Each network host is connected to a central

hub with a point-to-point connection.

Every node is connected to central node
called hub or switch.
The switch is the server and the peripherals
are the clients.
All traffic that traverses the network passes through
the central hub.
The hub acts as a signal repeater (receives a signal and

retransmits it at a higher level or higher power, or onto the other

side of an obstruction, so that the signal can cover longer
distances).

Is considered the easiest topology to design and

implement.
An advantage : is the simplicity of adding additional
nodes.
The primary disadvantage is that the hub represents
a single point of failure.

 Is set up in a circular fashion in which

data travels around the ring in one
direction.
Each device on the right acts as a repeater
to keep the signal strong as it travels.
Each device incorporates a receiver for the
incoming signal and a transmitter to send
the data on to the next device in the ring.
The network is dependent on the ability of
the signal to travel around the ring.
When a device sends data, it must travel
through each device on the ring until it
reaches its destination.
Every node is a critical link.

 Each computer or server is connected to the single bus

cable.
A signal from the source travels in both directions to all
machines connected on the bus cable until it finds the
intended recipient.
If the machine address does not match the intended address
for the data, the machine ignores the data.
Alternatively, if the data matches the machine address, the
data is accepted.
Since the bus topology consists of only one wire, it is rather
inexpensive to implement when compared to other
topologies.
However, the low cost of implementing the technology is
offset by the high cost of managing the network.
Additionally, since only one cable is utilized, it can be
the single point of failure, when cable breaks, the entire
network will be down
3

TCP/IP
A communication protocol (or network protocol) is
a set of rules governing information exchange in a
network
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
(TCP/IP) is the de facto standard for most networks
including the Internet
Routers use protocols to help route data around
the many networks to get them to their correct
destination
Companies can create Web-based interfaces for
different databases without actually combining
the data physically in one huge computer by
using TCP/IP models.
Image Source: http://mintywhite.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/tcp-ip.gif

TCP/IP
Each computer is assigned and identified by an IP
address

Like the street address for a house

It contains 4 8-bit numbers, each separated by a dot
Example: 192.3.15.1
You can check your IP by typing ipconfig in a DOS box
No two addresses are exactly the same.
All of these addresses are stored on various computers
placed around the networks.
Software stored on routers uses these addresses to route
the data to the right location

Image Source: http://mintywhite.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/tcp-ip.gif

The Four Layers of TCP/IP

Figure 7-4

The Four Layers of TCP/IP

Enables client
application programs
to access the other
layers

Figure 7-4

Defines the protocols

that applications use to
exchange data (for
example: HTTP to
transfer Web pages
files.
7

The Four Layers of TCP/IP

Provides application
layer with
communication and
packet services
including TCP.
Figure 7-4
8

The Four Layers of TCP/IP

Responsible for
addressing, routing
and packaging data
packets called IP
datagrams.
IP is one of these
protocols used in this
layer
Figure 7-4
9

The Four Layers of TCP/IP

Responsible for placing
packets on and
receiving them from
the network medium
(could be any
networking
technology).
Figure 7-4
10