CIVL 6078 Rock Engineering

Lecture 1 Introduction To Rock Engineering CIVL6078 (September 2009) Different Classes of Problems in Rock Engineering

Areas of Application in Rock Mechanics: Rock Slope Engineering Foundation on Rock Rock Fall Hazard Tunnelling in Rock Cavern in Rock Blasting in Rock Mining in Rock Bursting in Rock Areas Require Fundamental Principles in Rock Mechanics: In-site Stresses Rock Mass Properties Joint Properties Stress Strain Behavior Stabilization Measures: Rock Bolts, Cables, Buttresses, Shotcrete Seepage in Rock
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Rock Slope Engineering

Data on Debris Mobility for Different Mechanisms and Scales of Landslides in Hong Kong 3

Landslides in tributary of Yangtze River, July 2003

Highly Weathered Soft Shale Stone

Inter-bedded Sandstone and Shale Stone

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Highly Fractured Rock Slides

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Visible scar on the unstable slope at Mount Toc

Mound of debris

The Vajont dam during impounding of the reservoir

During the filling of the Vajont reservoir the toe of the slope on Mount Toc was submerged and this precipitated a slide. The very rapid descent of the slide material displaced the water in the reservoir causing a 100 m high wave to overtop the dam wall. The dam itself was largely undamaged.

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The town of Longarone, located downstream of the Vajont dam, before the Mount Toc failure in October 1963.

The remains of the town of Longarone after the flood caused by the overtopping of the Vajont dam as a result of the Mount Toc failure. More than 2000 persons were killed in this flood.

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A wedge failure controlled by intersecting structural features in the rock mass forming the bench of an open pit mine.

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Extensive Rock Mapping after Accident

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Risk of Large Wedge formed by Sheeting Joints

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Evaluation of Rock Joint Properties of Sheeting Joints

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Rock Fall Hazard

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Comparison between risks of fatalities due to rockfalls with published and proposed acceptable risk criteria.

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Societal Risk Criteria Unacceptable ALARP Acceptable

Comparisons of International Risk Guidelines, GEO Report No. 80

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Temporary and Permanent Rock Fall Barrier

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The Importance of Structurally Controlled Instability must be Recognized Geological Data Collection

Cocla Geological Stratum compass

Plot of structural features

Tectronic 4000 Geological data collector

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Physical Access is Difficult and Risky

Joint

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Use of Photogrammetry Technique is Possible for Joint Mapping

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Scanner or

Definition of fracture orientation parameters in geology

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Foundation in Rock

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Rock Mass Classification

Barton (1989)

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Tunnels and Underground Excavation in Rock

Relative size of the opening to the jointing system Transition from isotropic intact rock specimen to highly anisotropic rock mass (controlled by joints) to isotropic heavily jointed rock mass 45

Two-dimensional finite element analysis of the underground opening Stress Problem

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Stress Path Dependent Problem

Two-dimensional finite element analysis of the power and transformer caverns.

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Kinematic and Geological Boundary Dependent Problem

Whittaker and Frith (1990)

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Analysis of Wedge Structural Joint Control

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Rock Joint Properties

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Tunnelling in Rock

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Hughes (2002)

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Hughes (2002)

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Hughes (2002)

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Smooth Circular Lined Water Supply Tunnel to: Reduce hydraulic friction losses Withstand high internal pressure for hydroelectric project Prevent contamination from groundwater ingress

Pakianathan (2002)

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EPB 1200 - 2600 MUCK SKIP

A
1 8 9 11 15 10 17 12 16 7 3 2 4 6 5

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A
1

B A-A
12 8 5 13 14 15

C B-B
16 11 18 12 10

C-C

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1 Cutting wheel 2 Excavation chamber 3 Main drive shaft 4 Gearbox assembly 5 Electric drive motor

6 Screw conveyor 7 Screw conveyor drive 8 Steering cylinder 9 Articulation seal 10 Hydraulic tank

11 Electric motor 12 Main electric panel 13 ELS Laser target 14 Telescopic cylinder 15 Gate valve

16 Screw conveyor discharge 17 Hydraulic winch 18 Muck skip

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Starting Point Mixshield Mode

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Gate Opennow in EPB Mode

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Construction of Shatin Heights Tunnel Drill and Blast

Eagle Nest Tunnel Site Formation

Shatin Heights Tunnel

RC Full Enclosure & Approaches

Two Portal Buildings

Toll Plaza

Slip-Road Bridges
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Northbound Southbound

SHT Details: Dual Three-lane 1km long 10 Cross-passages (100m c/c) Opening Size: Span 19m, Height 11m Full face area: ~ 160 sq. m

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Horseshoe Area =

Coarse-grained GRANITE with local intrusion of Basalt and Rhyolite dykes (typically 2m thk., with sharp boundary) Mantle of weathered rock (thk. = 5-55m) Typical Joint Characteristics: closely to medium spaced, rough stepped planar, extremely narrow with surface staining Lai Chi Kok-Tolo Channel Fault sub-parallel to SHT Subvertical Minor Fault to cut across SHT (Dip/Strike: 80/300-350)

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 Northbound Tunnel

Typically Grade II Granite (occasional Grade III) Typical rock cover 30-50m (Shallow rock cover <6m at Portals) Local weak zones (20-30m wide) GWL typically at R/H level (GWL at tunnel invert at portal)

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Top Bench Top Heading & Bench (from South) Full face Top heading allow easy access for roof support, limit opening size

Pilot

Pilot and Stopping (from North) More Sensitive receivers (charge weight limited, tunnel advancement limited) Pilot tunneling as exploration

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Blasting Work Cycle

Setting-out + Profile survey Probe Drilling Blast Hole Drilling, Charging & stemming Firing/detonation Ventilation/dust removal Scaling/Mucking Installation of Temporary Support

(Waterproofing works and Permanent Lining works to be carried out after certain advancement of tunnel excavation)

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 Blast Hole Drilling

Computerised 3-boom Jumbo

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 Charging

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 Stemming Firing/detonation
Delayed blasting to minimize vibration

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 Firing/detonation
Blast Screen Blast Door

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 Installation of Temporary Support Shotcrete embedding steel

arch and filling gap between rock face and arch

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Luk Hop Village Shell Petrol Station

CLP Pylon

Woodcrest Hill

Keng Hau Road Residential WSD TUNNELS and Water Treatment Plant

Garden Villa Slopes and Utilities along Tai Po Road

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Structures and Utilities Assessment based on Condition Inspection, published guidelines and consultation with affected owners/operators
Structure/Utility Buildings* CLP Pylon WSD Tunnel WSD watermain Tai Po Road and associated services Max PPV (mm/s) 25 25 13 25 25 Reference General Specs vol.1 General Specs vol.1 Set by WSD Set by WSD General Specs vol.1

*for Keng Hau Road residential and Luk Hop Village, a conservative limit of 5mm/s and 10mm/s respectively has been adopted.

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Estimation of Allowable Charge Weight per Delay (W) Empirical Vibration Attenuation Equation (United States Bureau of Mines) PPV = K {D/ sq. rt (W)}^A
where PPV = Peak Particle Velocity (mm/s) D = distance between the blast and the receiver W = Allowable Charge Weight per Delay K & A = Site specific variables

Based on Data from Mines & Quarries Division (GEO), K = 1032 & A = -1.22 (95% confidence level) Site Specific K & A to be verified from Trial Blast results by regression analysis with continuous refinement during Production Blast

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 Air Overpressure
Empirical Equation (United States Bureau of Mines) Pa (kPa) = K (D/W^A)^B,
where A = -0.33, B = -1.1, K = 2.49 Pa = 120 dB Human discomfort Pa = 140 dB structural damage

Pa > 120 dB not expected

Charge Weight controlled by vibration Blast Door to confine sound wave

But Pa can be influenced by weather and disturbance subjective to human perception Air overpressure monitored at residential areas

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Level Alert

% PPV limit 50%

Action Frequency of monitoring to be increased

Alarm

80%

Blast Effect to be reviewed & Blast Design to be agreed Blast ceased, no work until approved Mitigation Measures implemented

Action

100%

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Is Rock Mechanics a Science or an Art?

Science Art

0% 100%

25% 75%

50% 50%

75% 25%

100% 0%

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