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Biological Catalysts
Globular Proteins
State that enzymes are globular proteins with a specific tertiary structure. State that enzymes catalyse metabolic reactions in living organisms.
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Names of Enzymes
Either type of reaction catalysed E.g. Carboxylase Dehydrogenase E.g. Amylase, Protease
PEPSIN
State that enzymes are globular proteins with a specific tertiary structure. State that enzymes catalyse metabolic reactions in living organisms.
Describe the mechanism of enzyme action with reference to specificity, active site, lock-andkey and induced-fit hypotheses. Explain what is meant by enzymesubstrate complex and enzymeproduct complex. Describe how enzymes lower the activation energy of a reaction.
Pearson Education Ltd 2008 This document may have been altered from the original
Pearson Education Ltd 2008 This document may have been altered from the original
OR
IN THREE DIMENSIONS :
1.Tertiary structure of enzyme determines 3D structure 3.Shape of active site determines specificity of enzyme
1.Tertiary structure of enzyme determines 3D structure 3.Shape of active site determines specificity of enzyme
Substrate and enzyme change shape slightly on binding puts strains on bonds
Pearson Education Ltd 2008 This document may have been altered from the original
How the enzyme maltase lowers the activation energy needed to convert maltose to glucose
A metabolic pathway
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::535::535::/sites/dl/free/0072437316/120070/bio09.swf::A%20Biochemical%20Pathway
SUBSTRATE CONCENTRATION
pH
TEMPERATURE
Pearson Education Ltd 2008 This document may have been altered from the original
Pearson Education Ltd 2008 This document may have been altered from the original
Describe and explain the effects of enzyme concentration and substrate concentration on enzyme activity.
ENZYME CONCENTRATION
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SUBSTRATE CONCENTRATION
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pH
Proton donors
Pearson Education Ltd 2008 This document may have been altered from the original
Pearson Education Ltd 2008 This document may have been altered from the original
Describe how the effects of pH, temperature, enzyme concentration and substrate concentration on enzyme activity can be investigated experimentally.
Activity of CATALASE
O2
Activity of AMYLASE
Maltose
ENZYME INHIBITORS
May be
COMPETITIVE
OR
NON-COMPETITIVE
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v= PILzvT3spCQ&feature=related
COMPETITIVE INHIBITORS
Similar shape to normal substrate Compete with substrate for access to active site May fit into active site instead of substrate Substrate is therefore blocked from the active site So enzyme-substrate complex cannot form Effect depends on balance between amount of inhibitor and amount of substrate
NON-COMPETITIVE INHIBITORS
Are NOT similar shape to substrate so do NOT fit into active site
Attach to the enzyme elsewhere (ALLOSTERIC EFFECT) Causes enzyme shape to distort including the active site
Examples : Some antibiotics and sulphonamide drugs Malonic acid inhibits succinic acid dehydrogenase
Examples : Heavy metals arsenic, mercury, lead Cyanide inhibits cytochrome oxidase