
unrivalled natural resources, strong leadership and
ambitious targets. In Scotland youll nd outstanding
opportunities for investment. We have it all. Maybe
its time you tapped into it.
SCOTLAND. SUCCESS LIKES IT HERE.
To launch our partnership, visit www.sdi.co.uk
California, Davis (UC Davis) urged the
school to take part in the advancement
of anaerobic digesters.
The California En-
ergy Commission
soon partnered with
UC Davis and invest-
ed in research initia-
tives.
In 2009, Clean-
World was estab-
lished and together
with several California businesses and
establishments, developed the Sacra-
mento BioDigester.
The facility supports 16 green jobs
and more than $10 million in econom-
ic activity. The CleanWorld biodigester
manufacturing facility also hosts 12
permanent positions in the Marysville
community.
200,000 diesel gallon equivalents of
renewable natural gas and enough fer-
tilizer enhancements to supply more
than 20,000 acres of
farmland.
The Sacramento
BioDigester has also
been deemed a ze-
ro-waste facility
it generates enough
electricity to power
both its operations
and the neighbor fueling facility, and
remnants from waste is used as fertil-
izer.
The biodigester has been deemed
such a success that as of June 2013, it
has started the process of scaling up to
process 40,000 tons of waste per year.
The project was forged in 2004, when
Dr. Ruihong Zhang of the University of
Runner-up: Gainesville Renew-
able Energy Center
The 100-MW Gainesville Renew-
able Energy Center biomass facility in
Gainesville, Fla. was commissioned
this summer. The project uses boiler
and turbine technology that reduces
emissions and meets stringent Maxi-
mum Available Control standards.
Its 930,000-pound per hour bubbling
fluidized bed boiler supplied by Metso
and a 116.1-MW Siemens turbine pro-
vide low-combustion and low-excess
air. GREC uses waste wood from sus-
tainable sources such as forestry and
sawmill operations, urban wood waste
and storm debris. Addressing sustain-
ability concerns, GREC abides by strict
forest sustainability rules that are de-
signed for long-term forest health and
productivity.
The facility
supports 16 green
jobs and more
than $10 million in
economic activity.
1401PE_31 31 1/9/14 2:56 PM
www.power-eng.com
32
C
ompetitive Power Ven-
tures (CPV) Sentinel
Energy Project is an
800-MW natural gas-
fired peaking power
plant featuring eight General Electric
Company (GE) LMS 100 aero-derivative
combustion turbines. This state-of-the-
art project is the worlds largest facility
utilizing GEs intercooled aero-deriva-
tive combustion turbine and is located
adjacent to the nexus of high voltage
transmission facilities and high wind
area in the vicinity of 3,000 wind tur-
bines northeast of Palm Springs, Cali-
fornia.
Design Features Enhance
Operating Flexibility of
Sentinel Energy Project
BY THOMAS MASTRONARDE, GEMMA POWER SYSTEMS LLC;
MARK MCDANIELS, COMPETITIVE POWER VENTURES HOLDINGS
LLC; AND VAL MADDEN, MOTT MACDONALD, INC
1 The Sentinel Energy Project looking south toward Mt Jacinto.
GAS TURBINES
1401PE_32 32 1/9/14 3:06 PM
www.power-eng.com
33
compliance in severe seismic condi-
tions, a variable gas supply pressure, a
Zero Liquid Discharge system capable
of accommodating highly variable load
conditions, and site congestion and con-
struction in a high-wind, high-temper-
ature environment. The project has un-
dergone unit-by-unit performance tests
and complete facility tests and is in full
commercial operation. This paper will
Because of the plants unique operat-
ing demands capacity anywhere from
50 MW to 800 MW, flat efficiency curve,
rapid start and load change profile and
stringent emissions requirements de-
sign constraints on balance-of-plant
support systems posed unique challeng-
es to the project implementation team.
These challenges included SCR/CO
catalyst designs for rapid emissions
The 800-MW Sentinel Energy Project is equipped with eight aero-derivative gas
turbines and can meet a wide range of dispatch loads ranging from 50 to 800
MW. Surrounded by 3,000 wind turbines near Palm Springs, the project was built
to accommodate a growing amount of renewable power in Southern California.
review plant features, performance en-
hancements and test results associated
with this unique peaking power plant
that integrates intermittent renewable
energy resources with Southern Califor-
nias growing energy demands.
DESCRIPTION
OF THE PROJECT
The CPV Sentinel Energy Project is
1401PE_33 33 1/9/14 3:06 PM
www.power-eng.com
34
serving Southern California.
Specifically, CPV Sentinel provides
peak power on demand by capitaliz-
ing on the rapid start and ramp rate
capability of the GE LMS100 combus-
tion turbines. Additionally, the plant
operates over an exceptionally wide
range of dispatch loads (from 50 MW
to 800 MW) and provides a variety of
ancillary services (e.g. spinning- and
non-spinning reserve, regulation up/
a nominal 800-MW natural gas-fired
peaking power plant. This energy
project was originally conceived and
developed to fulfill the need for effi-
cient, fast-response, peaking electric-
ity in Southern California, in an area
that already has significant renewable
energy resources. It is expected that
the project will support further expan-
sion and integration of renewable en-
ergy resources into the utility network
down, etc.) to help stabilize the grid
and support intermittent renewable
power sources.
The power plant is located just
west of the community of Desert Hot
Springs, Calif. and about five miles
north of Palm Springs. Construction
in this area must meet high seismic
design factors, as the project is located
near several active major faults. The lo-
cation is in an area designated as a spe-
cial wind area for design purposes and
has been extensively developed as a
wind generation resource over the past
twenty years. The plant is sited among
a cluster of 3,000 wind turbines lo-
cated east of the ridgeline of the San
Gorgonio Pass (Figure 1).
The Sentinel Energy Project is adja-
cent to Southern California Edisons
Devers Substation, one of Southern
Californias largest high voltage trans-
mission substations, serving multiple
high-voltage transmission lines radi-
ating from the substation (Figure 2).
The plant produces power from pipe-
line natural gas with eight GE LMS100
aero-derivative combustion turbines
and is the worlds largest facility using
this unique intercooled combustion
3 The Intercooled LMS100
Aero-derivative Combustion Turbine. Courtesy General Electric

2
Aerial View of Sentinel Energy Project
with Devers Substation in the background.
1401PE_34 34 1/9/14 3:06 PM
1401PE_35 35 1/9/14 3:06 PM
www.power-eng.com
36
4
Facility Net Output Ambient
Temperature Profle
1 Unit
2 Units
3 Units
4 Units
5 Units
6 Units
7 Units
8 Units
F
a
c
i
l
i
t
y

O
u
t
p
u
t
,

M
W
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
Ambient Temperature, F
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Units
Operating
Evap Cooling
in Operation
turbine employs
two sections of
air compressors.
Air from the first
compressor sec-
tion is discharged
to an external
heat exchanger,
where the air is
passed through a
water-cooled heat
exchanger and re-
turned to the sec-
ond compressor
section at a lower
temperature (Fig-
ure 3). Intercooling boosts generating
capacity and provides the highest effi-
ciency available in a simple cycle com-
bustion turbine.
The LMS100 features a starting pro-
tocol that achieves full output in ten
minutes from the command to start.
The 10-minute time period includes a
combustion path purge period, inter-
nal checks on all permissives to allow
admission of fuel, ignition of fuel, ac-
celeration to synchronous speed, gen-
erator breaker closure, and time to ac-
celerate to full load.
The LMS100 is capable of rapid up-
ward and downward load ramps with-
in the operating range of minimum
turbine technology.
The mission and the operating char-
acteristics of the CPV Sentinel Energy
Project are out of the ordinary for a
plant of this size. This paper will dis-
cuss how the facility capitalizes on the
unique operating characteristics of the
GE LMS100, the operational challeng-
es that dictated specific design features
of the overall plant and adjustments in
the installation and construction con-
cept to accommodate the severe des-
ert environment at the plant location.
Enhancements to the performance of
BOP equipment to achieve exceptional
plant efficiency over the entire operat-
ing range from 50 MW to 800 MW will
be reviewed. Results from testing of
certain key operating parameters will
be presented.
GES LMS100
AERO-DERIVATIVE
TURBINE
Each LMS100 installed at the Senti-
nel Energy Project is nominally rated
at 100 MW and is fueled with pipeline-
quality natural gas. The fuel gas pres-
sure required is above what would be
typically provided on high pressure gas
pipelines, requiring a fuel gas booster
compressor at most installations.
The intercooled LMS100 combustion
load (50 percent) and base load (100
percent). This load following capabil-
ity supports grid stabilization in areas
of significant intermittent renewable
energy sources, such as wind turbines
and solar photovoltaic installations.
Each LMS100 at the Sentinel En-
ergy Project also includes an inlet air
evaporative cooler for improved hot
weather performance, minimizing the
drop-off in the power output curve in
a dry, desert environment.
KEY FEATURES OF
BALANCE-OF-PLANT
FACILITIES
When considered as complete plant,
the Sentinel Energy Project delivers a
net output to the transmission substa-
tion consisting of power generated by
the LMS100 combustion turbine gen-
erators minus the station use and para-
sitic power loads used by the balance-
of-plant (BOP) auxiliary equipment to
support the Units. One of the goals of
the detail design phase was to mini-
mize the use of auxiliary power in the
facility. The curve in Figure 4 shows
the Facility Net Power Output for a
range of one to eight units in operation
at base load over a range of ambient
temperatures likely to be experienced
at the site. This chart includes the im-
pact of the supporting BOP auxiliary
5
Station Use Power
(Percent of Gross Power Output
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
A
u
x
i
l
i
a
r
y

P
o
w
e
r

C
o
n
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n
a
n
d

P
a
r
a
s
i
t
i
c

L
o
s
s
e
s
,

%
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
Number of Units in Operation
1401PE_36 36 1/9/14 3:06 PM
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38
7
Envelope of Facility Net Effciencies
Over the Full Dispatch Range
Based on 90 F ambient air temperature
F
a
c
i
l
i
t
y

N
e
t

E
f
f
c
i
e
n
c
y

(
L
H
V

b
a
s
i
s
)
,

%
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
Facility Net Output, MW
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
power consumption and all parasitic
loads including Generator Step-Up
Transformer losses.
The BOP equipment and systems fa-
cilities that support the eight LMS100s
have distinctive features to promote
the most favorable operating and en-
vironmental footprint for the facil-
ity: During the plants detailed design
phase, an effort was made to optimize
the overall plant efficiency by mini-
mizing the auxiliary power consump-
tion in each units auxiliaries and the
BOP systems; notably, the exhaust cat-
alyst system and the fuel gas booster
compressor system. The aim was to
reduce auxiliary power consumption
not only at full load with eight units
in operation, but also to achieve the
minimum possible auxiliary load with
only one unit in operation.
Steps taken to minimize plant aux-
iliary power loads for the gas booster
compressors and the exhaust catalyst
system are described here:
Fuel Gas Booster Compressors
The facility includes a central natu-
ral gas booster compressor station that
is capable of providing a fuel gas flow
to support any number of LMS100s in
operation (from 1 to 8), with a mini-
mum pipeline gas supply pressure of
350 psig. The compressor station in-
cludes multiple gas compressors, in-
cluding spare capacity. The historical
pipeline supply pressure ranges from
550 to 620 psig.
Many other LMS100 installations
use a single dedicated centrifugal gas
compressor for boosting supply pres-
sure to the machine. A centrifugal
compressor is a constant volume ma-
chine and has the disadvantage of re-
quiring recirculation to control excess
flow and pressure when pipeline de-
livery pressure is above the minimum
design point. Variable volume recip-
rocating compressors were selected
for the Sentinel Energy Project to re-
duce excess recirculation of fuel gas at
normal pipeline supply pressures. Fuel
gas compressor output flow rate can be
matched to the full range of gas flow
demand by use of automatic suction
head-end unloaders on each gas com-
pressor.
Unloading the suction head valves
reduces both volume compressed and
power consumption. With all eight
units in operation, the auxiliary power
savings from the use of reciprocating
compressors is in the range of 1,000 to
3,000 kW.
Vaporization of Aqueous Ammo-
nia for NOx Control
The original plant concept included
electrically heated vaporizers to sup-
port the rapid warming of the am-
monia injection system required to
support achievement of 2.5 ppmvd
(corrected to 15 percent O
2
) of NOx at
the stack within 25 minutes of startup.
When requested during the procure-
ment phase for the exhaust systems,
one supplier for the exhaust catalyst
system was able to demonstrate that
Map of Unit Comvinations to Cover
Full Facility Output Operating Range
6
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

U
n
i
t
s

O
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
Facility Output, MW
8 Units 8 Units 8 Units 8 Units 8 Units 8 Units 8 Units 8 Units
7 Units 7 Units 7 Units 7 Units 7 Units 7 Units 7 Units
6 Units 6 Units 6 Units 6 Units 6 Units 6 Units
5 Units 5 Units 5 Units 5 Units 5 Units
4 Units 4 Units 4 Units 4 Units
3 Units 3 Units 3 Units
2 Units 2 Units
1 Units
1401PE_38 38 1/9/14 3:06 PM
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40
the full range of Facility Net Output
available for dispatch. It can be ob-
served that any value of net facility
output between 50 MW and 800 MW
can be achieved by running Units at
a variety of combinations of units at
base load and part load.
The facility features a flat efficiency
profile over an output range of 100
MW to 800 MW, if each unit that is
on-line is dispatched at base load. As
illustrated in the upper curve of Fig-
ure 7, the Facility Net Efficiency on an
LHV basis ranges from 41.6 percent to
42.1 percent. If the nits are dispatched
in some combination of part load and
base load, the lower bound of the facil-
ity efficiency curve follows the lower
curve in the Figure 7. If more than two
units are on-line, the facility efficiency
ranges from approximately 40 percent
to 41.5 percent if some of the units are
at part load.
Station Dispatch and Control
The original design concept of the
facility was to have one net electri-
cal meter for the entire station, which
a hot gas recirculation system to va-
porize ammonia was not only more
efficient, but could meet the limited
startup time for emissions compliance.
With all eight units in operation, utili-
zation of hot exhaust gas to vaporize
ammonia resulted in auxiliary power
savings of 1,200 kW.
The two improvements cited above,
coupled with smaller incremental im-
provements in a variety of other BOP
equipment and systems, allows the fa-
cility to operate over a range of output
from 50 MW to 800 MW with the per-
centage of auxiliary power consump-
tion in relation to gross power generat-
ed relatively unaffected by the number
of units dispatched, as illustrated in
Figure 5.
Facility Net Output and Efficiency
The facility can achieve any dis-
patch output from 50 MW to 800 MW
(nominal) by operating the last unit
dispatched at part load with the other
units at base load.
Figure 6 illustrates the possible unit
load combinations available to address
would be dispatched and controlled as
a single entity capable of producing 50
to 800 MW as described above. During
the construction phase, the automatic
generation control of individual units
became an operating requirement. As
a result, revenue meters were installed
on each of the eight units and the re-
quired communication and control
hardware was added as well. Real
time net metering calculations are
performed and the results are trans-
mitted to Southern California Edison
(SCE) and the California Indepen-
dent System Operator (CAISO). This
equipment permits each unit to be dis-
patched and controlled independent
of the others.
The Generation Management Sys-
tems (GMS) group of SCE has primary
control of the units, but GMS is able
to remotely transfer control of some or
all of the units to CAISO. Therefore, at
any one time it is possible that some
units may be under the control of SCE
and others may be under the control of
CAISO. To dispatch on-line, GMS will
request start of a unit to be performed
by the facility operators. After the unit
is on-line and operating in Automatic
Generation Control (AGC) mode, GMS
will assume MW output control of the
unit. If CAISO requests AGC control
of the unit, GMS will enable dispatch
authority to CAISO by means of elec-
tronic communications. If CAISO sig-
nals that the unit is no longer needed,
GMS can take back control of the unit,
or order a dispatch off-line.
Wastewater Recovery and Re-use
The facility was required to be de-
signed as a zero liquid discharge plant.
Individual single-cell wet cooling tow-
ers and inlet air evaporative coolers
produce wastewater from blowdown
of the respective circulating water ba-
sins. Evaporative cooler blowdown for
each unit is recovered and re-used in
the cooling tower basin for each unit.
Early design specifications on the
8 The exhaust catalyst system (modular bolted casing assemblies)
1401PE_40 40 1/9/14 3:06 PM
www.power-eng.com
from intermittent operation of a vari-
able number of units in peaking ser-
vice.
Decoupling Zero Liquid Discharge
System from Plant Operations
A simplified process concept was
developed and a Facility Wastewater
Storage Tank, with approximately four
days of storage capacity under maxi-
mum dispatch conditions, was added
to serve as a buffer. Blowdown from
each cooling tower is sent to a com-
mon wastewater collection system and
stored for processing in the Wastewa-
ter Storage Tank. During periods of
zero liquid discharge system (ZLD)
called for a combination of reverse os-
mosis membranes and thermal brine
concentration and crystallization
equipment to produce a solid waste
from the common plant cooling tower
blowdown stream and other minor
wastewater drain flows. It was recog-
nized that proper sizing of the ZLD
process equipment posed a problem
if directly coupled to the generation
of power. The ZLD system would have
been required to accommodate a wide
range of wastewater flow rates (with an
effective turndown of 16 to 1) resulting
9
The exhaust stack (modular field-bolted assemblies)
1401PE_41 41 1/9/14 3:06 PM
www.power-eng.com
42
plants Raw Water Storage Tank. Dry
solids are recovered from the crystal-
lizer effluent slurry in a belt filter
press. If the generating units are of-
fline, the contents of a full Wastewa-
ter Storage Tank can be processed in
about five days. If the generating units
are fully dispatched during day-time
hours under the normal operating pro-
file, the ZLD system has the capacity to
process the full wastewater production
on a daily basis. The simplified system
low dispatch, the Wastewater Storage
Tank can hold the volume produced by
many weeks of intermittent operation.
The ZLD system was reconfigured as
a single large brine concentrator and a
single crystallizer, without reverse os-
mosis equipment. Thermal energy to
evaporate and concentrate the brine
is supplied by vapor compressors. The
system recovers more than 99 percent
of the wastewater processed as clean
water and returns the effluent to the
is energy efficient and uses about 80
kW per thousand gallons processed,
equivalent to about 3 percent of the
energy required to evaporate water
with a direct heating thermal process.
SITE LOCATION
CONSTRUCTION
CHALLENGES
The site location for the Sentinel
Energy Project is at times extremely
windy, seasonally very hot, and almost
always dry. The plant is located in area
classed as a special wind region by
Riverside County. Therefore, construc-
tion practices were modified to accom-
modate these conditions.
Occasional extreme winds required
site housekeeping to be rigorously fol-
lowed at all times, to prevent any loose
materials, tools or unsecured struc-
tures (including portable toilets) from
becoming dangerous flying debris.
Water was applied by a dust control
tanker truck on essentially a continu-
ous basis. Graded slopes were treated
with tackifier to diminish the ten-
dency for surface soil to become a dust
cloud.
Field welding of pipes or structures
was limited by design and by prefab-
rication. Each pumping system with
redundant pumps (raw water, demin-
eralized water, wastewater, aqueous
ammonia) was 100 percent shop fab-
ricated as a single skid, with flanged
interfaces at the inlet and outlet. In
the case of piping runs, spools were
shop-welded to the maximum extent
possible, and unavoidable field welds
were protected by tenting over the
joint area.
The assembly of the combustion tur-
bine exhaust systems and stacks posed
the greatest potential exposure to dif-
ficulties with welding at above-grade
elevations in windy conditions. This
problem was alleviated by selection of
a supplier experienced in providing a
Generator Output vs. Time During Start-up 10
1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Time (Minutes)
C
T
G

O
u
t
p
u
t

P
o
w
e
r

a
t
G
e
n
e
r
a
t
o
r

T
e
r
m
i
n
a
l
s

(
M
W
)
Start
Initiation at
Time = 0
6 7 8 9 10 11
Accel
to Synch
Idle Purge
Stack CO vs. Time During Start-up 11
1 0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
2 3 4 5
Time (Minutes)
S
t
a
c
k

C
O

E
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
s
(
p
p
m
v
d

@

1
5
%

0
2
)
6 7 8 9 10
Required Value at
10 Minutes
CO Emissions
Measured by CEMS
1401PE_42 42 1/9/14 3:06 PM
www.power-eng.com
43
Stack NO
x
vs. Time During Start-up 12
2 0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
4 6 8 10
Time (Minutes)

N
O
x

E
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
s

S
t
a
c
k
(
p
p
m
v
d

@

1
5
%

0
2
)
12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
Required Value at
10 Minutes
CO Emissions
Measured by CEMS
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casing joints (Figures 8 and 9).
Spells of dry desert heat from May
to October are a regular occurrence
and required planning and consid-
eration as to the impact on construc-
tion scheduling. To avoid issues with
day-time limitations on concrete truck
transport time and on-site truck wait-
ing time in extreme high temperatures,
the delivery and placement of concrete
for the large mass foundations was
conducted at night. To reduce the stress
on craft personnel, the work day in the
summer started as early as 5 a.m., in
order to reduce the number of hours
worked in the hottest part of the day
(mid-afternoon and later).
Despite these challenges, the proj-
ect execution team, which included
Competitive Power Ventures, Gemma
unique modular structure designed for
100 percent field-bolted assemblies
for structural steel as well as 100 per-
cent gasketed and bolted flue gas path
1401PE_43 43 1/9/14 3:06 PM
www.power-eng.com
44
Unit Upward Load Ramp from 50% - 100% 13
10 0
50
60
70
80
90
110
100
120
20 30 40 50
Time (Seconds)
C
T
G

O
u
t
p
u
t

P
o
w
e
r

a
t
G
e
n
e
r
a
t
o
r

T
e
r
m
i
n
a
l
s

(
M
W
)
60 70 80 90 100 110 120
Start of
Ramp
End of
Ramp
rates greater than 10 MW per
minute are shown in Figures 13
and 14.
SUMMARY
The CPV Sentinel Energy Project
has proven to be a success in terms
of performance, operability and con-
struction. The CPV Sentinel Energy
Project uses the most modern peaking
technology available, the GE LMS100
aero-derivative combustion turbine,
to supply electricity into the Southern
Power Systems, Mott MacDonald,
General Electric and other suppliers,
working together toward a common
goal, was able to complete the 800 MW
Sentinel Energy Project, successfully
demonstrating all required operating
and performance criteria 103 days
ahead of the scheduled substantial
completion date.
PERFORMANCE
ACHIEVEMENTS
An extensive performance test-
ing program was conducted on each
LMS100 unit, and on the entire Facil-
ity. The purpose of these tests was to
demonstrate that each of the eight
GE LMS100 combustion turbines met
power output, heat rate, startup time
and ramp rate obligations, and that
all BOP systems including the exhaust
catalyst systems met emissions re-
quirements.
In addition, the testing program
demonstrated that the BOP systems
supported each LMS100 in meeting
their startup time and ramp rate obli-
gations, and delivered all required fuel
gas, raw water, demineralized water for
combustion NOx control, and ammo-
nia to each unit. The testing program
also demonstrated the ability of the
ZLD system to process the wastewater
produced by the Facility.
Typical performance data are illus-
trated below for key performance pa-
rameters:
t Achievement of Base Load within
10 minutes after start initiation is
shown in Figure 10.
t Achievement of CO less than 4
ppmvd within 10 minutes after
startup fuel admission is shown
in Figure 11.
t Achievement of NOx less than
2.5 ppmvd within 25 minutes of
startup fuel admission is shown
in Figure 12.
t Achievement of upward and
downward load changes at ramp
California region.
The facility provides summer peak-
ing capacity and backup power to the
regions wind and solar assets within
ten minutes of notification. The de-
sign features of the facility enable it
to provide flexible dispatch, fast start
capacity, ranging from 50 MW to 800
MW, with the highest efficiency of
any simple cycle peaking plant, while
achieving stringent air emissions re-
quirements and operating under zero
liquid discharge constraints.
Unit Downward Load Ramp from 100% - 50% 14
10 0
50
60
70
80
90
110
100
120
20 30 40 50
Time (Seconds)
C
T
G

O
u
t
p
u
t

P
o
w
e
r

a
t
G
e
n
e
r
a
t
o
r

T
e
r
m
i
n
a
l
s

(
M
W
)
60 70 80 90 100 110 120
Start of
Ramp
End of
Ramp
1401PE_44 44 1/9/14 3:06 PM
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46
Renewable
Energy:
A Different
Thought
Process
BY JUSTIN MARTINO, ASSOCIATE EDITOR
M
any utilities are put-
ting a new focus
on increasing the
amount of renew-
able energy genera-
tion sources in their portfolio, both to
provide the best service to their custom-
ers and to comply with regulations on
both the state and federal level. Renew-
able power resources have many differ-
ences from traditional fossil-based gener-
ation sources, though, and technology, as
well as associated prices, is still unsettled
in multiple areas.
Power Engineering discussed these is-
sues with several executives in the power
industry, including: Mario Finis, global
director of hydropower for MWH Global;
Michael Goggin, senior electric industry
analyst at American Wind Energy Asso-
ciation; Ken Johnson, vice president of
communications for Solar Energy Indus-
tries Association; and Bobby Hollis, vice
president of renewable energy and origi-
nation at NV Energy.
PE: There has been a sharp climb
in the use of renewable energy lately,
and many states have instituted re-
newable energy portfolio standards
that require a certain amount of en-
ergy to be produced by renewable
energy sources. What challenges
M
A
R
I
O

F
I
N
I
S
M
I
C
H
A
E
L

G
O
G
G
I
N
K
E
N

J
O
H
N
S
O
N
B
O
B
B
Y

H
O
L
L
I
S
does this create for the power gen-
eration industry?
Bobby Hollis: I would definitely say
there are some challenges because youre
looking at very different types of energy
compared to how utilities have histori-
cally operated. We usually want some-
thing where you put the fuel in and you
get the energy out, and obviously when
youre talking about renewable resources
you dont have that level of certainty. Its a
different kind of planning, and it just re-
quires a different thought process.
You have some opportunities to take
advantages of neighboring resources, but
for some utilities even with some inter-
action with your neighbors you have
some concerns around addressing inter-
mittency in very isolated locations.
The intermittency impact is not one
that should be completely discounted,
but at the same time I think there are a lot
of people rising to the challenge to find
ways to integrate renewable energy into
their fuel source and supplies.
Mario Finis: I think I would agree with
that. The intermittency nature of some re-
newables is certainly an issue, and when
renewables have a penetration that reach-
es a certain percentage, which varies de-
pending on the particular system youre
talking about, it can have an impact on
1401PE_46 46 1/9/14 3:06 PM
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47
the dependability and stability of the grid
and the things a utility needs to do in or-
der to meet their service requirements.
So that is definitely an issue that needs
to be addressed, and there are some mea-
sures being taken to try to deal with those
issues bulk storage has been one that
has been talked about recently as a way
to mitigate some of the effects of the in-
termittency of some of these renewables.
Its interesting that some of the states
that have adopted a renewable portfolio
standard actually have a very large per-
centage of renewables in their generation
mix already. In the Pacific Northwest, if
you look at the percentage of generation
that comes from renewables in some of
those states, its already at 70, 80 or 90
percent in some cases. Putting an RPS on
new generation in those states has an in-
teresting effect in some cases where youre
not displacing what most people would
think youd be displacing, which is coal
and gas. Youre actually displacing other
renewables by having an RPS standard
in some of these states that already have
very high percentages of generation from
renewable sources.
Ken Johnson: Renewable and cur-
rent baseload facilities complement
each other. Solar generates electricity in
correlation to when demand is greatest.
Utilities can utilize solar to peak-shave
Hydropower resources such as the Hoover Dam, part of NV Energys
generation fleet, are among the oldest renewable energy resources
in the U.S. and are still an important part of the power portfolio for
many companies. Matej Hudovernik/Shutterstock
demand, occurring during a time period
when electricity prices are highest. In the
long run, with improved storage, which
we are seeing now with utility solar, so-
lar will have even more application. De-
mand often goes into the evening, and
the CSP plants now have six hours of stor-
age, which is in nearly perfect correlation
with demand.
As you have higher prices for coal
or you are dealing with increased emis-
sions costs, utilities can deploy solar at
a much lower cost to the consumer and
to future generations. Essentially, solar
cleans the portfolio, which is going to
be an important consideration under
the EPAs 111-D rules.
PE: Although hydropower is con-
sidered a clean energy, is it consid-
ered a renewable energy under the
requirements for renewable portfolio
standards?
Finis: Its sort of a mixed bag, depend-
ing on the particular state in some cases,
Hydro and even hydro up to certain sizes
may be considered renewable sources,
but then hydro above certain sizes would
not be considered a renewable in terms of
meeting the definition of renewable for
the RPS. You are correct in that it is cer-
tainly a clean, sustainable energy source,
but it doesnt always meet the policy or
regulatory definition of renewable in the
sense of meeting the renewable portfolio
standard.
Hollis: Here in Nevada we have a 30-
MW limit, so hydro counts if its below 30
MW. Were the host to the Hoover dam
and we dont count any of that allocation
in the amount of energy we could use in
the renewable portfolio standard. I think
what youre recognizing there is the poli-
cy objective behind the RPS it really is
about developing new, sustainable tech-
nologies and primarily new generation
sources. In our state, I can absolutely echo
the rationale since you could easily swal-
low up the standard and not do a whole
lot of new construction or development
if you start counting generators that have
been around for decades.
PE: How do renewable energy
sources work with the current fossil
fuel baseload used by a lot of utili-
ties?
Hollis: I think the point was already
made, and its a great point, that theres
a notion that the replaced resources will
always be fossil fuels, and that wont al-
ways be true. Quite frankly, you do end
up leaning quite a bit on those fossil re-
sources especially those quick peak-
ing units to follow those intermittent
resources. As you get more solar, as you
get more penetration, as you get more
wind, you must rely on something when
the fuel source (the wind or the sun) is
interrupted. Thats not going to be a coal
resource, thats going to be natural gas.
Fortunately, our country is in a resur-
gence of the natural gas industry thats
really benefiting customers from a cost
perspective, but it adds some volatility
as well. So youre buying some amount
of gas, and youre hopefully not using
it because youre going to lean on those
renewable resources, but as those renew-
able resources are displaced throughout
the day, whether its cloud cover or de-
creased wind, youre going to have to rely
on those peaking units, which are not
the most efficient generators. Youre not
going to get the best output out of them,
but youre going to have to use them to
assure that customers have reliable ser-
vice. They always have to be there to back
that up until we have storage technology
thats commercially viable and reason-
able from a customer perspective, a cost
perspective. Its going to be hard to see
where those conventional peaking plants
are not going to play a very important role
for a long time to come.
Finis: I think thats exactly right, and
thats one of the things I think a lot of
the general public doesnt recognize is
that the utilities have to be prepared to
supplement or replace a lot of renewable
energy sources on pretty much on a mo-
ments notice if the wind should stop
1401PE_47 47 1/9/14 3:06 PM
www.power-eng.com
48
gets closer to some of the conventional
generation prices when you look at peak
hour pricing, its hard to see where the
CSP with its current pricing competes.
That being said, as you start seeing
these really large scale PV systems come
on line at 200 to 300 MWs and the re-
lated intermittency issues and how they
are impacting the systems, you start see-
ing people refocus on, How do you value
the ability to ride through the intermit-
tency and the ability to actually have a
dispatchable resource? While its still
difficult to quantify, and its still a pretty
wide gap with solar PV, the intermittency
and the cost attributes of CSP this solar
technology will become more important
to explore. Ultimately, its really a ques-
tion of trying to get that price gap closed
in so that CSP benefits can be more ef-
fectively realized.
Johnson: CSP provides a large-scale
solar solution: firm, dispatchable peak
power. Here, you have a 100 percent re-
liable source for peak generation. We are
beginning to tap into the greatest energy
resource in this country, which is solar
energy. What you see in CSP is the ability
to use thermal storage in order to extend
generation into the evening hours. The
greatest technology innovation going for-
ward is going to be in storage, both ther-
mal as well as electric. Storage will allow
you to use solar or wind 24/7, 365 days
a year.
PE: There has been more of a fo-
cus lately on energy storage, such
as the molten salt storage in the new
blowing or a cloud cover comes in or
whatever the case may be. You do have
to firm up that energy with something
that is dispatchable.
In some cases, hydropower can be
used as a dispatchable resource because
of the somewhat predictable nature of
river flows. Hydro can help mitigate
that somewhat, and so I think thats an
important element, to realize the fossil
fuel fleet does need to be maintained, or
the baseload fleet, which includes some
hydro, does need to be in play to help
firm up the intermittent renewables.
Michael Goggin: Wind energy di-
rectly displaces on a 1:1 basis electricity
that would have come from the most ex-
pensive power plant that is currently op-
erating, which is almost always the least
efficient fossil-fired power plant. Wind
energy displaces more expensive and
polluting forms of energy because wind
energy has no fuel cost, and this is a win-
win for consumers and the environment.
Wind energys variability is nothing new
for grid operators, who have always ac-
commodated large fluctuations in elec-
tricity demand as well as the unexpected
failures of conventional power plants.
Those other supply and demand changes
are still many times larger and more
costly to accommodate than the grad-
ual and predictable changes in wind
output. States like Iowa and South Da-
kota now reliably produce more than
20 percent of their electricity from
wind, and another seven states obtain
more than 10 percent of their electric-
ity from wind. At times wind energy
has reliably provided more than 60
percent of the electricity on the main
Colorado utility system and more than
35 percent on the main Texas system.
PE: Much of the discussion dealing
with wind power right now relates to
finding more efficient and effective
ways to transmit power from wind
power projects, which tend to be
in remote areas, and places with
high energy loads that can use the
electricity. How do you think this is
progressing, and what can be done
to more effectively transmit power
produced by wind?
Goggin: High-voltage transmission
has been used to cost-effectively and ef-
ficiently transport all types of energy for
more than a century. A large share of our
best wind energy resources are currently
left untapped because our power system
is obsolete and congested, and the solu-
tion is getting policies in place that allow
private investors to build needed trans-
mission upgrades. Texas and much of
the Midwest have established themselves
as leaders in that area. Texas is wrapping
up a major grid upgrade that will allow
the state to nearly double its use of wind
energy, while large parts of the Great
Plains and Midwest are making progress
towards grid upgrades that will similarly
allow them to more than double their
wind energy use.
PE: The majority of solar genera-
tion in the U.S. is currently provided
by photovoltaic technology, but
there are several concentrating
solar power projects in progress
a technology that the U.S. Energy
Departments Loan Program Of-
fice has called game-changing.
Do you agree with this assessment,
and what other technologies are
on the horizon that could help
more effectively use renewable
generation sources?
Hollis: This is all the brave new world
when you talk about solar technologies.
For example, five to ten years ago, every-
one really had their bets on CSP technol-
ogy, with or without storage, as being a
game changer from the perspective
of how you would integrate renewables
into your portfolio. The primary reason
for that is because its more dispatchable,
and the storage gives you the ability to
ride through the intermittency. The real
game-changer that happened was price;
so as solar PV panels became price com-
petitive with every other technology and
Crescent Dunes, a concentrating solar power facility,
will use molten salt storage to store six hours of its
generation capacity. Photo courtesy of NV Energy
1401PE_48 48 1/9/14 3:06 PM
www.power-eng.com
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solar power plants. What technologies do you think look most
promising for storing energy, and how would they benefit the
effective use of renewable energy?
Johnson: There is thermal storage, there is battery storage, there
are new innovations in batteries all of these are very promising.
Ultimately, what will be most important in storage will be the abil-
ity to manufacture in large scale and drive down the cost. Were in a
very competitive environment, and we look forward to seeing what
technologies emerge.
Hollis: I think the molten salt storage solution at the utility scale
appears to have the most promise. Its still the one technology people
are focused on. Its the one most in the industry believe can probably
have the cost-effectiveness at some point in the near future. On the
other, hand, as you look at smaller systems and even at the distrib-
uted generation level, there is a lot of focus on just true battery stor-
age. Whether its for a 5-kW system or for a 5-MW system, theres a lot
of really promising development taking place on the battery front.
The real issue weve seen there when we explore those technologies is
getting them to a place where the battery life is much closer to the life
of the generating asset, and getting to a point where people are able
to figure out exactly what you do with the battery when it reaches the
end of its service life. Its very similar to the hybrid vehicle technolo-
gies. At the end of the life, what happens to the 5-MW battery that
happens to be adjoined to a plant? How do you safely dispose of it
and are we okay with possibly disposing of four or five batteries over
the generators life?
Theres a lot of promise there, but there are a lot of questions that
still have to be answered. From a utility perspective, when youre
looking at doing these types of things, youre looking at them in ways
that are going to benefit customers. When you have an asset that is
only going to have a six-year life, that doesnt necessarily look very
favorable from either a utility perspective or a regulators perspective.
But in the same way I see this as an issue, everyone on the other side
of the table in the development community and on the battery side
recognizes that as well and they are focused on getting that to a lon-
ger life asset and getting that to a place where its much more viable.
Finis: I think thats exactly correct. There are a couple of points just
to reiterate there one is the scale issue. Certainly batteries and fly-
wheels and a lot of these other emerging technologies, they just dont
have the utility scale that is actually necessary to make some of these
things feasible from a price standpoint. So I think with batteries, the
biggest installation is somewhere along 35 or 36 MW, and it has only
got a couple of hours of storage. So those issues, while theyre cer-
tainly improving day to day, theyre certainly large issues at doing this
at any kind of reasonable scale.
There are some utility scale storage technologies out there. The
largest proven one is pumped storage hydro. We are looking at going
a bit more modular on pumped storage to make it more economical
on a smaller scale. Thats something thats being investigated that I
think has some promise to help integrate some of the intermittent
1401PE_49 49 1/9/14 3:07 PM
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50
creation of a domestic manufacturing
industry have reduced wind energy costs
by around 40 percent over the last four
years, and these trends continue.
Finis: There are certainly things that
are going to be happening in the indus-
try. I think Bobby hinted to that earlier
as to the advances in technology are cer-
tainly going to continue, and I think as
prices for photovoltaic solar come down,
I think were going to see greater adoption
of some of the renewables just from a
cost perspective, not necessarily with the
incentives that are out there today that
are needed to make these things work. I
think theyre going to become more com-
petitive strictly on a price basis. I think
also as some of this storage technology
is developed further, were also going to
see more and better implementation of
renewables as we can integrate those into
our systems better and deal with some
of the intermittency and variability that
some of these technologies have.
I think were also seeing a bit of a
change on the regulatory front, and if
anyone is going to predict where thats
going, Id love to hear it. The whole is-
sue of price on carbon cap and trade
or whatever direction we may go in
that area may also drive additional
development of renewables. And also
I think were also starting to see some
acknowledgement of perhaps some
of the issues on the technologies that
have been adopted recently. Again go-
ing back to hydro, its been a very ma-
ture technology, its been around a long
time, we understand a lot of the envi-
ronmental impacts and have been deal-
ing with fisheries and other issues for a
long time. I think were just starting to
see recognition for some of the impacts
wind and solar may be having, things
that may have not been fully compre-
hended until recently. I think there has
been discussion on some of the impacts
on eagles and perhaps on bats that per-
haps were not fully understood prior to
development of some of these sites, so a
better understanding of environmental
the gas industry; since the 1930s, the coal
industry. It wasnt until 2005 that there
were any incentives for solar, and even
then it was only a two-year tax credit. You
cant build anything with a two-year tax
credit. Getting it extended to 2016 has
provided some stability for the industry
in which to scale up and lower costs. Ul-
timately, its important that we treat all
technologies in the same way. If we main-
tain support for the oil and gas industries,
its critical that we maintain support for
the newly-emerging technologies such as
solar and wind.
Goggin: The Production Tax Credit
has proven to be a very successful policy.
In 2012 alone, the PTC helped to drive
$25 billion of private investment in the
economy, returning more than enough in
additional federal, state, and local tax rev-
enue to offset the value of the tax credit.
Further evidence of the PTCs importance
is what happened when the credit was al-
lowed to briefly expire at the end of 2012.
For the first six months of 2013 there was
very little activity in the wind industry, as
companies were ramping up to respond
to the late extension of the PTC. In recent
months the wind industry has signed a
record number of power purchase agree-
ments with utilities, because with
the lower cost of wind energy
combined with the PTC, wind
contracts are a great deal for utili-
ties and their consumers. It is also
worth pointing out that all ener-
gy sources receive incentives and
other government support, and
that the cumulative support for
fossil and nuclear sources is many
times larger than that given to all
renewable energy sources.
PE: What sort of changes do you
predict occurring in the renewable
energy sector over the next five to 10
or even 20 years?
Goggin: Wind energy will hopefully
continue to experience the major cost
declines seen over the last several years.
Larger and taller wind turbines, improved
technology, economies of scale, and the
renewables. The other storage technology
thats typically mentioned is compressed
air energy storage, and thats not quite at
the scale of pumped hydro. It goes up to
a couple of hundred megawatts. Unfor-
tunately, its still somewhat untried tech-
nology. There are a couple of significant
sized compressed air energy storage proj-
ects in the world, but the other downside
of those projects you need fossil fuel to
run the reciprocal engines to compress
the air, so its not necessarily a completely
clean or carbon-free technology.
Goggin: While energy storage is an
exciting new source of power system flex-
ibility, it is important to keep in mind
that large amounts of wind energy are
being reliably integrated without a need
to add energy storage. It is typically far
lower cost to use the vast amounts of flex-
ibility that have been built into the power
system for more than a century to accom-
modate large fluctuations in electricity
demand and abrupt failures of conven-
tional power plants. The gradual and pre-
dictable changes in wind energy output
only add a small amount of incremental
variability to total power system variabil-
ity, which can be readily accommodated
using existing sources of flexibility.
PE: Do you think incentives such as
the Production Tax Credit are nec-
essary to keep momentum in the
current growth in renewable energy
sources?
Johnson: As a country, we have pro-
vided incentives for all energy sources.
Since 1917, we have been incentivizing
Wind power was the top source of new power
generation in 2012. Photo courtesy of Alstom
1401PE_50 50 1/9/14 3:07 PM
www.power-eng.com
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benefit of the country, not necessarily
just a state. So youre seeing a lot more
effort to really make sure if youve got
one of the best wind states in the coun-
try or one of the best solar states in the
country, youre not limited by the fact
you may only have two million people
in the state. Youre seeing the transmis-
sion lines being approved by the federal
government theyre still taking place,
theyre slower than they have been be-
fore because load dropped off signifi-
cantly throughout the country during
the recession. Ultimately, you are seeing
an acknowledgment and recognition,
whether its a Republican-controlled
state or a Democrat-controlled state,
that if youre really looking to develop
these resources for the benefit of the
state economically for job creation or
capital development, you really have to
open up that market opportunity past
impacts is also going to drive some of
the hopefully some better and more en-
vironmentally friendly development of
some of the renewables.
Johnson: I think the biggest chang-
es are going to be on the policy front.
Technology will continue to innovate
and improve, but ultimately the biggest
innovations will be to ensure access
and allow people to make their own
decisions about their energy sources,
as well as to make sure the grid is mod-
ernized and can handle large volumes
of solar, including through smart tech-
nologies and storage. Those develop-
ments will be made possible by inno-
vations in policy, both federal and at
the state level.
Hollis: On the policy side, youre ac-
tually seeing some confluence, which
is rare, from all political spectrums
around the notion of taking advan-
tage of the best generation resources
wherever they may be situated for the
your borders. If youre Nevada or Wyo-
ming or Idaho, its a pretty limited pool
of energy supply purchasers that youve
got out there. But if you look to your
borders, in our case, if we look to Cali-
fornia, or we look Oregon to the north
, we see opportunities there. I think the
policy, the technology and the chal-
lenges are all starting to converge in a
way where people are saying we can ad-
dress them, and we can address them
in ways that will benefit our customers
and our companies.
With the rise of renewable energy portfolio standards and
a focus on clean energy, many utilities are increasing the
amount of power being generated by renewable energy
sources. Photo courtesy of NV Energy.
1401PE_51 51 1/9/14 3:07 PM
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52
in this article..
EMISSION LIMITS UNDER
MATS REGULATIONS
For existing and new coal-fired EGUs,
the MATS regulations establish numeric
emission limits for filterable particulate
matter (PM), mercury (Hg), and acid gas-
es including hydrogen chloride (HCl).
Quantifying emissions relative to the
MATS requirements serves to inform
decisions when it comes to specifying
the most efficient and cost effective tech-
nologies.
Under the new MATS regulations,
emission rates standards for most coal-
fired EGUs for the listed pollutants are as
follows: Hydrochloric acid (HCl), 0.002
lb/mmBtu; Mercury (Hg), 1.2 lb/TBtu;
Particulate matter (PM), 0.03 lb/mmBtu.
Approximately 1,400 EGUs at 600
U.S. power plants are affected by MATS.
The EPA estimates dozens of coal-fired
plants may already meet at least some
of the new standards, but more than 40
percent lack advanced pollution control
equipment. The EPA gave utilities three
years to comply and up to four years with
an extension. Most plants have complet-
ed emission testing and many have com-
pleted DSI/ACI demonstration testing.
Many plants are also well along in the
control technology purchasing process
and are planning system installation by
year-end 2014 to allow sufficient time to
ensure compliance with MATS by April
2015. In addition, a large percentage of
plants have applied for one-year compli-
ance extensions and the majority have
received, or are expected to receive, the
extensions.
Utilities are actively evaluating tech-
nologies and strategies for compliance.
Removal efficiency, capital and operating
I
n 2011, the Environmental Pro-
tection Agency (EPA) published
proposed emission limits for
emissions of Hazardous Air
Pollutants (HAPs) from coal
and oil-fired power plants. Finalized in
2013, the Mercury and Air Toxics Stan-
dards (MATS) impact electric generat-
ing units (EGUs) burning coal or oil for
the purpose of generating electricity for
sale or distribution through the national
electric grid to the public. Technologies
for HAPs reduction and compliance with
MATS for coal-fired EGUs are discussed
DSI-ACI
Technology
for MATS
Compliance
BY JON NORMAN, PE, UNITED CONVEYOR CORP.
Approximately 1,400 units at 600 U.S. power plants are
affected by the EPAs Mercury and Air Toxics Standards. They
have until April 2015 to comply. Most of these units will require
some form of dry sorbent injection (DSI) and/or activated
carbon injection (ACI) technology for mercury and/or hydrogen
chloride removal. Photo courtesy of United Conveyor Corp.
1401PE_52 52 1/9/14 3:11 PM
www.power-eng.com
53
removal rates typically needed for PRB
coals and the high HCl removal needed
for eastern bituminous coals.
Depending on mercury levels in the
coal, units may need ACI systems or oth-
er Hg removal technologies, and some
may need ESP upgrades or the addition
of a fabric filter. While some units may
use novel technologies such as Hg re-
moval filters, powdered activated carbon
(PAC) injection (or possibly low-carbon/
non-carbon sorbent injection) in some
form has become the industry standard.
Given the above, the use of DSI and
ACI for MATS compliance with HCl and
Hg limits will be the focus of the remain-
der of this article.
FULL-SCALE DSI/ACI
DEMONSTRATION TESTING
Testing is the first step to determine
emission rates and ascertain if existing
APC equipment can achieve compli-
ance on their own. Attaining an accu-
rate measure of emissions will identify
gaps and point to viable control solu-
tions. Each plant has a unique foot-
print in terms of size, life expectancy,
efficiency target and financial posi-
tion and should consider all variables
in their specific evaluation. A majority
of EGUs affected by MATS will require
some form of DSI and/or ACI technol-
ogy for Hg and/or HCl removal, and
these units must simultaneously meet
the emission limits for both, while not
increasing PM emissions. For this rea-
son, considerable value can be derived
from DSI and ACI demonstration test-
ing, including adequate data to sup-
port guarantees for Hg, HCl and PM
emissions that provide a sufficient and
predictable performance margin for
MATS compliance.
A confluence of factorscoal type,
combustion conditions, ductwork,
temperature and other APC equip-
mentimpact emission levels. DSI
system design and sorbent selection
requires comprehensive experience in
cost, plant life, outage requirements,
scalability, and impact on existing air
pollution control (APC) equipment are
all considerations and trade-offs when
assessing viable technologies for MATS
compliance. Also, existing control equip-
ment technologies are already being lev-
eraged for many units.
Technical changes to the initial MATS
regulations, including relaxing require-
ments during start-up and shutdown
when emissions are often higher, in ad-
dition to only requiring filterable PM
limits (versus total PM), have eased
somewhat the compliance burden and
will allow more EGUs to achieve the lim-
its with less expensive upgrades. For ex-
ample, the majority of units will now be
able to meet the particulate matter limits
without replacing ESPs with new fabric
filters.
MULTI-POLLUTANT
CONTROLS NEEDED
There is no one-size-fits-all solution
for the multi-pollutant control that is
required to meet MATS. Industry testing
has shown that some PRB coal units al-
ready meet the MATS HCl limit without
additional controls. Approximately one
third are projected to use ACI to achieve
Hg removal requirements. Approxi-
mately 20 percent will upgrade existing
scrubbers; approximately 20 percent will
install dry scrubbers; and, an estimated
40 percent will install DSI systems.
Several variations of wet and dry
scrubber technologies provide high lev-
els of HCl removal. Units with existing
scrubbers will usually meet MATS HCl
requirements. Capital cost will likely
deter new scrubber purchases, however,
except when an EGU requires simultane-
ous high level SO
2
removal to meet other
regulatory requirements. Therefore, the
majority of units without existing scrub-
bers will likely install lower cost DSI
technology to accomplish any needed
HCl removal. Economical and flexible
DSI systems can achieve the low HCl
Source: EPA
Pollutant Addressed
Available Control Technologies
to Address Toxic Pollutants
Mercury
Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) with Flue-gas
Desulfurization (FGD), Activated Carbon Injection (ACI)
with Fabric Filter (FF) or Electrostatic Precipitators (ESP)
PM/Non-mercury metals FF, ESP
HCl/Acid gases FGD, Dry Sorbent Injection (DSI) with FF or ESP
Sulfur dioxide as a
surrogate for HCl
FGD, DSI
Widely-available control technologies
that reduce mercury and other air toxics
1
Source: EPA
Sorbent
Sorbent Approximate Injection
Rate Range ( NSR )
Filterable PM
Emissions
( lb/MMBTU )
CPM
( lb/MMBTU )
Baseline N/A 0.019 0.0245
Trona or SBC 0.5 to 3.5 0.019 0.0239
Average PM Emissions from
Five Tests with Sodium Injection
2
1401PE_53 53 1/9/14 3:11 PM
www.power-eng.com
54
United Conveyors patented VIPER Mill reduces operating
costs and improves emissions control of dry sorbent
injection. Photo courtesy of United Conveyor Corp.
sometimes not accommodate high rates
of hydrated lime without an opacity or
PM emissions increase.
HG REDUCTION WITH ACI
A variety of PAC and other mercury
removal sorbents have been used on
coal-fired units with success. These can
be grouped into the following broad cat-
egories, along with their common uses:
t Non-halogenated PAC
- High Cl E. Bituminous coals
when a high percentage of the Hg
is oxidized
- Used in combination with CaBr
2

fuel additive for PRB coals; this of-
ten is the best performing strategy
for PRB coals
- Some products have other addi-
tives to enhance performance
t Non-Carbon/Low Carbon Sorbents
- Used when want to retain ash sales
- Use when ESP cannot accommo-
date carbon
t Brominated PAC
- Use for both PRB and bituminous
coals
- Use when want to inject alkali
sorbent at the air heater inlet and
therefore cant use CaBr
2
fuel addi-
tive (which will react with the al-
kali sorbent)
t SO
3
Tolerant PAC
complex chemistry, fluid dynamics,
injection location and interaction with
existing APC equipment. DSI demon-
stration testing can not only validate a
plants compliance strategy, but opti-
mize total system performance. With
over 25,000 hours of data from 85
tests, United Conveyor Corporation
(UCC) has conducted the industrys
largest number of on-site DSI demon-
strations. Plants tested have spanned
the range from large, PRB-fired units,
to smaller, E. bituminous-fired units.
This testing forms the basis for devel-
oping strategies for MATS compliance
for different coal types and unit con-
figurations.
HCL REMOVAL WITH DSI
Hydrated lime, trona, and sodium bi-
carbonate are all effective sorbents than
can be injected to achieve HCl removal.
Although there can be exceptions, gener-
ally the most economical way to reduce
HCl emissions is with hydrated lime,
unless SO
2
removal is also desired. The
reason is that less hydrated lime will be
used since it is not as reactive with SO
2

as trona or sodium bicarbonate, and will
therefore not be consumed through reac-
tion with SO
2
.
If trona is used for HCl removal, per-
formance is better with injection at the
air heater inlet as is also shown in Figure
1. In line milling will also significantly
reduce trona use as can be seen in Figure
1, which shows that trona use can be re-
duced by up to 50 percent when milled
in-line with UCCs VIPER mill.
All three sorbents have been demon-
strated to achieve high removals of HCl,
if needed, up to 99 percent. However,
for units burning eastern bituminous
coals that often require very high HCl
removals, the corresponding high injec-
tion rates can be a concern. This is par-
ticularly true for units with ESPs that can
- Use with higher sulfur eastern
bituminous coals with moderate
SO
3
levels (< 10 to 15 ppm) in the
flue gas
Numerous ACI tests have shown
that 90 percent to 95 percent or more
mercury removal is readily achievable
when the correct sorbent is injected in
the proper location on a given unit. Al-
though a customized strategy must be
used for each unit, taking into account
a number of factors, high performance
can often be grouped into the following
for PRB and eastern bituminous coals.
PRB a combination of a CaBr
2
fuel
additive and non-halogenated PAC, or a
brominated PAC, or a non-carbon/low
carbon product injected at the air heater
inlet has been shown to give the highest
performance.
Eastern bituminous non-halogenat-
ed PAC, or brominated PAC, or a SO
3

tolerant PAC injected at the air heater
outlet can be used for the best perfor-
mance. If there are significant levels of
SO
3
present in the flue gas (> 5 ppm),
then either hydrated lime or trona is
often injected at the air heater inlet to
lower the SO
3
levels that interfere with
Hg adsorption.
Note that mercury removal strate-
gies for lignite coals will depend on the
1401PE_54 54 1/9/14 3:11 PM
www.power-eng.com
55
rates for DSI/ACI are found to be needed
for HCl/Hg reduction to meet MATS lim-
its, experience has shown that this does
not result in a PM emissions increase for
most units equipped with ESPs. Sodium
sorbents usually have neutral to even
positive effects on ESP efficiencies as
can be seen below in Table 2. PM emis-
sions are often stable or even lower with
hydrated lime injection as well, although
testing has shown that above a given in-
jection rate, PM emissions can increase.
That threshold hydrated lime injection
rate, however, can vary greatly between
ESPs. UCC has test results showing that
hydrated lime injection rates as high as
10,000 lb/hr or more can be used with-
out deteriorating ESP performance in
some cases. For other ESPs, the thresh-
old injection rate can be much less.
INTERACTIONS
BETWEEN DSI AND ACI
UCC has conducted dozens of combi-
nation DSI/ACI tests for MATS compli-
ance and has found that the interactions
between the two technologies can be
quite complex.
Hydrated lime or sodium injection can
have substantial effects on Hg removal
and corresponding ACI injection rates,
and these effects must be understood be-
fore choosing a final MATS compliance
strategy. For any given unit and fuel, it is
best to conduct testing in order to quan-
tify the exact injection rates needed for
both DSI and ACI, but it is still helpful
to understand the interactions between
DSI and ACI before even designing the
test plan. If testing cannot be conducted,
understanding the interactions is critical
specific coal and its sulfur level, but will
often be more similar to eastern bitumi-
nous coals.
PM REDUCTION
Most units are able to meet the MATS
limit of 0.03 lb/MMBtu filterable par-
ticulate, or the individual metals limits,
with their existing PM control devices.
However, in some cases it is necessary
to either upgrade an ESP or to install a
fabric filter. If a fabric filter is installed,
this will substantially increase the effec-
tiveness of both DSI and/or ACI needed
for HCl/Hg removal. For example, data
has shown that hydrated lime injection
rates can be as much as 5 times less for
a similar-sized unit/similar coal when a
fabric filter is used versus an ESP.
Even when relatively high injection
Source: EPA
Fuel PM Device DSI ACI Interaction
PRB ESP or FF Air heater inlet
Fuel additive/non-halogentated
PAC at air heater outlet
Almost no Hg removal achieved
due to reaction between DSI
and fuel additive
PRB ESP or FF Air heater outlet
Fuel additive/non-halogenated
PAC at air heater inlet
Usually the best performing
scenario for PRB
PRB ESP Air heater inlet
Brominated PAC at
air heater outlet
Not recommended since DSI
will reduce halogens and sulfur
needed to oxidize Hg in air heater.
High PAC rates needed.
PRB ESP Air heater outlet
Brominated PAC at
air heater inlet
Very good Hg removal
performance at low PAC
injection rates
PRB FF
Hydrated lime injection at
air heater outlet or inlet
Brominated PAC at
air heater inlet or outlet
performance at low PAC injection
rates due to fabric filter residence
time, little effect from DSI location
PRB FF
Sodium injection at air
heater outlet or inlet
Brominated PAC at
air heater inlet or outlet
performance, but at higher
PAC injection rates due to
NO
2
formation in FF (which is
adsorbed by PAC), little effect
from DSI location
Eastern
bituminous
ESP or FF Air heater inlet Air heater outlet
Usually the best configuration
since SO
3
removed prior to ACI
Eastern
bituminous
ESP or FF Air heater outlet Air heater inlet
Less effective since
SO
3
adsorbed by PAC
Interactions Between ACI and DSY Systems 3
1401PE_55 55 1/9/14 3:11 PM
www.power-eng.com
56
1
Trona Injection for HCI
Removal - PRB Unit
P
e
r
c
e
n
t

H
C
l

R
e
m
o
v
a
l
1 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
94
93
92
91
90
89
88
87
86
85
Unmilled Trona
Milled Trona
Trona Injection rate (lb/hr)
Dry sorbent injection silos. Photo
courtesy of United Conveyor Corp.
generally include an appropriate margin
to ensure performance below the regula-
tory limits.
Typical guarantees are shown below.
In addition, other parameters common-
ly guaranteed include sorbent consump-
tion rates, utilities (power, compressed
air) consumption values, noise levels,
and system availability.

Common Emission Guarantees:
HCL 0.0018 lb/MMBtu
Hg 1.0 lb/TBtu
PM no increase
DSI/ACI COSTS FOR
MATS COMPLIANCE
As expected, costs for DSI and ACI
systems for MATS compliance can vary
significantly because sorbent injection
rates are specific to unit size and fuel
characteristics. However, approximate
ranges for capital and operating costs are
given in the table below to help give in-
dicative costs only.
Since operating costs are a significant
factor for any DSI or ACI system, it is
critical that the systems be designed to
optimize sorbent use.
CONCLUSION
Due to the multitude of variables and
unique characteristics at each plant, there
is no single solution that can be applied
to all units to achieve MATS compliance.
Multiple factors must be considered
when selecting control technologies, as
well as the interactions between the tech-
nologies. ACI or DSI, or combinations of
the two technologies will enable a major-
ity of units in operation to achieve cost-
effective MATS compliance.
to avoid surprises that could lead to un-
dersized or underperforming DSI/ACI
systems.
Although the interactions are complex
and unit/fuel specific, common obser-
vations from testing are summarized in
Table 3 in an attempt to give simplified
guidelines.
PERFORMANCE
GUARANTEES
Each plant will usually specify emis-
sion levels that must be met to ensure
MATS compliance, and these levels
*Note: Capital Costs are for typical installations. Actual costs can be affected by power supply and distribution,
controls integration and equipment location.
Application Capital Cost (Total Installed) Operating Cost
DSI for HCl $1.5 to $5MM $0.5 to $4.00/MW-hr
ACI for Hg $1 to $2MM $0.25 to $1.25/MW-hr
Widely-available control technologies
that reduce mercury and other air toxics
4
1401PE_56 56 1/9/14 3:11 PM
www.power-eng.com
57
protect and get the most out of the invest-
ment theyve made in renewable energy
production.
Fernando Valldeperes, director of ser-
vices, sales and marketing for Gamesa
Corp., said wind farm operators should
take a long view when seeking to protect
their turbines and equipment.
Wind turbine owners should favor
medium- and long-term contracts, as
O&M (operations and maintenance)
services prices are stabilizing, he said.
If customers did not contract full-
service maintenance contracts, they
should invest in upgrades that will
make the turbines more reliable and in-
crease the energy output over the long
term. Lower repair and maintenance
cost on the short term is easier, but is
not the best choice if operators want
to improve profitability or even main-
tain original expected gains with the
withdrawal of government incentives.
Gamesa offers a full range of solutions
for wind turbine operators, including
structural monitoring, turbine overhaul
and life extension preventative upgrade.
The company can also propose full ser-
vice O&M contracts until the year 30 for
Gamesa platforms for turbines from oth-
er manufacturers, Valldeperes said.
Long-term strategy is important when
dealing with the fleet at it ages, he added.
Aging fleet management not only re-
quires an online monitoring of the drive
train, but also of all the structural ele-
ments, he said. The cost of annual au-
dits of each turbine would offset all the
benefits of extending the operational life
of wind assets. This is even more true as
many incentives are under scrutiny.
Valldeperes said the companys aim
is to protect turbines through 30 years
of operation through its life-extension
service program, an ongoing monitor-
ing and upgrade program that starts
with an audit of each turbine. Gamesa
then proposes a turbine-specific in-
vestment plan aimed at operating the
turbine until year 30.
Some of the preventative and correc-
tive actions can be assumed by Gamesa
through a full service contract, as not all
the upgrades have to performed immedi-
ately, he said. This full service contract
until year 30 guarantees wind farm rev-
enues and stabilized O&M. This close
control of operational risks by a first-tier
manufacturer is well-valued by banks, as
it brings certainty.
Wind turbines have been around for
some time, but the recent interest growth
in the industry has led to more sophisti-
cated turbines and an acceleration of the
technology. Companies are looking to
make the same advances in servicing and
extending the life of the turbines as is be-
ing put in to manufacturing them.
Although Siemens continues to look
W
ind power ca-
pacity in the
U.S. has been
steadily climb-
ing recently.
Wind farms were the leading source of
new power generation in the county in
2012, representing around $25 billion
in investments. Although uncertainty
about the federal production tax credit
slowed growth in 2013, renewable port-
folio standards and an overall interest
in new sources of clean energy indicate
wind power will continue to be an im-
portant source of generation in the U.S.
for the future.
For companies looking to make an
investment in wind power, theres more
to do after the permits are achieved, the
ground at the site is broken and construc-
tion is complete. At that point, wind farm
owners need to begin looking at how to
Wind Turbine Maintenance:
Protecting Your
Investment
BY JUSTIN MARTINO, ASSOCIATE EDITOR
Proper maintenance of wind turbine assets can lead
to generating more revenue over the life of a turbine.
Photo courtesy of Gamesa.
1401PE_57 57 1/9/14 3:11 PM
www.power-eng.com
58
customers push the limits of their tur-
bines, he said. We have thousands of
turbines up within North America and
are adding more all the time, and what
were trying to do is focus on getting the
most out of them. As the customers push
those limits, we need to monitor them
even more closely to see whats happen-
ing when we do that, what effects were
having on the turbine and if there is
something we can do ahead of time.
Service can also help dictate the design
of turbines, Watts added. While owners
of existing wind power projects may be
looking to protect their revenue and ex-
tend the life of their investment, the long-
term cost of service can be a consideration
when choosing turbines for a new project
such as choosing a turbine that uses di-
rect drive technology, which eliminates
the gearbox and takes out a component
that requires a lot of maintenance.
It used to be that service was an af-
terthought, he said. People were just
focused on the asset itself and didnt
think of the service. I think thats
changing in the industry now, and
people are putting the asset and the
service together and looking over the
lifetime they want to run the turbine.
Whenever theyre doing their own
siting, they can look at that and ask,
What is the cost were seeing on the
other fleet with our gearbox? Maybe
its more beneficial to go with a direct
drive that doesnt have a gearbox.
Another aspect of protecting a turbine
is ensuring the technicians providing ser-
vice have the best training possible. Sie-
mens has recently opened a new training
facility in Orlando that Watts said allows
the company to teach its technicians to
get to that next level of really maintain-
ing the turbines. In addition, Siemens
has engineers in its service department
that can help the technicians and provide
additional support.
While it may seem like common sense
to ensure maintenance over the life of a
turbine, Watts said it is equally important
to look at the company that is providing
that service. To that end, wind turbine
owners should research and look at every
aspect of companies that could be used
for O&M.
Look at who youre getting to service
those turbines, he said. You have to be
careful. There are a lot of good companies
out there, very reputable companies, but
you also have to look at their safety re-
cords and where they are with their qual-
ity. Weve gone behind certain turbines
and seen where companies used duct
tape and baling wire. You have to be care-
ful with that and make sure you can do a
thorough analysis of the service provider.
You have to sit down with them and see
what they can offer.
at what can be done with the latest oils
and greases to help lubricate and main-
tain equipment, Siemwns Wind Service
Americas CEO Billy Watts said the com-
pany is also looking to match the sophis-
tication of modern turbines with equally
sophisticated maintenance and services
and has made monitoring a major area
of focus.
Siemens uses several types of monitor-
ing, including turbine control monitor-
ing, which focuses on rotating parts of
the turbine to discover problems before
they can turn into turbine failures; mon-
itor-based monitoring, which focuses on
nonrotating equipment such as tempera-
tures and pressures; and remote diagnos-
tic analysis, which allows the company to
better troubleshoot the turbine to limit
the time the turbine is down when prob-
lems occur.
The company also looks at ways to
upgrade existing turbines, such as power
boosts to help capture more of the wind
available to the turbine. More companies
are looking to get more revenue from
their initial investment, and O&M servic-
es can include ways of helping the wind
turbine owners achieve that goal while
not having a detrimental effect on the life
of the turbine, Watts said.
Were seeing more and more
As wind turbine technology becomes more
sophisticated, companies are looking for ways
to ensure the services that maintain turbines are
equally sophisticated. Photo courtesy of Siemens
Choosing the proper company to service
wind turbines can be an important part of
maintaining the asset over its lifetime. Photo
courtesy of Gamesa
1401PE_58 58 1/9/14 3:11 PM
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1401PE_63 63 1/9/14 3:12 PM
www.power-eng.com
64
INDEX
RS# COMPANY PG# SALES OFFICE RS# COMPANY PG#
1421 S. Sheridan Rd., Tulsa, OK 74112
Phone: 918-835-3161, Fax: 918-831-9834
e-mail: pe@pennwell.com
Sr. Vice President North
American Power Group

Richard Baker
Reprints

Foster Printing Servive
4295 Ohio Street
Michigan City, IN 46360
Phone: 866-879-9144
e-mail: pennwellreprint@fosterprinting.com
National Brand Manager

Rick Huntzicker
Palladian Professional Park
3225 Shallowford Rd., Suite 800
Marietta, GA 30062
Phone: 770-578-2688, Fax: 770-578-2690
e-mail: rickh@pennwell.com
AL, AR, DC, FL, GA, KS, KY, LA, MD, MO,
MS, NC, SC, TN, TX, VA, WV
Brand Sales Manager

Dan Idoine
806 Park Village Drive
Louisville, OH 44641
Phone: 330-875-6581, Fax: 330-875-4462
e-mail: dani@pennwell.com
CT, DE, IL, IN, MA, ME, MI, NH, NJ, NY,
OH, PA, RI, VT, Quebec, New Brunswick,
Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, Ontario
Brand Sales Manager

Tina Shibley
1421 S. Sheridan Road
Tulsa, OK 74112
Phone: 918-831-9552; Fax: 918-831-9834
e-mail: tinas@pennwell.com
AK, AZ, CA, CO, HI, IA, ID, MN, MT, ND,
NE, NM, NV, OK, OR, SD UT, WA, WI, WY,
Alberta, British Columbia, Saskatchewan,
Northwest Territory, Yukon Territory,
Manitoba
International Sales Mgr

Anthony Orfeo
The Water Tower
Gunpowder Mills
Powdermill Lane
Waltham Abbey, Essex EN9 1BN
United Kingdom
Phone: +44 1992 656 609, Fax: +44 1992 656 700
e-mail: anthonyo@pennwell.com
Africa, Asia, Central America, Europe,
Middle East, South America
European Sales

Asif Yusuf
The Water Tower
Gunpowder Mills
Powdermill Lane
Waltham Abbey, Essex EN9 1BN
United Kingdom
Phone: +44 1992 656 631, Fax: +44 1992 656 700
e-mail: asify@pennwell.com
Europe and Middle East
Classifieds/Literature Showcase

Account Executive

Jenna Hall
1421 S. Sheridan Rd.
Tulsa, OK 74112
Phone: 918-832-9249, Fax: 918-831-9834
email: jennah@pennwell.com
22 Power Generation Week 39
12 POWER-GEN International 24
www.power-gen.com
30 Proenergy Services LLC C4
www.proenergyservices.com
25 Renewable Energy 45
World Conference
www.renewableenergyworld-
events.com
19 Scottish Development
International 31
www.sdi.co.uk
5 Siemens Industry 9
www.siemens.com/energy/
controls
1 Solvay Chemicals Inc C2
www.solvair.us
18 Transmission Hub 30
www.transmissionhub.com
21 United Rentals Inc 37
www.unitedrentals.com
24 Volvo Penta of the Americas 43
www.volvopenta.com/industrial
2 Weg Electric Motors 3
www.weg.net/us
3 Westinghouse Electric Co 5
www.westinghousenuclear.com
11 Zachry Construction 23
www.zhi.com
Advertisers and advertising agencies
assume liability for all contents (includ-
ing text representation and illustrations)
of advertisements printed, and also
assume responsibility for any claims
arising there from made against the
publisher. It is the advertisers or agen-
cys responsibility to obtain appropriate
releases on any items or individuals pic-
tured in the advertisement.
8 Areva 15
www.us.areva.com
28 Babcock Power Inc. 51
www.babcockpower.com
Bechtel 19
17 Buckman 29
www.buckman.com
26 Clearspan Fabric Structures 49
www.clearspan.com/adpwre
16 COAL-GEN 28
www.coal-gen.com
14 Cormetech Inc 26
www.cormetech.com
20 Cutsforth Products 35
www.cutsforth.com
15 Day & Zimmermann ECM 27
www.condenserexperts.com
13 Entegra GMBH 25
www.primtech.com
23 Fibrwrap 41
www.fibrwrap.com
4 Fluor Corp 7
www.fluor.com
9 GE 17
www.ge-mcs.com/controlsolutions
29 Generation Hub C3
www.generationhub.com
27 Graphite Metallizing Corp 49
www.graphalloy.com
10 Magnetrol International 21
www.magnetrol.com
7 Metso Power USA 13
www.metso.com
6 Philadelphia 11
Gear Corporation
1401PE_64 64 1/9/14 3:12 PM
Original analysis
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