Math 31AH - Homework 6. Due Friday, November 15.

1. Find a basis for the orthogonal complement V

when
(i) V = span
_
_
_
_
_
2
0
4
_
_
,
_
_
3
2
1
_
_
,
_
_
5
4
0
_
_
_
_
_
(ii) V = span
_

_
_

_
5
2
2
1
_

_
,
_

_
2
3
0
5
_

_
_

_
(iii) V is the set of solutions to the system
3x
1
7x
2
+ 4x
3
+ x
4
= 0
2x
1
+ 5x
3
4x
4
= 0.
2. Let V and W be subspaces of R
n
. Prove that
(V W)

= V

.
3. Find the matrix of the orthogonal projection onto the following subspaces:
(i) V = span
_
_
_
_
_
2
1
3
_
_
,
_
_
4
0
2
_
_
_
_
_
(ii) V = span
_

_
_

_
4
2
0
5
_

_
_

_
.
4. Consider the vector subspace of R
4
spanned by the vectors
v
1
=
_

_
2
1
1
0
_

_
, v
2
=
_

_
1
1
0
1
_

_
.
(i) Find a basis for the orthogonal complement V

.
(ii) Using Gramm-Schmidt, nd an orthonormal basis for V

.
(iii) Find the matrix of the orthogonal projection onto V

using the basis you found in (ii).

(iv) Find the projection of the vector
_

_
1
1
1
1
_

_
onto V

. Derive from here the projection of the same

vector onto V .
1
5. Consider the matrix
A =
_

_
1 1
1 4
1 1
1 4
_

_
, and the vector b =
_

_
1
6
5
7
_

_
.
(i) Find the left inverse of the matrix A.
(ii) Using the calculation in (i), nd the matrix of the orthogonal projection onto the column
space of A.
(iii) Find the least squares solution to the system
Ax = b
using the left inverse you calculated in (i).
6. Find an orthonormal basis for the subspace V where:
(i) V = span
_
_
_
_
_
1
1
0
_
_
,
_
_
5
1
3
_
_
_
_
_
(ii) V = span
_

_
_

_
1
1
1
0
_

_
,
_

_
1
0
2
1
_

_
,
_

_
3
1
4
4
_

_
_

_
.
7. Find the least squares solution to the system Ax = b where
A =
_
_
1 2
2 0
3 1
_
_
, b =
_
_
1
4
0
_
_
.
8. Consider the data points (1, 2), (2, 4), (4, 6). Find the line y = ax +b which bets ts the data
points.
9. Consider the subspace V of R
3
spanned by the orthonormal vectors
v
1
=
_
_
2/3
2/3
1/3
_
_
, v
2
=
_
_
2/3
1/3
2/3
_
_
.
(You do not need to verify that the two vectors are orthonormal.)
(i) Find the projection of the vector
_
_
5
1
1
_
_
onto V .
(ii) Find a basis for the orthogonal complement V

.
(iii) Find the matrix of the projection onto V

.
10. Show that if a matrix A is orthogonal, then
(i) Ax Ay = x y;
(ii) A preserves length of vectors i.e. ||Ax|| = ||x||;
(iii) A preserves angles between vectors i.e. the angle between x, y and the angle between Ax, Ay
are equal.
11. Let V be the vector space spanned by
v
1
=
_

_
1/2
1/2
1/2
1/2
_

_
, v
2
=
_

_
1/2
1/2
1/2
1/2
_

_
.
Using the fact that these vectors are orthonormal, nd the matrix of the projection onto V .
12. (Extra credit)
(i) Given a vector b in the column space of A, show that there exists a unique vector x
0
in the
row space of A such that
Ax
0
= b.
(You need to prove both existence and uniqueness.)
(ii) Furthermore, show that along all solutions of the system Ax = b, the solution x
0
has the
smallest magnitude.
(iii) Find the solution of the system
Ax =
_
3
6
_
which has the smallest magnitude, where
A =
_
1 2 3
2 4 6
_
.