b

lI i- j 1

h I
r zipraoors- rieV Ferdinandwrote his son orw-h early days roland looked with wllfodnded- land It ha never btD thoroughly Polori lion of his dominion i he still however ae known that the Polish warrior met with in-
aut1lUeUJ of thIs distrust
Or
A 1I01ll1f t-
Colnmtra Dike to defend the
on Germany Bbs was at first more- however the mace ot the popula knowltdod the suteralnty of 1olnc
t
n U-
U everit wa that the Hliloirt csys The eirturerothe thlt althI- I
lIe ¬ We gratitude and neglect at the hands of the
1
or less a dependency t the German empire- ton even to the present day speaklnf shall nod this suier lnty
10
A

ofCtaubu Admiral wa a man of copdapptaranc above the map were alrll Hapsborg sovereign Mindful ot this the
I
l IPr
w1ltlm
and Intmitlnf ontrtb the medium height with long late and some- ¬
wnlraalbowln Is frustrated
1 by the potter and the neighbor wa HaloBusslan language
of her Teutonic 1347 And races Duohy In wa thirtyfive later the of Pri4 Czar Nicholas I at the time when Austria re
a
¬
4
41P0F11 by the
I
what prominent cheek bones and ofaverng tact detected br Mr IhrrUse that the artist strengthened for heM the celebrated Diet at Will It Iia became a klnsdo Under the next King paid him for Intervening In Hungary by join
number Germans falrellonlrt bulk of
Uon to Columbian literature w ar Indtbtai
t to Mr N POSCK VI LEoN who under the na-
ofthd Cbfumtm Oaltcrv has published a traJ-
weight he had an aquiline
complexion and wa vorr nOIlah
rdI
ore
a
lies copied oven the errors of topgltud found
In the Deliarsch map In letter to TnsBuH- the urban population and secondly by thl
foolish Introduction of tho Teutonlo knights-
at which was enacted the nocalled statute
the first monument of Polish jurisprudence
Thn code consists ot two parts dealng with
the
A the Protestants were Ing the Western powers In the Crimean war
called made great progress In Llthua said to n bystander Why am I like John
nil end the first Protestant Bible wa SobloskI Because we were both fools enough
4 lso so exhaustive portrAIts
Jonolrb
ft
on the
to
a dlery
the namf-
ot the dlicoror
quarto volume of ome doe
youth his hair was faIr but at TO years
ot ago It had alt turned while
accounts of the appearance of Columbus do
Other
Jlr Harris set forth many other reasons for
bellovlng Lotto picture vlwod at n portrait¬
of Chrlitooher Columbus to be a sheer Ital
out of whose territory originally small the
great dyehy of Prussia was eventually formed
Great Poland and Little
Throughout the history 1011<
respectively
herprov ¬
printed In Polish In 1503 at
expense ot the Palatine ot Whine The re
the to save Vienna
The remaining years ot Bobteskts ridge
between Russia and Poland dud inces had many separate laws nnd privileges
hundred end seventy pages Included neatly
ono hundred cuts reproducing not only pot
not deserve attention lecause
aid thewt
a lonl tlraealter his death JUt It I
all 1
Ianfabrication
ever
lib doe not deem It how-
any wors than ninny other nponrypho Thllrlr
nt until the reign of Ivan IV In the Tho statutes were In tho Latin language
llglous question was debated at a Diet held
near Warsaw In 1B73 The principles there
were embittered by constant disputes In In
Diets several of which were broken off by th
obvious any alleged portrait not daubs which are now being collected In It Mr sixteenth century Stephen Batory as It an- ¬ which not only In the fourteenth century but laid down were excellent but they were not exercise of the Itbenim veto When he died la
traits but monuments statues niedaU acc with tho four descriptions above
alrIOI
m and Spain br overzealous patriots who do not ticipating the relations In which the two coun- ¬ for a long time afterward was much Used In carried out It was provided that no religious 1000 the glory of Poland may be said to base
painting which purport to reprtsentth It ii-
tries would stand to one another was unre- the country In 1334 also In tho reign
be rejected as apotryphal And worthless scorn to bo aware that they are
alrrlos to differences were to bo settled by the sword been extinguished
¬
o-

i monte ot the great navigator These workot make of history A delusion and a farce mitting In his efforts to dIsmember Russia Caslmlr nnd again In 137 wore passed some there was to be universal toleration From
art classified according their As to the SIr AolhonY1loora portrait now For a time thoro Was some prospectof success memorable laws relating to the Jews So this statute wo learn that the Polish nobles TI
trfc
H

L the evidence of their authenticity By IL-

but tho tide soon turning the Poles lost Kiev largo wero the privileges granted to the Is-
seem to this book one ran determine ata the property of thll In the ¬ were supposed to bo masters of the splrltua- That part ot the eighteenth century during
V
tt
lance the respective claims of the vntlon e Lt us tar now to this Cogol ltn
t the four pictures which purp
pltralt
10
opinion of many experts lis undoubtedly from
the hAnd of Moro but It could not have been
and some of their eastern provinces There
was always an Indistinct border line between
raelites In Poland in comparison with their
disabilities In central and western Europe
at well as the material existence their serfs
that Is to say Poland applied to Its nobles the
which Poland was ruled by Electors of Sax
ony was a period of decline and paved the
¬

portraits ofCoumtiuLweto not sky to atttitla the originals of the Jovian cut CogeUtto tho two countries Inasmuch as Poland had ac- ¬
taken from lire ana It Is even questionable tha In a short time most of tho cities maxim Ctijtn rraio iJmie rrligio which wits to be way for the first dismemberment which took
excellence but to conlttutol a trustworthy small village fifteen from Genoa whether the artist Intended to represent Co quired by oonqutst and marriage n largo popu villages received colonies ot Iollli
tZ transcript of his felturol
i In Ort group tho author places ths Did
1jrhlch claIm to bo the birthplace of Colum- ¬
bus In a hool
11le to bo that In which Jumbus Th name in the corner may have
been nddod by any one at anr time This fo ¬
lation of White Itnsslans and MaloRusslans
whoas wo have said spoke languages closely
¬

tares or engravings the originals of which
Jet8
The fact that Caslmlr had only one child
and that a daughter led to on Important con- ¬
adopted by tho German princes With the
death of Slglsmund Augustus In 1072 the di ¬
rect line of the Jaglollos ceased in Poland
place In 1772 The Idea ot the partition IIi
cab to have originated with Frederick the
Great whose brother Prince Henry when he
tho discoverer WIS thee is a small por- ¬ called portrait depicts Colnmbui with a mous- nklnto the Muscovite tonguewera adherents of stitutional chanll In Dlot at Cracow ho thought wo afterward find It continued In the
I visited St Petersburg
¬

Wre porhaps taken from at different peri- trait of Columbus luatrllo be of groat nn- sounded Catharine
ic od of the Admirals le
The first member-
¬

tlqulty but irlilch I only a copy of

of this group Is the lost original of the engrav- ¬
t
I
ing riubllshod In the Illustrated edition of the
work of PitilusTovlus This was taken from a
picture In the Jovian Gallery which there
blor 104U A copy ol the same picture mad
the year IfriH Is in the Ufilzl
In Florence Of this Jnrlan picture there are
Gallorr-
I tho original and now lost portrait of the
four pretended originals namely the portrall-
t atCorao known the Do Orchl the picture
A
at the National Library Madrid known as
the Jovlus There Is however anothor pic- ¬
ture In tho Council Hall of the village which
IIs deeply Interesting According to Isnadl
A In Ills work Sulle Patria de Colombo
history can be traed for over PoP
ret
some have gone so far as to pretend that It IIs
nnd
Jovian gallery A glance at the reproduction
of It In the book before us suffices U bring out
Its striking all tho portraits em a
noting fromlkoollo trpo
tache and goatee and with his hair clipped
According to the eminent Spanish painter and
critic Cardererl moustaches goatees woro
never worn In the tlmo ot Columbus and the
hair far from being cutsbort was worn long
its nod cut horizontally often ooverloc tho
As for the other portraits bf Columbus clan
sided In distinct groups br Mr Ponce do Leon
nonlot them has a claim to trustworthiness
comparable with that of any of the potUr
above described EmphaUcalljf this true ot
those which represent Columbus with a beard
the GroekChurch and belonged to tho eastern
branch ot the Blavonlo family As for Austria
she did not encroach upon thoPollsh territory
In Independent days of tho republic sho
contented herself with getting as many nrc-
ors hducleBelll possible married to Polish kings
AtorDuchy of of Brandenburg acquired
Prussia and got released from
tho homage he owed for It to the Polish Crown
ho becam one ot the moitformldabhOefle-
tales off tho country To Prussia was largely
due the successive dismemberments which by
proposed le hil successor hits nephew Louis
of
female branch The most remarkable event II on the subject By the first partition Pros
lunllr Thin
rA practically conceding
to thC et thin privilege of electing their sov- ¬
of this reign was time abolition of homo rule iii sic obtained the Palatinates ot Marlenburr
Lithuania nnll the close union of the the Pomorze or district adjoining the seal aol
ereigns and the nobles forthwith turned tho province with Poland
This took place Warmla oxoopt Danzlo and Thorn To her
¬
concession to nccnunt Before they allowed at the Diet ot Lublin In 1500 It also fell a portion ot Great Poland Austria
Louis to succeed they rondo him assent to cer- ¬ was arranged that Warsaw should bo the got fled nnssla of Gallcla with parts of Po
tain Btlpulntlons whIch formed the foundation
of tho Pacta Convents or agreement which
seat of the Diet under tho enlarged republic
and It became the capital of time kingdom un- ¬
dollaand Little Poland while Biissla ssired
the Palatinates ot Mscislaw and Wlttsk with
every succeeding sovereign had to der Slglemund III Wo pass over the short
lake some other parts ot Palatinates situated
¬
The reign of Louis of noteworthy
from the fict that
hwlnl
Ilnlrls
no offspring
and Insignificant reign ot Henry the Duke
Anjou minI come lo 1570 when the roles who
on the Dnieper In 1773 a kind ot
Constitution was drawn up for the Polish r
ho prevailed on tim Blot ot Koszyzcln in 1374 had boon subjected to nn eruption of the Ta ¬

i i
the YaHer portrait the Cogoletto portrait
andfinally tho Cticcnro portrait from which
taken tho Cancelllorl medallion Tho
second member of this relatively authentic
same Inscription I
oven has tbo

There Is a third noteworthy picture nt Poland

tho close oftho eighteenth century lied blotted
Poland from tho map of Europe
to motion the succession of his danchtor
Jndwlca Ho only secured this concession
granting fresh privileges to thin nobility and
tars chose for their King tho renowned sol
tier Stephen Batury Prlncoof Transylvania
Stephen was a vigorous ruler such as Poland
public hurt the mischievous tlberum veto was
preserved In nil Its fore and In the followlna
year the privileges which had recently heei
granted to the Dissidents were diminished
Cuocaro In the house of Fldelo Gugllolmo
I
i
croup is thu original of tho enlrnvlnl publish The editors of the Story of the Nations Series especially by relieving tho Szlachta or class of was not to eon again till the days ot John At n Diet held In Grodnow In 1778 the Poles
4 i ¬
Colombo which has long been preserved by
4lr

v I
I
edby Capriolo tho third U picture at ¬
tributed to Antonio del Blncon the fourth II
the Juan de la Cosa portrait the fltth Is the
lotto portrait and tho sixth Is tho miniature
the branch of the Colombo family residing In
this place Tho Colombo family avor that
their picture U the original Jovian portrait
It was accepted as genuine by Nnplono and
have done well to confide tho volume which
deals with loland to Mr W R Slonnu well
known an tho most accomplished Slavonic
scholar In England In tho NOv of tomid-
I Putnam Mr Morflll conducts us from the first
l was tho German Emperor Olho I who by
hand of one of his lieutenants conquered
Mleszko the heathen prince of the country
on tho Wartn from the Oder to tho
minor nobles almost
On her fathers death holY
beauty and 8
the Diet to marry n lrll was
from taxation
a woman ot
cOIpolod
manners Jnglollo the Prlnco of Lithuania
by
savage
Sobelskl He effectually chocked the en- ¬
croachments of Ivan the Terrible and the
main object of his reign was the dismember ¬
ment of Bussla whoso growing power he
were compelled to acquiesce In the mutilation
ot their country by the three neighboring
powers A short period of comparative trims
quillity and progress supervened A better
¬

la the Cluny Museum at larl from which Cnncelllerl but the majority of exports regard- Vistula and compelled him to pay tribute viewed with wellfounded misgiving Bus system of education was Introduced the con- ¬
7 perhaps the Sir Anthony Moro portrait was It as only I a poor copy
landmark In 1ollsh hlsforV across nlno hunt
to the second Tollsb Insurrection
Two seers later Mleszko we aro told with a vlow to thin union of that country with
Poland About tho Llthuanlanswe hear not Ii
sla was only saved from mutilation which dition of the burghers and the peasants was
dred rear
f With those approximations to first became a Chilslaln In order to marry the would have walled her out ot Europe by ameliorated the liberum relo was definitely
tko material are properly classed tho plo- ¬
A fourth picture known as tho do Orchl re-
In 18OO It Is an extremely complcale daughter of Boleslas the log till the beginning ot the thirteenth cen- ¬ the deaths of the Transylvanian prince and suppressed and the throne declared heredi-
ts based on them with more or less fidelity
ceives extended notice at our authors hands subject which ha has Iol of 10hemla
tury but at that tlmo ono of tholr chiefs she wits destined to run the same risk tary For the moment It seemed as II such
¬

jJ both on account of Its Intrinsic artistic merit

nnd because the owner pretends that It Is the
cuss not only because ethnologlcally word
Poland moans very dlffercritthlngsatdlfforont
As wo have said the typo
ceived was tho Latin and titus at tho outset
Poland was placed In contrast to IlussU
re- ¬
formed their territories Into a principality
and a century later the Importance of their
In tho
Ladlsllus
days ot Slglsmund III and
IV It was Stephen Batorr
vigorous measures would Infuse the elixir ot-
a newltfe Into Polandbutltls admitted even by
i original Jovian portrait It seems that when epochs but because from an International whoso civilization ByzantIne Mjeszko country reached Its height under Gedymln who founded the University of Wilno some Polish authors that the country was In a
4
Let us examine somewhat carefully the
embers of this group for here If anywhere
tho Jovian was divided between tho
two branches of the owners family one took
viewpoint tho faco of the country Is sometimes
turned westward toward Oermnnr sometimes
A
was succeeded tiy his son Boloslas tho Great
who contrived to possess himself of many
lliisslan cities Including oven Kiev
and it was ho who first organized the Cos state too deeply demoralized and gangrened
under whom tho Duchy of Poland was raised The sacks of whom wo hear so much In Polish to admit of a euro It was In vain that Poland
1 can we hope to get nn accurate Idea of how tho pictures ot men Illustrious In arms the northward toward Sweden and sometimes capital of the Lithuanian State w is Wllno
other that of men Illustrious In letters Tho by Otho III into a kingdom After tho death and Busslan history Tho Cossacks ot the established In May 1701 a now and extremely
Columbus looked Paulus Jovlus Archbishop
4 Mocera was born In 148 and died In 1
In his villa near Lake Como ho made a large 52 first branch Is now represented by thp Mar- ¬
quis Glorslo Bolmondl the de Orchl family
eastward toward
cult task to lullaHi
oullool
Uiorotorna dim
of Polish history of Oho In 1002 the quarrels about the Im
enabled Boleslosto conquer nil
¬
I
and extended from tho Battle to tho Black
Sea rue official language of tho country was
Dnieper were formed Into six regiments of
1000 mon each Most historians hold that
liberal Constitution largely based upon Eng
llsh American models The Russians pro
l collection of portraits of famous persons A- and Mr Vlotro Novell Dr Alossnndro de Orchl
clear to renders Wc Europe and Amor Lusatla and Mlsnia and ultimately to take
White llusslan anti In this tongue Its laws with the death of Batory the decadence of tested against such concessions to liberalism
lea but we do not hesitate to saythat Mr Mor possession of Bohemia and Moravia When
woro promulgated At tho time of his Poland really begins Ho lied shown himself and In November 1882 a second treaty ot par
be was an enthusiastic believer In Columbus Is tho present owner of a remarkable picture ¬
fill has accomplished It An pe- union with Jadwlga Jaglollo was a
t IUlnotoredlblo that he would bo satisfied with of Columbus which Is not signed Some rusal of thu book will 10len
atoolV vague
¬
peace was malt made In 1013 all Pagan but ho was ready to turn Chris
a vigorous ruler not merely In his foreign pol ¬ tition was signed between the Russian anti
attribute it to Bartolomeo Buanl others to tho territory east of the Odor was icy but by tho firm hand with which ho di- ¬ the Prussian sovereigns The latter acquired
t an Imaginary copy of the features ofthodlse- sympathy felt in this country for the than both to please his wife and becauso ho

h
4
ovoror nor on tho other band Is It likely
that ho could havo ordered the portrait from
IUe teoauso he was only 23 years old at the
Sebastian del Plombo
br Plombo It could not I was painted
been taken from
life as this artist was born In 1485 and was
Poles for tho truth IU that most of
Die socalled Polish territory now Included
In the Czars dominions conquered by the
declared Slavonic and freed from German
rule Tho reign of Bolcslas was one of
great progress for tho Polish people Money-
was born of a Christian mother
ready numbered among his subjects
members of the orthodox Greek Church Don
Ho al- ¬
rected the Internal affairs ot the kingdom He
did what ho could to restrict the Inordinate
privileges of the nobility and ho aimed to
the remainder of Great Poland while time Bus
elan boundary was advanced to the centre ot
Lithuania and Volhynla By the second parti- ¬

time of the navigators death Wo oro justi- ¬ therefore but 21 years of age at tho date of A was coined trade was extended and with mako Poland a member ot the European sys- ¬ tion Austria received nothing The abortive

r
f
il
W
r
fied In Inferring that ho used the ample moans
atbi comfrmnd to acquire some trustworthy
picture of the Admiral takon from Ufa either
by some Spanish painter or by ODO of the many
ho death of Columbus in 1 OJ Moreover
lie never bit 1111 until 1510 Bartolomeo-
Suardl reached zenith of his fame at tho
end of the fifteenth century and died In 1530
Polish kings and Is tenanted by people who
speak dlaluota much more nearly akin to the
Russian than to tho Polish tongue When tho
Czars occupied Livonia Lithuania Little
many new cities were built To spread
Christianity moro effectually Benedictine
monks were brought from Franco and monas- ¬
teries were built for them In sovnrnl places
whom neither ho nor his predecessors seem
to have Interfered He assumed tho name of
Ladisluus on lila conversion In 13bU and in
hits person beclns the dynasty ol tho
Jalelo8
tem Hitherto although wo occasionally hear
of embassies sent for extraordinary purposes
the republic did not maintain permanent Min-
isters at foreign courts any moro than the
¬
rising unaer Kosclusko followed after which
In 1705 took place the third and final division
of Poland Austria now obtained Cracow
with the country between the Pllloa the
lu8eln and lied RusMa they did but recover which lusted for nearly two Busslan did Even as late as the middle ot Vistula and the Bud Prussia got Warsaw
Italian who visited Spain durlol tho jut although we have very full accounts of At this time also tchools were established
nating lu72withSlgismund Augustus We
latter Irlsll the last century On
W own and In 101111 those territories tho
death its life there Is no record of hllllnvlni over Br founding tho nrchblshoprlo of Gnesen- the seventeenth century King Ladlsllas IV with the territory aa far as the Nlemen and
1Ft Iolos only mot with their deserts might even say that It lasted nearly a century paid no hood to nn Invitation to take part In ho rest went to Bussla It Is well known
Jovlus a large part ot his gallery was dis- ¬
been In Spain Mr Ponce Loon admits Boloslas organized an Independent Polish longer If wo omit thin short nnd brilliant reign
k tributed and it Is not known what became of that this picture may bo from tho brush of Church to which woro subordinated tho other the congress which arranged the treaty ot that In 1808 Napoleon took from Prus ¬
I of btephen Batorr Ladlslaus really forfeited Westphalia Curiously enough Baton al ¬ sic some of her Polish possessions and
picture which was tbo original of ono ot these painters or from that ot some bishoprics which he and his father had created
11 I
th
engraving IIb18hei in tho
edition of lultrntu other distinguished
copied it from an Irllt who may have
Spanish painting
It Is scarcely practicable to furnish an out-
line of a book which IIs Itself nn outline but on
By tho beginning of tho eleventh century Po ¬
land had absorbed nearly all the Western
time crown in 13J through tho death of his
Queen
JldwlAIn whosethorightadvantage
ho held It but
though there Is reason to believe that he
was a Protestant at the time of his election to
formed them Into the small Duchy of War ¬
saw comprising a population of n little more
work8 Admltlnl thu of tho than 2000000 Br the treaty ot Vienna a new
j tho original has dl npPlarod see Its likeness however to the Jovian cut and to effort In that direction can bo made by mark- Slavonic States Including Bohemia Tho connection
rocoDzlnl the throne Introduced tho Jesuits and favored
ci bow Mr Ponco da Lon describes tho the copy of the Jovian original In the UfTlrl Ing the principal events In Polih history Wo Polabos however tribe which occupied the Iollnd nod Jthunnln uphold thorn BO much that their schools and colleges settlement wa made of the Polish territory
gallon Is very striking Whatever view may- should first however try compress in a I him his In position In Iolos com spread nil over the country To the Jesuits is Auttrla wa to have Gallcia and the salt
I
¬
out taken from I unquestionably territory now Included In Hanover wero at bined with tho Lithuanians
Columbus over published paragraph certain physlogrnphlcal and ethno- to defeat due the fact that Catholicism ultimately ob- ¬ mines ot Wlollozka Posen was to belong to
Ii the first portrait o taken of the circumstances under which this time lost to the Slavs and In course of tho Teutonic In a groat battle
The is on wood nod somewhat this picture was painted the best judges logical dnta The country whoso story Mr time became more and more Germanized al- ¬ Iioliht tained ascendancy oven In Lithuania It was Prussia and that power was confirmed In
jf
rough but full of vigor und vitality
oopytAken from the third edition
Eloplapt Jovlus which appeared In 1575 It
IIs a
theI ascribe it to a master hand and the well
known Americanist Mr Clement Markham
oonldelt tno only authentic portrait of
Morflll would recount is a vast plain mOlt of
which Is comprised in tho great central de- ¬
pression of Europe It had hardly any natural
though their language did not die out till the
earlier part of the eighteenth century Polish
society atths epoch Was organized entirely
near Taooon crc nn Important result
which was a closer union between Poland and
Lithuania Tho latter country now began to
be organized on Polish principles
also due to the Jesuits that In 1505 tho schism
of tho socalled Unlates took place the num- ¬
ber of whom at the present time la very small
what she had gained at the first partition but
deprived of her subsequent accessions The
city and district of Craoow were to form an In ¬

represents Columbus at ovor fifty years of Columbus existence tho exception of the Baltic on In Bussla their stronghold being in Gallcla dependent State under the guarantee of this
With abundant aud curly hair but No frontur With
and tho Carpathians In the south
on military basis The country was divided
I wero appointed and Castellans worePslatnol over The Unlates were orthodox Greek Christians three powers the remainder the former
h into Pagl and Provinclic anti the Kings Whoa and Trokl Tho attempts to mako the
beard or moustache It Is a halt length show ¬
ing the hands The dress looks at first sight
in front the Blaok lIce It was excluded by the Governors or Castellans were stationed Catholic religion preponderant In Lithuania
who accepted the chief points ot the Council kingdom ot Poland Including the Duchy of
Warsaw went to Russia and Vas to forms
Wa the engraving published by Capriolo Tatars and the Turks Its great arterial In tho towns or fortresses Tho priv- ¬ met with sturdy opposition on tho part of the
of Florence admitted the words fllioyue In
like that ot a monk but our author made from a portrait of the Admiral taken rIver was the Vistula whose basin formed the ileged class In whoso hands lay the power the creed the doctrine of purgatory and the institutional kingdom subject to the Czar
to be a kind ot cloak worn In beleY1 from life This engraving first appeared In centre of the kingdom The greatest length was called the Szlachta word apparently
orthodox clergy who preferred to accept for Papal supremacy but wore allowed to retain We scarcely need remind the reader
mediaeval times but still In use by the sailors the work of Canto Capltanl Illustrl printed at
ojUho Bay of moa Tho mostjmportant Homo in 1500 Considered from an artistic
of the countrr from north to south was 713 I
derived from tho German Geschlacht Sub- ¬ their spiritual rulers the Metropolitan of Kiev
and the Patriarch of Constantinople
some points of discipline belonging to the that this constitution was annulled after
English miles and from oat to west 003 sequently this word came to mean the minor Eastern Church and the use of this old Slavonic tho Polish Insurrection of IRTfL The
4d elLlJha Jolan portrait of Columbu Tiowpolntthls eOlradol is much superior to
which is taken the cut just mentioned
miles 1ttnbrecdn area ot bout 28200-
0Enghieij5bjniIes
nobles as distinguished from the great > language In tholr rituals Diet theneame to an end and the conn
try wa henceforth governed br official
undoubtedly that In the UfDzt Gallery In that
the Jovian cut our author has no doubt whichIn11880 BDP lords We miyadd that the frequent waTS t>
T appointed directly by the Cznr Its ancient
is
Florence
Whoever I
has been thorn since before
painter may have been was 15 lk
the latter It was copied from the
this Jovian gallery Many varia-
lons nevertheless were Introduced In It due
ported a population of 24000000 There IIs
much
Iod arable and pasture land but there-
are IIIO barren tracts consisting of aloi and
of Boloslas filled the country with slaves who The reign of Caslmlr IV 14471402 Is in-
must havo produced a profound effect upon teresting from a constitutional nolnt of View
the preceding rural population In the two Then It was that the nobles first elected
T
During the long reign of Blglsmund lIT
historical divisions were replaced br depart-
ments bearing Russian names The Unlvsr-
not a faithful copyist Ho was careful Indeed part to the whim of Canrlolo who liked to Poland was In a state ot continual decadeno Itr Wllno was suppressed and Kharkov
swamp especially in tho eastern tho and a tjalf centuries that elapsed between the Deputes to attend the Diet when they them
country Wheat barley rye andlaru
not to Columbus a beard or moustache The Dissidents were estranged by religious was founded In its stead The valuable library
f clv
but he deliberately tried to soften the
all his heroes as goodlooking and
to that end purposely softened vigorous linea-
other cere- ¬
death Boleslas and the reign of Przemyslaw ITolloro unable to bo present Tho statute persecutions tIme anarchy of the nobles was at ot Warsaw was carried off and now forms part
features of the discoverer and to mike bar
ment The Capriolo engraving presents a-
¬
als are produced In addition to the vast
salt mines near Cracow there are some small
II only
was the son
a few Incident deserve attention It of Nloszawa passed in 1454 has been
who divided Poland ho Polish Magna Charts It Is in caHed is height and the Cossacks who had felled of the public library of St Petersburg Stilt
l expression milder representing the face buatwIth3giank hair carafullrcombod at to obtain the privilege of taking part In the worse was the fate ot roland after tIme Illad ¬
iron copper and lead deposits Tho 10lula4 Into palatinates About a hundred years groat charter of the rights and privileges of Diet were on the eve ot their great rebellion
as Stiller and the lineaments asIess the sides tfnfl covering tho ears The tabard
J
ton of tho former kingdom of later Silesia was definitely lost to Poland bari- ¬ the Polish nobility At this Ume also there The rebellion took place under Bogdan- vised Insurrection of 1800 Then all the old
prominent In so doing he took away 1 1 changed to Roman toga crossed over the privileges were taken away and It wa de
tho energy and vigor and file expres-
sion of decision which render
I
shoulders and In the corner ore seen the arms
¬

the or Columbus Carderera considered It one of

brarod members of three races to wit tho
Aryan HeroFinnish and the
Somlc InTo
ng become portly Germanized under success were enacted some mischievous laws ag- Khmelnltski Mr Morflll aocepts the derivation
lye Germanized princes Tho Polish language gravating the condition of the serfs of the term Cossack from the Turkish word
creed that henceforth all teaching In the
schools and universities should be In the Rus-
¬

the Aryan race belong the lolel who however la still spoken In some of Its districts Previously It lied been possible for- Itazak meaning a robber A large number of ¬

engraving in thl book of Jovlus so striking he most valuable portraits of Columbus nnd eluding the Kishubes sian language Br this ukase an organized
Htlll ns we are able to trace this portrait to was of opinion that this cut nnd that of Jovlus
more than It was in tho early part of tho thirteenth a serf who was ill treated to fly from his lord bold soldiers fugitives from the many nation effort was made to deprive the Poles of their
ilno and a halt millions Tho Poles as their century that the Duke of Masoxla al Now It was provided that he must be surren- ¬ that occupied the vast steppes stretching be-
i 1507 end probably to 1552 Mr Ponce de were tho most fitting to ho used In oroctlng
Loon would pronounce It tho oldest reasonably any Icpnographlo monument to Columbus
unguago shows pertain to the western
ranch of the Blavonlo race that Is to say aro
bowed tho order ot Teutonic Kulghts to dered on demand and penalties woro Incurred-
settle In the Polish territories on the Baltic by any one who harbored him On Caslmlrs
tween time confines of Poland and Turkey had
last bond of union Their institutions and
laws have perished In Gallcla the Austrian
authenticated picture of the great Genoese The wellknown portrait the Naval Museum established a kind of military republic on some civil code prevails In Posen the Prussian
This picture has been repeatedly copied in at Madrid Is simply a uplaudld and very recent brothers of the Czechs Aryan also are the Tho Teutonic Knights were originally an death ensued some troubles about the succes- ¬ stands in the Dnieper Into which no woman
Landrocht and Busslan law In the parts of
out and by all kinds ot
them the copy formerly olold Ircessel Among reproductIon
by Jefferson combined with
1001 of the Cnprlnlo engraving
other historical typos above
MIlo or lIed Russians tho White Itnsslans and
he Lithuanians Lettsand Samogltlins nil
of whom belong to tho eastern branch ot the
order founded at Jerusalem to take earn sion Lihuania which
of the pilgrims who resorted thither loose rllIUons to her tl
held somewhat was allowed to penetrate As we have seen
State hold an In he policy of Batory had converted
They wero established by the POPO In lepondentDlet and chose for her prince Alex- ¬ theme marauders Into regiments of frontiers- ¬
Poland under Russian Government Yet la
spite ot the difficulties under which the dis- ¬
and UOWI the library of tho Massachusetts described It iIs positively known that this Slavonic Inmllv Among Aryans too should 1101 Their habit was a black coat and ander a son of tho lato King In return Alex- ¬ men but they wore stanch adherents of the membered country lives there are still four
Historical Society Is well known Our author pIcture was painted by order or tOe Spanish of course bo classified the Germans who ar a white cloak tho latter bearing a black cross ander granted a charter whereby the princes fairly active centres of Polish literatureWar ¬

onsldors the oUlrvlol In the Jovlus book Government In 183U by French artist named Greek Church and as such were worried by saw Cracow Lomberc and Posen the last
n the portrait as the originals of Chance Letrand I rived In Iolnnl as oaily as tho thirteenth
Century for the most part the
Their weapon was n lame sword without any prelates barons minor nobles and cities of Jesuit emissaries Partly religious nod partly
ornament they slept upon bed of straw and Lithuania were to have the saute rights and political motives led to their rebellion which much less conspicuous than the other three
abo4itAll the pictures of any Importance We como now to tbo picture attribute to
Artists Imro Introduced sundry variations In Antonio dot Blncon and to the socalled Juan burgher classcooliluto and who now num I
for diet were only Allowed broad and water privileges as the Polish nobility pOl8eued culminated after some years of war In their Because the province has been more com-
pletely Germanized The University of War
¬

them some from want of skill some delib- do la Cosa portrait The Blncon plcturo would tier about two millions Neither should we An oath was taken by each candidate on enter- In Poland those who wished taking the oath of allegiance to the Czar
I ¬

erately to mako people bellnve they were be of supreme biographical Importance II Its ovrlookamoni tho Aryan constituents of the
population the Armenians who like
Ing the order that he was of German blood and union with Lithuania should bo main It was at a Diet in 1B51 that time first In ¬
caw has been Russified slnco tho last insur-
rection but the Cracow and Lemberg Unive- ¬
¬

of noble family and that he would lead life tamed desired to tako Alexander for tholr stance occurred ot a single delegate bringing
14 originals or copies front unknown originals authenticity
In the greater part of them howovorIIs easy exactly with the description
could bo established It tallies ho Germans arrived in tho thirteenth ceo I
of chastity The Teutonic Knights wore King but others were for his eldest he proceedings to a close by using the lionurn
rsities which are thoroughly Polish boast
some eminent professors It seems that time
of tho Admiral tory and whose descendants are stilt to be eventually amalgamated with the sword brother John Albert who was ultimately veto or as It was called In Polish nieponcalam-
to dotct that they all
typo that of tile Jovian rfrllcI
Oi and looks tho Jovian
Tcrle
very od and has cut
Itlaun found in great numbers In GaUche The only ealol of Llronla In tho reign of chosen It was John Albert who In 1400- I forbid This was done by Bleloskl a
Academy of Cracow founded In 1872 Is listi- ¬

We have mentioned that attempts have been ueed repeatedly From limo immemorial It
han rupro leroFlnnlsli Inhabitants of Poland are the Joleilas knllht 1122712701 occurred the great at tho Diet of Plotrkow made further and deputy from Lithuania We have seen that
ng editions of rare Polish authors of the six-
teenth century We are told also that many
made to Identify the Jovian original now lost has been In the private library of tha Kings of sthonlans brother of the Finns who aro nvaslonof Mongols These nomads after fatal concessions to the nobility Not only were he germ ol this custom can be traced much learned reviews appear In Polish quite up to
V
s with lour portraits which are extant One of ipalu and thoro Is a legend encountered In tho llaltlo provinces As to conquering Bussla made an Incursion into their former privileges renewed but the Kings further hack and Indeed the idea that a vote
that it was painted tile Soraitlo factor the earliest Jewish Imml oland but belol defeated at Llegnltz In judicial and fiscal rights were limited and the hould be unanimous was rooted In the Sla- ¬ the level or time best English German and
v these Iho Vurtcz portrait IU acknowledged to hjy Antonio del Blncon on the return of Colum
rants reachoIIolnnd from the countries of illesia In were diverted Into Hungary peasants were completely bound to the lolL Tbe vonic mind It was exemplified In the early as French periodicals M W U
l e of high impoitauce all IIt accordingly bus from his second voyage There ihi not the lower Danube and from the kingdom of They carried off many prisoners however existing laws respecting the surrender of
3f subjected to nilnuto examination

J
T a resident of llranada
thbugh somewhat dilapidated portraits rep I
at thu hands however
4 ot Mr Poneo tie leon In the year 1701 the liontlclty Thl utmost that can bo aldls-
Spanish Gnvcrnment bought from Mr VnHcr- 1hat copies of
1
belief that It Is the
I
clntllla of evidence ns to It

I
wero taken before WOO and
set of four beautiful that Its general characteristic confirm tue-
al the Kliamr who had accepted the Hebrew
alth At tile end of the eleventh century
nnther stieam of Jewish immigrants canto
rorn Uermany It U computed that the
anti we are told that nine sacks were filled fugitive serfs were extended and made ap
with the ears of the slain It was at this epoch ply to the children of plebeians not moro than t embllesof Bussla but the plan had obvious
disadvantages it belneeaar to bribe deputy
¬

The reign of John Caslmlr In which took

also that large colonies ol Gorman settled In mechlU was henceforth to bo allowed to go to place the Incident just mentioned In espe
he country They were established as free the towns to study or practice a trade and chilly memorable for the Invasion of Poland
¬
FA It FROM THE WOJtliD
Card Dwrlltrsori BehrlMC 8ea Island Who
Know No Other Lasd Than ThctnV-
of Hlncon or of one of resent Qnmbtt of Jews In the country which om tht Port IWnMftd
anti lnpof- lila disciples There orl
where only one son was born In a family he by Charles Oustavus who had succeeded to CuP
sc rOntbng Columbus Corlosyuevedo
cj c1 Vega To judgu from appearances nil wore
by the seine hand hut this precludes
resided thin Spanish court from HlOupto
ili death
n
doubt that Blncon nco formed Poland IIs about two million
Iwo hundred thousand They have neverbeen
inhabitants of the land In contradistinction
to the Polish peasant who was boComlnl was to stay to work upon the land The hope
more and more enslaved by the or 106bondage of tho Polish peasant dates from Christina
be Swedish throne on the abdication ot
Both Warsaw and Cracow sub-
lIen E Miller a Port Townsend boy wits
was on the United States steamship Bear
In IStXl and this portrait has
4 lalotO tlialtha Columbus portrait could hev- spirited air that Iil looks as though It Itvere
uiik assimilated and they use German Instead of forced labor required of him A considerable bis hateful statute No peasant or burgher- mitted to the Swedes and they advanced as during her eight months cruise In the north- ¬

lelolUhlanguage ern seas has many tales to relate of his ad-

y oJen taken from life as Cor let wns almost a taken from life Then Is however no
record Now lot us Indlcato tho epochmaking events
number German towns e rant up Owing was eligible to any of tho higher ofllc of the far ao Leruborg In Gallcla Charles Gustavus
to the little Inclination of the Slav natives for Church tho peasantry were obliged to bring was even said to have proposed the partition enturesand the sights he has seen Among
LoyWlion Culumbun died and uelodo
j Lope of Columbus sitting lo Blncou or nf lie exist other timings he tells of the Bears visit to
In Polish history The ahnals of the country
wrru bunt almost half century afternnl unco ol any portialt II uny Spanish master trade commerce fell almost wholly Into th all legal matters In which they were concerned of the country He offered Great Poland to
j
fT death I
Canlerora considered It In old copy of The minima vhait ot Juan Oolu Iosa the I uay be said to begin about A Ii IXO when
i

Ikuzko tho PolIshPrince became a feudato-

th thoJovlan phil
if Columbus xUtlnu In Spnlu lieI
lands of these colonists who enjoyed peculiar before tribunals presided over by their own the Elector of Brandenburg Little Poland to
privileges nod wore governed by laws of their masters they worn also forbidden to own any time Duke ot Transylvania and the great part
Kings Island In Retiring Straits thirty ratios
off Port Clarence andto the shores of Alaska
unit us thl oldest portrait illot of Columbus was drawn according to nn
ry of tho herman Fiophroanil received the own embodied In the Magdeburg code In- landed property It was further provided that of Lithuania to one of the great HadzlwJIl where there are about 200 of the most curious
1f1It InscriptIon In the tsar lIVxx On one o its
¬

was pnlntid In Italy In the sixteenth century sides thor Is I ntln form ot Clirlstldnltf fjfrqm Bohemian deed for upward of a century they retained he King was neither to enact any laws family But Polands hour had not yet come slanders that ever were seen The Island or
<

I
miniature rcpreentlnHt irlesls Thonext lImporUhtIhddentoccurre-
rIh of appeal to Ihe tglstrato at nor to declare war without tho consent The subjects ot JoInt Caslmlr rallied round rock they Inhabit is about half a mile wide
w by some ittist of tile Florentine scliojl
Kl noteworthy that Iirdtirera and other
Jt observing 01 this picture tile clumsy
art drawing I
Is Christopher conveying the infant Joins on lilt
back Irum ono continent to thu other The
Is rude and thin features ol the saint
dn HKU
mol
Wh rrB t
41iu the
Fitly rears
Great was crowned
Poland reverted to Its
It IIs from this lime that we cin Mal trco of tho Diet This was obviously
he Introduction of many German words into step toward the transformation of tho 1001 lag out the Swedish King who how I him anti ho eventually succeeded in drlv
¬
and a little more than that dlstanoo long and
islanders are cave dwellers and live on
whale blubber and walrus meat
1 Biarks of mve not the slightest resemblance to thoee ol
condition1 as a duchy and did not ho Polish language Contemporaneously Ilh monarchy Into an oligarchy John ever obtained nearly time whole of
I
modern restorer decided to re
Itc move those and thu operation was success as described by his contemporaries gain became a kingdom until
I5In the with the Germans the Armenians made was succeeded by lila brother Livonia by tho treaties signed In 1000
On the southeast side closely nestling
Kcfully puiformvd
j
Indor the old picture Clumbu no direct evidence to show that Juan iuhiile
o the fourteenth century wo encoun-
ter the rolgnotCuilmlr the
rlt when Gall
theIr appearance In Poland They likewise Alexander the Grand Duke of Lithuania At John CaMmlr abdicated In lOiS after
acquired Importance as traders and under the out ct of this reign the nobility endeav- ¬ warning the Poles
that their constant dlssen-
gainst the cliff U a village of rave dwellers
One abode U bull over and under thin other
omerKo
jvigdr which Inn
1

I
new on j full of Illo and do IIn Coca Intended tc present an accurate
ul tho chnraelerl- lortraltof Columbus In this chart though ho-
cia Lemherg and Yolhynla were annexed to
otand In KimJTuJwl3i heiress of the Polish
their Influence the city of Lemberg attained ored to extort no additional concessIons tona would Inevitably lead lo tIme dismember ¬
anti to the right and left giving them a strange
motley appearance not unlike the recesses In
considerable prosperity front the King that lied he made them ho mont of the republic With him time race of
15
j
i sto of CcliiinbiH In1 bears an exlru
ordinary niHniLacu lo tint Joilau Irpe The
ar have wished to give an allegorical repre- ominiont married Jnultdloof Lithuania who would have become merely tho Pronldenl of heJnglelltip which had been continued In time
lablted by bald eagles There are narrow
uns excavated Into the
entation nf his chiefs performance tiling volcanic rock and In rldesof unch crum
hair IU aliurlnrtlun inlhu imrtraltlnFlorence io < otl portrait wlilcb IU reproduced by
Mbut U liiillir to Ilm cut In tho JoUn took lonc4 de Leon looks more like u grotesque
I lr lit was
of rrownlIIlui
of Poland In IK1 Albert
was Invested with the title 01
in he Senate Alexander professed to consent branch line of tint Vasas cimo to an end He
Gregory VII thhiidebrnnd lied put the whole but returned to Lithuania and on tils return survived his abdication about four years most
I
thr bottom ot each
is sonic of the short oath grass forming a
titil on which to sleep At the ot the
I ilojoon ilemim this Vnflez portrait Japanese caricature than a Spanish picture
Mike of Prussia its a fiudntory Ihe Polish soy of Poland under an Interdict and for more was able to annul the obnoxious legislation of which he spent In Purls white Louis XIV cave and imwt in the Interior tiresmouthare lighted
rlonrf of rvlgn In ir illllvoutn was united to therepub than 2UO years his successors although they In his reign however may bo traced thn germ- gaye him the revenues of iwo abbeys nnd and them they warm tliemnelves In the winter
rla now ftanOs peiliuim thu only one In- he your lOU
fj wbloh am fnltlifully cxliitllej nil the ehiiirnc lie nnd eight years litter at the Diet of Lublin-
lio definite union or Poland and Lithuania
suffered thin churches to bo reopened would of thin lib mm veto In diet hold at Hudom where this nXKIng off Poland Is said to hate
I
not recognize tho assumption of tim title of In 1505 It was settled that time decision of the secretly married Marie Miguel wIn hud orlg
hkltm of different kinds are else suspended
uuitshdt to keep out thin snow and cold In the
urn mor the hardy natives leave their holes
teristlee pt Columbus ai described by those IV
k who personality knew him this seems there We come Lotto portrait which Ws effected In 1051 occurred the first oxer king by the Polish ruler who remained ac- ¬ eiutlos was not to depend on a majority but heath been a laiindruts hilt was then widow and hive In omit houses made of poles r
foallotlto Clle of the LlberumVeto which was to prove cordingly a duke It wa not until 1205 that must Imply unanimity- ot the Manclul du Illopltn trudod strange
nearathand on the edgeof theclllT
k tore u lilting pUc eJn which lo transcribe the Is supposed painted for a Vene

J
t descrlptloniioflhtfAdmlralloltbyltiterMartrr
LOvIedo Las CapaiAuilKerdlnand Columbus or
boOr ll wai
tilt
tan Senator
hav
a
tbo Instance of the Secretary
Venetian Ambassador to Spain who la
compiled the Historic pub 1501 is said to have been In Intimate com- ¬
an ruinous the State Four years later broke
out tho war with Sweden In tho course of
which the Swedish King took Warsaw and
meow TWO years afterward the elector of
Vzomyslaw reconstituted Poland
I a king- With tho death of Alexander we emerge The next grvit name and possibly one
dom without troubling hlmsolf to secure tho from the medummvahpemiod nnd It U worth while should say Ithe greatest nainu In Polish hit
permission the Pope About 1112 Cracow tonolo how Poland stood toward the Beforoio tory Is that nf John Sohleskl who reigned
became tho capital and the centre of the na I Ion thesrowth of the burgher clasa nod other from 1074 to lilitt ifs was tborn In 1020 this
Thesa people are Usually an strong
and vigorous as can bo found anywhirr
Moreover they are entirely contented und as
happy as people In any nf the great cities of
America They have no government Inu
chief and no need of laws Living In families
fished tinder It will be observed munication with Columbus Granada This
that only ono olbe four asserts that Coluin is undoubtedly a beautiful picture In It the
Irandenburg was reloasod from tbe feudal
tonal life The early part of the fourteenth of factors of modern history At tho beginning son of the Castellan of Cracow It was the nnd setting forth errr lay IIn their kinks for
y busworq in beard obligations which iu Duke of Prussia ha witnessed the rise of the Lithuanian the modern epoch we find tier governed by great victor nhifh hu gained over the Turks the whale seal and walrus they return cacti
ut anr period qf hits lead of Columbus Is uncovered the hair Is tight tottheIr caves or polo tents caring noth
Veter iliirtrr iaVa the Admiral was a lie
white and falls almost to the shoulder It Is
owed to Poland To the latter year of the principality which wo subsequently to be In- ¬ an oligarchy of nobles who are continually on- atChorln In lU7ltht cautnl him to be chosen Inc for HIP outside world
I tall fnturf ruddy color well built and ct parted In the middle and the face Is clean
same century belongs the reign of John Ho
ileskl famous for bis rescue of Vienna but
corporated with Poland In 1333
reign of Caslmlr III to whom
began the croachlngupou the pownrof time Crown There King by hut IHet held ut Warraw In the fo
countrymen is no national middle class th burgher Ito owing ear Two oir later ho was obliged
slid to relate huwoyer the prestige of time
native In determined br the clotlxs lie wears
1 good
II
elrncu Ovledo speaks him as a haven ns Is the case with the portraits
al f-
whose conduct In peace was by no means gave the appellation of the hi
and also that Germans or Jews or Armenians tie peas-
As timer consist of skins and constitute tIme
wealth of this islander It will be seen that
f Man llt flands lot tall rather thin the discoverer which any claim A- comparable with war In 1720 of the Peasants King Under his rule the ma
to encounter a second invasIon of theTurks In
¬

antry have lost ni their privileges anti conjunction with the Tatars and although ho they are not In hue respect so munh unllto-
the hlllro1111 union ot the
Of medium size ot vigorous build with brll Uhentlclty The Admiral Iis clothed iu a low
r llant ryes anti well proportioned us to Ihe rest necked white shirt without collar with a red tool place tonal prosperity ol the country was augment- ¬ ate bound to soil with no power could but muster 200OO men lie managed to hllled people But the man with more
I and Latin churches and about duty ed Commerce developed and Cracow anti of resisting the tyranny or caprice make hind against his nsMllintu mind to con lollies than anybody else has no moreau-
of bin fare eryred hair and with taco some- ¬ or scarlet coat which Is almost concealed by- hnrlty Hu Is respected for his sagacity but-
what ruddy and freckled gracious 1 when he an ample mantle with fur lapels somewhiatlik roars later the first partition ol Poland was antzlo became members of the Hanseatlo of thor toasters No national literature cluden troitv by which part of the Ukraine and t
wanted to bo so lull of Ire when his pas accomplished The dates 1703 and 1705 mark League Wo also begin to hear ot Warsaw has as yet been developed such authors 18I odolla wore rocoxorod For thin moment In llttlx tins been known of the Islanders tutu
ertu Tor a great many years after tIlt whaj
ious were loused Las Casas describes hint Ibol
as1 follow AH to his exterior person
corporal proportions ho wu tall rather than hart copied from
exhibited In the Yanez portrait before
the additions made by an Inexpert restorer
and were removed In tho right hand he holds
by De
tha anti In
lunch
I
ho second and third partitions sitter which
the only notable Incidents are
lon ol the Duchy of Warsaw the of the
kingdom of Poland and the two Polish Incur
crea
which

thl
I destined ultimately to become the had appeared worn eccltffclattlcs und wrote IM deed tie Turks wvie disposed to heave Poland
caPital The father of Caflmlr had convoked latiim In tho rilsn of Klglsmund I hmrovnr-
first known flier It consisted ot princes
prelates barons anti knights Caslmlr him
15071MBi Poland durlvej
I
In ptaec lor they wero Preparing for the Unit
certain liiftru IniiiMlon nf Aiistrh
rom the astronomer Copernicus who wits n cltynf Vlcmnii
l uhusn I rie wits to ho Ilie
ore had Ifi Ping lo llehrlng Straits and this
groat M ICMII mcI It wits iifipo > ed the humps
irown P U was iinlnlinlillrd
I
It WHO IILou-
learon I IIho KIM nnd about It nothnc UH lo
i
ho seen IT heard evrept tlio liar of the waves
I

v1 Inglundluni Tho famous siege lies often

pf sjzo the face long und command
aquiline note light eyes complexion lair
4 Ivndlngloadftspred The beard end hair when
Ii waa a young man were fair but very soon from life as It was first
left an hour
labeled
te
rlltolo
which lod upon a
The map Itself IIs eon
Ihl picture was not taken
published In 1508 two
octlons in 1830 and 1800 During the
years of their national history the
more than oar ml took the quarter from
which danger
0 self In 1304 tried to found a university at Crl native of Thorn
cow but tho uttempt did not succeed and for mation soon made tholr appearance In Poland
I
lie doctrines of this llcfor

sometime longer the Polish youth lepalred and at first Hlglimund temporized with the same year when Fobloll lmlnc arrived
boen doicrlbnl Wu will only mention lint It
lasted from July 14 1UX1 to Sept 12 nf the
anI tlit Hilril cries nfI ttho wild funI IFinally
I

Column HUH discerned mokea c ndlne from time

IherMilflol this cliff
A landing wn made anti there tIme islanders
I

t turned white on account of his manr tolls

finally In his person and venerable peoth- seven years subsequent to uar
after tho death of Columbus or six or
to be feared
deadly enemies were not tho Swedes on
Their for education to the University ot Prague U powerful faction which had adopted Luther
was reserved for Queen Jadwlga and her hue nlsm
from Cracow fell upon the Turks and beat
In 1524 his nephew Albert the them in a desperate battle It Is to be noted
were found They said they cal their tone
fathers had been there always and that time
knew no other world though they tied heard
or 1602 the north or th Turks on the south
i4rlstts4 appearance the portrait Is alleged 101have been bue Ladlslaus to carry out the planof Cas Grand Master of the Teutonlo Kntghta and tnatSobleskl tied very little predilection for that there was one This was onlr a dozen

eroJ Ill
th of ons of pOll when
fea and anthorltr and worthy of
arvr mad To attempt of Mr J
0 V- Ote
as they sometimes Imagined but the Germans
W land thBttMtai on ta
XI
Wa should mention that la 1340 the Jl
tLehiiaflty of Guide hstl twin
ut-
ruleof eastern
>
accepted the Luth
t the
rooW- holu
Austria aad that his rscu of Vienna was due
to tti
tnflusne of his Funch wU It I
years ago Since then the whalers hay kept
an eye out for them for they liked the genet
u natlTti whpjhpjrd nuar Kood trait

l
al j JI L