1

Lecture 8B
Flow and Seepage Around Tunnel
Case Study
Drawdown and Settlement Measured at 1.5 km away from the SSDS Stage I Tunnel C
(A Perspective from the Hydro-geological Modeling)
2
SSDS (now renamed as HATS) Stage I Tunnel Route
SSDS = Strategic Sewage
Disposal Scheme
HATS = Harbor Area
Treatment Scheme
Tunnel C
Direction of Flow
3
Close-up view of Study Area
Study Area:
TKO Town
Center
TKO Industrial Estate
MTRC Depot
MTRC Tunnels
Tunnel C
4
Study Area
Close-up view of Study Area
5
Dec. 1999 TKO Industrial Estate
MTRC Depot
6
Nov. 1992
N
Oct. 1994 July 1995
Nov. 1996
June 1999 May 1997 May 1998
Approx. location of reference point at seawall
Aerial Photos (at different scale)
of Study Area
7
Jan. 92
Oct. 92
Feb. 88
Early 99
Feb. 95
Jan. 96
Dec. 97
Different Stages of Reclamation
8
Different Phases of Development after Reclaimed
9
May 98-
Oct. 99
Mid 96-
Sept. 98
Mid 96-
Oct. 99
Mar. 98-
Nov. 00
Nov. 99-
Nov. 00
Jun. 98-
Oct. 99
Oct. 99-
Nov. 00
Different Phases of Preloading Mounds
at Major Roads
10
Illustrative Sketch of Pre-consolidation Method
11
Marine Deposit Predominantly Dredged at Seawall
CONTRACT NO. TK40/94 - SETTLEMENT MARKER PS18
-1500
-1300
-1100
-900
-700
-500
-300
-100
100
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2
Unusual Settlement observed since Feb. 1999
13
Distinguish amount of settlement
due to reclamation/preloading
and amount of settlement due to
dewatering
:Graphical method by MCAL
using Asaokas curve fitting
technique (Asaoka, A. 1978.
Observation procedure of
settlement prediction. Soils and
Foundations, vol. 18, no. 4, Dec.,
pp. 87-101.)
14
Unusual Settlement observed at many other points
since Feb. 1999
15
Solid Geology at TKO
16
Borehole
Many Boreholes available at Study Area
17
Many Boreholes available at Study Area
from different Developments
18
FILL
MARINE DEPOSIT
ALLUVIAL
CLAY
CDV/HDV
ROCK
ALLUVIAL SAND
Detailed Geological Sections A-A from MCALs report
carried out for TDD
19
Marine Mud Piez. Elev.
Alluvium Piez. Elev.
Rock Piez. Elev.
CDV Piez. Elev.
Notice:
1. High pore pressure in Marine Deposit not dissipating with time
2. High and low pore pressure in Alluvium
3. Low pore pressure in CDV and Rock
4. Low pore pressure in Alluvium, CDV and Rock already reached
steady state 12 months after drawdown
5. Difficult to separate settlement contributed by preloading mound
and drawdown
First piezometric levels at different layers were not
available until Feb. 2000 (12 months since drawdown
first started)
20
New contractor appointed in Jan. 1998. 1000 188 188 Dec. 96 Dec. 96
Breakthrough at Kwun Tong on 9
th
Nov. 1999. 6300-6000 5332 3300 Nov. 99 July 99
Rennies Mill fault encountered and extensive grouting carried out to stabilize ground and to reduce inflow. 5900-6200 3300 3200 July 99 June 99
Excavation continues with periodic post grouting. 6200-5800 3200 2300 June 99 May 99
Inflow maintains at high level. 6800-7200 2300 1700 May 99 Apr. 99
Inflow maintains at high level. 5600-7210 1700 1442 Mar. 99 Mar. 99
Inflow reduced on 15
th
March 1999 after grouting and excavation resumed. 5300-6025 1442 1442 Mar. 99 Mar. 99
Fault encountered at Ch. 1442 on 5
th
March 1999. Fault zone contains clay gouge and open fissures.
Water inflow exceeds 10,000 l/min and excavation stopped for grouting
10435 (daily
short peak)
1442 1442 Mar. 99 Mar. 99
Inflow gradually increases. 1500-6500 1441 1290 Mar. 99 Feb. 99
Inflow gradually increases. 3700-4500 1290 961 Feb. 99 Feb. 99
Tunneling through blocky tuff. Water inflow increased. 1900-3735 961 661 Feb. 99 Jan. 99
New v-notch installed 1400-1500 611 605 Jan. 99 Jan. 99
A fault was encountered at Ch. 605 in Dec. 1998.
V-notch removed for sump excavation and therefore no accurate water inflow measurement.
700-1200 605 211 Dec. 98 Sept. 98
TBM trial cut between Ch. 188-Ch. 211 600-1000 211 188 July 98 May 98
Post grouting carried out in June/July 1996 and water inflow reduced in Dec. 1996. 1100 188 188 Dec. 96 July 96
Excavation by TBM. Tunnel was wet between Ch. 145 and 164.
Contractor stopped work at Ch. 188 on June 1996 because of dispute.
200-1400 188 50 June 96 Jan. 96
Excavation by Drill and Blast method. 50-200 50 28 Nov. 95 Sept. 95
Excavation by Drill and Blast method. Fault encountered and grouted. 50 28 0 Sept. 95 Aug. 95
To From To From
Major Events: Water Inflow
measured at
Shaft
(l/min)
Chainage (m) Date
Chronological events of Tunnel C intersecting fault at Ch. 1442 in Feb. 1999
21
4 holes were drilled for pre-grouting at chainage 1436m. Water ingress from holes ranged from 15 60 l/min.
The concentration of water found to be in lower right hand half of tunnel face. Total water ingress between 8248
8407 l/min.
6 March 1999
Sealing up of rock joints and leakage gaps at tunnel face carried out. Post grouting carried out between chainage
1370 1382m. Total water ingress between 8407 8901 l/min.
5 March 1999
5 holes drilled and grouted between chainage 1435.5m 1436m. Water ingress from holes ranged from 30 - 80
l/min. The concentration of water found to be in lower half of tunnel face. Total water ingress between 8407
8947 l/min.
4 March 1999
Day shift production achieved 7.6m advance to Ch. 1442.8m before large water ingress was hit at 7 oclock
position. Total water ingress 10435 l/min at end of shift.
Post grouting carried out between chainage 1370.3 1381.3m. Total water ingress between 8142 8407 l/min. 7 March 1999
32m check holes were drilled at chainage 1428m at approximately 10 oclock position and at chainage 1427.3m
at approximately 2 oclock position, 40 l/min and 52 l/min recorded respectively. Holes subsequently grouted.
3 March 1999
Night shift production achieved 2.8m advance to Ch. 1435.0m. Total water ingress 7108 l/min. 32m check hole
drilled at chainage 1427.3m, 52 l/min recorded. Post grouting carried out.
Probe holes at 2 oclock and 10 oclock encountered significant water inflow (270 l/min and 290 l/min
respectively) from around Ch. 1442m. Hole subsequently grouted. Additional holes drilled confirmed the
location of a feature at Ch. 1442. Total water ingress is 6608 l/min at 09:30 and 5415 l/min at 18:00.
2 March 1999
Night shift production achieved 19.7m advance to Ch. 1432.0m. Total water ingress between 5415 6121 l/min.
Probe hole at 2 oclock encountered significant water inflow (400 l/min) around Ch. 1427m. Hole subsequently
grouted.
1 March 1999
Night shift production achieved 11.5m advance to Ch. 1403.9m. Total water ingress between 5883 6121 l/min.
Probe hole at 10 oclock encountered significant water inflow (400 l/min) from around Ch. 1407m. Hole
subsequently grouted.
27 February 1999
Event Date
Detailed encounter of Tunnel C when intersecting fault at Ch. 1442
22
The four check holes drilled on 16 March 1999 were grouted between 9 10am. The water ingress in the holes
ranged from 20 67 l/min. The Engineers representative decided that the large water ingress at chainage 1442.8
have been effectively controlled allowing cutting activity to take place later during the day shift.
Day shift production achieved 8m advance to Ch. 1450.8m. Total water ingress between 5554 6026 l/min.
16 March 1999
1 hole was drilled and grouted at chainage 1435m, water ingress form hole approximately 200 l/min. 2 additional
check holes were drilled at chainage 1434.4m with a water ingress of 20 67 l/min. Total water ingress between
5415 5554 l/min.
15 March 1999
Post grouting carried out in re-drilled holes between chainage 1435.5 1436m. Water ingress from holes ranged
from 20 600 l/min. Total water ingress between 5415 5507 l/min.
13 March 1999
Post grouting carried out between chainage 1377.4 1385m. Total water ingress between 5415 5507 l/min.
5 holes were drilled and grouted between chainage 1435.5m 1436m. Water ingress from holes ranged from 15
600 l/min. A hole at the tunnel face was also grouted, water ingress estimated at 1000 l/min. Total water ingress
between 5507 7108 l/min.
12 March 1999
Sealing up of rock joints and leakage gaps at tunnel face carried out. Additional outlet pipe installed on tunnel
face to divert water. 3 holes grouted at chainage 1436, water ingress ranged from 0 30 l/min. Total water
ingress between 7007 7260 l/min.
11 March 1999
Drilled through 3 formally grouted holes between chainage 1435.5 1436m at approximately 8 oclock position.
Water ingress from holes ranges from 20 - 600 l/min. Total water ingress between 7007 7619 l/min.
10 March 1999
7 holes were drilled and grouted between chainage 1435.5m 1436m concentrating at chainage 1442.8m. Water
ingress from holes ranged from 15 60 l/min with the exception of a hole at 7 oclock position which had an
estimated ingress of 1000 l/min. A mix of OPC cement and sodium silicate was used to grout holes. Maximum
grouting pressure at 60 bars. Total water ingress between 7108 8142 l/min.
9 March 1999
Installation of grout pipes, packers and water plugs at tunnel face carried out. Post grouting carried out at
chainage 1377.4m. Total water ingress between 7872 8407 l/min.
8 March 1999
Event Date
23
1. In total the water control measures taken at this feature took 12 days,
with a total of 46 holes drilled and grouted before re-starting the TBM
excavation.
2. Immediately after the advance of the TBM to the feature, the average
total water ingress into the tunnel increased by approximately 3000 l/min
to a maximum of approximately 9000 l/min.
3. This unexpected increase in water ingress initially caused minor flooding
in the tunnel which was immediately reduced upon the installation of
additional pumps.
4. The feature itself consisted of approximately 2m of weak very weak
gouge material lying in a transverse direction to the tunnel alignment.
5. In total 5 sets of steel arches were installed at the this location for ground
stabilisation purposes.
Summary of works carried out on Tunnel C when intersecting fault at Ch. 1442
24
Plot of Fault Zones
encountered along different
chainages
25
Ch. 1440
Ch. 1467.2
Ch. 1500
Ch. 1582.4
Wet constant dripping
Single joints with disintegrated rock up to 50 mm
200 to 300 mm wide band of highly fractured
sugar cube structure
Wet/pressurized
Mineralized zone 300 mm vary weathering
Extremely mineralized and weathered zone,
washed out
Fault zone 45/037
Very wet pressurized 500 l/min from face
Detailed description of fault zone at Ch. 1442
26
Northerly direction
27
Distinguish amount of settlement
due to reclamation/preloading
and amount of settlement due to
dewatering
:Graphical method by MCAL
using Asaokas curve fitting
technique (Asaoka, A. 1978.
Observation procedure of
settlement prediction. Soils and
Foundations, vol. 18, no. 4, Dec.,
pp. 87-101.)
28
1
st
stage Preloading
2
nd
stage Preloading
Decision point to remove
preloading mound
Secondary
Consolidation
Secondary
Consolidation
Time delay due
to drawdown
Consolidation
due to
drawdown
completed
Preloading Mound can be
removed once primary
consolidation is completed
29
Distinguish amount of settlement
due to reclamation/preloading
and amount of settlement due to
dewatering
:Analytical method by MCAL
using conventional 1-D
consolidation theory
v v
m H s
'
=
30
Tunnel Inflow (L/min)
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000
Chainage
L
/
m
i
n
Min. Inflow on Day Max. Inflow on Day
Re duction of
2000 l/min due
to 1s t s ta ge
lining a nd
grouting a t
Re nnie s Mill
71 l/min in
Rennie's Mill Fault
(aft er grout ing)
31
Strategic Sewage Disposal Scheme Stage 1
DC/96/17 - Completion works for Transfer System from CW to KT and from TKO to KT
Water Inflow in Tunnel C
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
2
3
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Date
W
a
t
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r

p
u
m
p
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o
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t
o

s
u
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f
a
c
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(
L
i
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r
/
m
i
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)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
C
h
a
i
n
a
g
e

(
m
)
Water Inflow Reading Tunnel Excavation In-situ concrete lining construction
Tunnel Excavation
1st
stage
Invert
concrete
Final stage in-situ
concrete lining
Grouting and repairing of the
in-situ concrete lining
Crossing water
features at Ch. 1440
Crossing Rennie's
Mill Fault
32
Strategic Sewage Disposal Scheme Stage 1
DC/96/17 - Completion works for Transfer System from CW to KT and from TKO to KT
Water Inflow in Tunnel C
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
2
3
-
J
a
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9
9
1
4
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9
9
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2
2
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Date
W
a
t
e
r

p
u
m
p
e
d

o
u
t

t
o

s
u
r
f
a
c
e

(
L
i
t
e
r
/
m
i
n
)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
C
h
a
i
n
a
g
e

(
m
)
Water Inflow Reading Tunnel Excavation
Tunnel Excavation
1st
stage
Invert
concrete
Final stage in-situ
concrete lining
Grouting and repairing of the
in-situ concrete lining
Crossing water
features at Ch. 1440
Crossing Rennie's
Mill Fault
5
10
15
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

C
h
a
n
g
e

i
n


F
l
o
w

R
a
t
e

(
L
/
m
i
n
/
m
)
20
25
6.8
9.8
Average Change in Inflow in L/min/m
20.6
26.7
7.0
10.4
12.2
8.9
5.0
1.3
1.0
33
1.0
1.3
5.0
8.9
12.2
10.4
7.0
26.7
(peak)
20.6
9.8
6.8
No reading
Change in Flow Rate based on Average
Daily Flow
(l/min/m)
9 Oct. 1999
8 Sept. 1999
10 Nov. 1999
7 August 1999
6 July 1999
5 June 1999
4 May 1999
3 April 1999
2 March 1999
1 Feb. 1999
0 Jan 1999
Before 23 Jan
99
Time since Drawdown for Seepage
Modeling
(month)
Date
34
Piezometer locations used in
hydro-geological modeling
35
Settlement and piezometer
locations not used adjacent to
preloading mounds
36
Overall Mesh: 3884 elements (4-node quadratic elements), 4039 nodes
37 Check Initial Pore Water Pressure Contour
38
K for all material = 1.0000e-006 m/s
Run Steady State Analysis and compare with Closed Form
Solution for infinite recharge
39
Q = 3.9579e-6 m
3
/s x
60000 l/min x 1 side =
0.237 l/min
Run Steady State Analysis and compare
with Closed Form Solution
40
( ) m l m s m x
x
x x
Q min/ / 208 . 0 / / 10 474 . 3 75 . 45 132
2000 2
1 10 1
132
75 . 45 132
27 . 0 73 . 0
3 6 2 2
6
= =
(

|
.
|

\
|

+ =

41
Run Transient State Analysis for
Homogeneous Material to obtain a
reasonable time step
42
Even for Homogeneous Material, the
behavior of groundwater drop is very
different if water level is maintained at 2
mPD for fill under marine environment
K for all material = 1.0000e-006 m/s
43
In the presence of low permeability of marine deposit, the
groundwater drop is significantly changed even at steady
state condition. Once all the boundary conditions are
satisfied, refining the parameters to match the measured
pore water pressure at different layers can be carried out
44
Right Boundary
(Infinite Recharge)
Constant TH
Bottom Boundary
No Flow
Fill under water
Constant TH=2 mPD
Left Boundary
(Symmetry)
No Flow
Circular Hole and
Flux Section
Hole (TH=EH+PH)
PH=0 for Inflow into
Opening
Boundary Conditions
45
Different Element, Different Properties
Measured TH at Piezometer Location
Total Head
Piezometer Installed Location
46
1 month
2 month
3 month
47
4.0000e-008
4.0000e-005
1.0000e-008
1.0000e-007
3.4000e-010
1.0000e-010
1.0000e-006
Permeability
K
x
(m/s)
50
0.1
1
1
1
1
1
K
ratio
=K
y
/K
x
0.0000e+000
0.0000e+000
1.4000e-004
9.5000e-005
2.1000e-004
0.0000e+000
(no drop in pore
pressure)
0.0000e+000
(no drop in pore
pressure)
Coefficient of
Volume
Compressibility
1.0000e-001
1.0000e-001
1.1000e+000
5.0000e-001
1.2500e+000
1.4500e+000
6.5000e-001
Volumetric
Water Content
Fill
Grouting
Rock
CDV
Alluvial
Sand
Alluvial
Clay
Marine
Deposit
Material
48
After 3 months of high flow,
change element around the
hole to have the grouting
properties
Run analysis for 15 months
to give a total of 18 months
since drawdown to prepare
the piezometric file for
settlement calculation
49
Close-up view of grouted
elements
50
Bottom Boundary
Roller
Free Boundary at
Opening
Initial water table at 2 mPD
Right Boundary
Roller
Left Boundary
(Symmetry)
Roller
Boundary Condition for Stress and Deformation Analysis
51
Recall initial
stress file and
apply load-
deformation
analysis to linear
elastic material
Create Initial Stress File for Consolidation Analysis
52
Total Head Contour 3 months after drawdown (Ungrouted)
53
Total Head Contour 3 months after drawdown (Ungrouted) Zoom In of
left half mesh
54
Total Head Contour 3 months after drawdown (Ungrouted) Zoom In of
right half mesh
55
Total Head Contour 12 months after drawdown (after grouted)
56
Total Head Contour 12 months after drawdown (grouted) Zoom In of left half mesh
57
Total Head Contour 12 months after drawdown (grouted) Zoom In of middle mesh
58
Total Head Contour 12 months after drawdown (grouted) Zoom In of right half mesh
59
9 months after grouted
12 months after drawdown
First Measured-Modelled
Piezometer Measured Modelled Difference
mPD mPD m
BH14 CDV -38 -42 4
Rock -69 -52 -17
BH18 Rock -52 -49 -3
BH12 Alluvial Sand -26 -32 6
CDV -39 -39 0
Rock -46 -44 -2
BH2 Rock -47 -41 -6
BH9 CDV -31 -30 -1
Rock -44 -44 0
BH10 CDV -32 -30 -2
Rock -45 -39 -6
BH7 Alluvial Sand -27 -27 0
Rock -37 -35 -2
BH1 Alluvial Sand -30 -22 -8
CDV -37 -28 -9
Rock -38 -32 -6
BH3 CDV -30 -26 -4
Rock -31 -27 -4
BH4 Alluvial Clay -12 -7 -5
Alluvial Sand -15 -16 1
CDV -17 -20 3
BH20 Alluvial Clay -7 0 -7
BH22 CDV -18 -20 2
BH23 Alluvial Clay -6 -10 4
Alluvial Sand -5 -14 9
CDV -8 -18 10
BH24 Alluvial Clay -6 -2 -4
CDV -9 -14 5
Rock -18 -17 -1
BH16 Alluvial Clay -9 0 -9
CDV -5 -12 7
CDV -16 -15 -1
BH26 Alluvial Sand -2 -7 5
CDV -1 -10 9
BH29 Marine Clay 1 1 0
BH30 Marine Clay 1 1 0
Avg -0.9
Comparisons between
measured piezometric levels
and modeled piezometric
levels:
Average difference in
piezometric levels is less than
1 mPD
60
Run uncoupled
consolidation analysis
to determine
settlement after
satisfied with pore
water pressure
(drawdown)
61
0.0000e+000
0.0000e+000
1.4000e-004
9.5000e-005
2.1000e-004
0.0000e+000
(no drop in pore pressure)
0.0000e+000
(no drop in pore pressure)
Coefficient of Volume
Compressibility
M
v
0.33
0.33
0.3
0.3
0.35
0.42
0.33
Poissons
ratio
Linear
Linear
Linear
Linear
Linear
Linear
Linear
Elastic
2e+007
2e+007
7142
10526
4762
2326
10526
Young
Modulus
(1/M
v
)
kPa
Fill
Grouting
Rock
CDV
Alluvial
Sand
Alluvial
Clay
Marine
Deposit
Material
62
Sensitivity of Rock Permeability to Flow
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
45.00
50.00
0.0E+00 1.0E-05 2.0E-05 3.0E-05 4.0E-05 5.0E-05 6.0E-05 7.0E-05 8.0E-05
Permeability of Rock (m/s)
F
l
o
w

i
n
t
o

T
u
n
n
e
l

(
l
/
m
i
n
/
m
)
1 month Kratio=10
2 month Kratio=10
3 month Kratio=10
4 month Kratio=10
1 month Kratio=1
2 month Kratio=1
3 month Kratio=1
4 month Kratio=1
1 month Kratio=0.1
2 month Kratio=0.1
3 month Kratio=0.1
4 month Kratio=0.1
Based on measured inflow, the
permeability of the fault zone
should rest in this region
63
Transient Flow without Grouting
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
0 5 10 15 20
Time since Drawdown (month)
F
l
o
w

i
n
t
o

T
u
n
n
e
l

(
l
/
m
i
n
/
m
)
Rock Kx=4E-5 m/s
Kratio=0.1
If grouting had not been carried
out, inflow would have been
much higher than 17 l/min/m
64
Transient Flow after Grouting
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
0 5 10 15 20
Time since Drawdown (month)
F
l
o
w

i
n
t
o

T
u
n
n
e
l

(
l
/
m
i
n
/
m
)Rock Kx=4E-5 m/s Kratio=0.1
Concrete Kx=1E-8m/sKratio=100
Concrete Kx=2E-8m/sKratio=100
Concrete Kx=3E-8m/sKratio=100
Concrete Kx=4E-8m/sKratio=100
Concrete Kx=5E-8m/sKratio=100
Concrete Kx=6E-8m/sKratio=100
Concrete Kx=7E-8m/sKratio=100
Transient Flow after Grouting
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
0 5 10 15 20
Time since Drawdown (month)
F
l
o
w

i
n
t
o

T
u
n
n
e
l

(
l
/
m
i
n
/
m
)
Rock Kx=4E-5 m/s Kratio=0.1
Concrete Kx=1E-8m/sKratio=50
Concrete Kx=2E-8m/sKratio=50
Concrete Kx=3E-8m/sKratio=50
Concrete Kx=4E-8m/sKratio=50
Concrete Kx=5E-8m/sKratio=50
Concrete Kx=6E-8m/sKratio=50
Concrete Kx=7E-8m/sKratio=50
Transient Flow after Grouting
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
0 5 10 15 20
Time since Drawdown (month)
F
l
o
w

i
n
t
o

T
u
n
n
e
l

(
l
/
m
i
n
/
m
)
Rock Kx=4E-5 m/s Kratio=0.1
Concrete Kx=1E-8m/sKratio=1
Concrete Kx=2E-8m/sKratio=1
Concrete Kx=3E-8m/sKratio=1
Concrete Kx=4E-8m/sKratio=1
Concrete Kx=5E-8m/sKratio=1
Concrete Kx=6E-8m/sKratio=1
Concrete Kx=7E-8m/sKratio=1
What would be the permeability of the grout that would
result in inflow reduced back to about 10 l/min/m
65
Transient Flow after Grouting
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
0 5 10 15 20
Time since Drawdown (month)
F
l
o
w

i
n
t
o

T
u
n
n
e
l

(
l
/
m
i
n
/
m
)
Rock Kx=4E-5 m/s Kratio=0.1
Concrete Kx=4E-8m/sKratio=50
Concrete Kx=4E-8m/sKratio=20
Concrete Kx=4E-8m/sKratio=10
Concrete Kx=4E-8m/sKratio=1
Adopted in order to
match the measured
piezometric levels
What would be the permeability of the
grout that would result in inflow reduced
back to about 10 l/min/m?
66
Range of Settlements due to
Drawdown at Specific Borehole
Locations
Range of Settlement due to Drawdown at
Different Zones (1 to 3)
67
Surface Settlement Comparison
-800
-750
-700
-650
-600
-550
-500
-450
-400
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011121314151617181920
Time since drawdown (month)
S
e
t
t
l
e
m
e
n
t

(
m
m
)
BH29 from model
BH3 from model
BH3 from measured
BH9 from model
Comparisons of Measured Settlement and Settlement from
Uncoupled Analysis (due to drawdown only)
68
Vertical Settlement against Depth at BH9
-140
-130
-120
-110
-100
-90
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
-400 -300 -200 -100 0
Vertical Displacement (mm)
E
l
e
v
a
t
i
o
n

(
m
P
D
)
17 months since drawdown
Fill
MD
AC
AS
CDV
Rock
Confirm movements occur at AC, AS and CDV layers predominantly
69
Vertical Strain against Depth at BH9
-140
-130
-120
-110
-100
-90
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
-0.03 -0.03 -0.02 -0.02 -0.01 -0.01 0.00
Vertical Strain
E
l
e
v
a
t
i
o
n

(
m
P
D
)
17 months since drawdown
Fill
MD
AC
AS
CDV
Rock
Confirm movements occur at AC, AS and CDV layers predominantly
70
Pressure Head against Depth at BH9
-140
-130
-120
-110
-100
-90
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
-15 -5 5 15 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95 10
5
11
5
12
5
13
5
14
5
Pressure Head (m)
E
l
e
v
a
t
i
o
n

(
m
P
D
)
Initial Condition
1 month since drawdown
3 months since drawdown
17 months since drawdown
Fill
MD
AC
AS
CDV
Rock
Drawdown at different layers against time (steady state reached very
quickly in rock layers)
71
Vertical Strain against Depth at BH3
-140
-130
-120
-110
-100
-90
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
-0.03 -0.03 -0.02 -0.02 -0.01 -0.01 0.00
Vertical Strain
E
l
e
v
a
t
i
o
n

(
m
P
D
)
17 months since drawdown
Fill
MD
AC
AS
CDV
Rock
Confirm movements occur at AC, AS and CDV layers predominantly
72
4.0000e-008
4.0000e-005
1.0000e-008
1.0000e-007
3.4000e-010
1.0000e-010
1.0000e-006
Permeability
K
x
(m/s)
50
0.1
1
1
1
1
1
K
ratio
=K
y
/K
x
0.0000e+000
0.0000e+000
1.4000e-004
9.5000e-005
2.1000e-004
0.0000e+000
(no drop in pore pressure)
0.0000e+000
(no drop in pore pressure)
Coefficient of Volume
Compressibility
1.0000e-001
1.0000e-001
1.1000e+000
5.0000e-001
1.2500e+000
1.4500e+000
6.5000e-001
Volumetric Water
Content
Fill
Grouting
Rock
CDV
Alluvial Sand
Alluvial Clay
Marine Deposit
Material
0.0000e+000
0.0000e+000
1.4000e-004
9.5000e-005
2.1000e-004
0.0000e+000
(no drop in pore pressure)
0.0000e+000
(no drop in pore pressure)
Coefficient of Volume
Compressibility
M
v
0.33
0.33
0.3
0.3
0.35
0.42
0.33
Poissons ratio
Linear
Linear
Linear
Linear
Linear
Linear
Linear
Elastic
2e+007
2e+007
7142
10526
4762
2326
10526
Young
Modulus
(1/M
v
)
kPa
Fill
Grouting
Rock
CDV
Alluvial
Sand
Alluvial
Clay
Marine
Deposit
Material
Summary:
Mechanism of drawdown reasonably measured
Inflow and piezometric levels reasonably matched
Settlement due to drawdown matched with
analytical method
Rock and soil properties back analyzed to
reasonable engineering values
Rock is anisotropic with higher permeability (10
-5
m/s) in horizontal direction
Drawdown in rock achieve steady state very quickly
about 3 months
Depressurization in rock causes delayed piezometric
lowering in Alluvial Clay, Alluvial Sand and CDV
Movements predominantly occurred in Alluvial
Clay, Alluvial Sand and CDV
73
Summary and Conclusion:
Mechanism of drawdown reasonably measured with 2-D model
Drawdown has affected a very long distance of up to 1.5 km away
from the tunnel
Inflow and piezometric levels reasonably matched
Settlement due to drawdown matched with analytical method
Rock and soil properties back analyzed to reasonable engineering
values
Rock is anisotropic with higher permeability (10
-5
m/s) in horizontal
direction
Drawdown in rock achieve steady state very quickly about 3 months
Depressurization in rock causes delayed piezometric lowering in
Alluvial Clay, Alluvial Sand and CDV
Movements predominantly occurred in Alluvial Clay, Alluvial Sand
and CDV
Post grouting was effective in controlling the inflow into the tunnel
74