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Module2: One-dimensional gas dynamics

Lecture6: Governing Equations (Contd.)

NPTEL IIT Kharagpur: Prof. K.P. Sinhamahapatra, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering

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Moving Shock Wave Problem

The normal shock wave relations are established above assuming the shock to be stationary and the fluid flows through it with speed u1. Alternatively, the shock may be taken as propagating through the fluid with speed u1.

ub u p (b)

us (a) us u2

(2)
u2 u1

(1)
u1

Consider the fluid in front of the shock wave is at rest and the wave is moving into it with the speed u s . The shock causes the fluid behind the wave to move with speed ub . The problem is solved by using a transformation of the reference system. With respect to an observer moving with the shock the fluid ahead of it is moving with speed u1 (in opposite direction) and the fluid

behind is moving with speed u2 , where

u1 = us , and u2 = us ub = u1 ub , or ub = u1 u2
The static densities, pressures, and temperatures on either side of the shock are not affected by the transformation. The shock jump relations for these quantities obtained above apply here also. Hence, a shock wave propagating into a stationary fluid sets it into motion and raises its pressure, density and temperature.

The jump relations across the shock may be rewritten in terms of u s and ub by using the transformation. The Mach number of the shock is M 1 =

us

a1

a12 = p

p For practical usefulness, all other quantities are expressed in terms of the pressure ratio 2
The shock velocity for a perfect gas is

p1

NPTEL IIT Kharagpur: Prof. K.P. Sinhamahapatra, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering

1 + 1 p2 + us = M 1a1 = a1 2 2 p1

The density ratio and temperature ratio are given by the Rankine-Hugoniot relations.

u 2 = = 1 + 1 p2 u2 1 + 1 p1

1+

+ 1 p2 1 p1

+ 1 p2 + T2 p 2 1 p1 = + 1 p2 T1 p1 1+ 1 p1
u The fluid velocity behind the shock is ub = u1 u2 = us 1 2 u 1

2 +1 a p ub = 1 2 1 p1 p2 + 1 p1 + 1

The total quantities in the two systems are not the same. It should be noted, for example, that

h0 a = ha h01 ,
However, h02 = h2 +

1 2 h0b = hb + ub h02 2

and h0b h0 a .

1 2 1 u2 = h1 + u12 = h01. 2 2

A weak shock is the one for which the normalized pressure jump is very small,

p p 2 p1 = << 1 p1 p1
The other disturbances are then also small and can be obtained by expanding the above equations in series and retaining only the first order terms in

p p1

NPTEL IIT Kharagpur: Prof. K.P. Sinhamahapatra, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering

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This gives

1 p ub p1 a1

+ 1 p T 1 p , us a1 1 + T1 p1 4 p1
The speed of very weak shocks is nearly equal to a1 . p2

For a very strong shock the pressure ratio

p1

is very large. In this case,

2 +1 1 1
T2 1 p2 T1 + 1 p1

+ 1 p2 2 us a1 2 p1
p2 2 ( + 1) p1

ub a1

One-dimensional wave motion

Disturbances created in a fluid by a moving body are propagated or communicated to other parts of the fluid. The motion of the disturbances relative to the fluid is called wave motion, and the speed of propagation is called the wave speed. Through this mechanism, various parts of a moving body interact with the fluid and with each other and the forces on the body are established. The problem is unsteady and appropriate equations need to be solved. Considering adiabatic, non-viscous motion in a constant area duct, Continuity equation: Euler/Momentum equation:

u + +u =0 t x x

u 1 u +u + =0 t x x

NPTEL IIT Kharagpur: Prof. K.P. Sinhamahapatra, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering

Since friction is neglected and external heat addition is excluded, the isentropic conditions exist

p = p = p( ) , for a perfect gas p1 1

p p = = a2 x x x

The disturbances or perturbations are defined relative to the fluid that is at rest, with

u = 0, = 1 . Assume the perturbed values are u and . The perturbations are not
necessarily small. Define

= 1 (1 + s )

The dimensionless quantity s =

( 1 )

1 is called condensation.

With these definitions, the equations of motion may be written

s u s u + 1 + s + 1u =0 t x x x

u u a 2 s +u + =0 t x 1 + s x

p For a perfect gas

T

= = (1 + s ) p1 1
1

T1

= (1 + s )

These equations are exact for frictionless, non-conducting motion, but not easily integrable as they are non-linear. The equations can be linearized through a small disturbance assumption. Assuming s << 1, The terms u

u u u << s can be neglected x x x

s u and u are of the same order and may be neglected. x x

d2 p dp p 2 p 2 a = + ( 1 ) = a1 + 1s 2 d 1 2 1 d 1
2

a 2 s 2 s can be approximated to a1 Hence, 1 + s x x

NPTEL IIT Kharagpur: Prof. K.P. Sinhamahapatra, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering

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The approximate linearized equations are then

s u + =0 t x u s + a12 =0 t x
These equations are called acoustic equations because the disturbances due to sound wave are very small. The isentropic relations for a perfect gas can be approximated as

p = 1+ s p1
respectively

T = 1 + ( 1)s T1

Differentiating the linearized continuity and momentum equations with respect to t and x

2 s 2u + =0 2 t xt 2 2 u s + a1 2 = 0 xt x
Similarly,
2 2u 2 u a =0 1 t 2 x 2

2s 2 s a1 =0 2 t x 2

Both the disturbances (u , s ) satisfy the wave equation. The disturbance propagates with a definite signal velocity or wave velocity a1 . The general solutions of the equations are

s = F ( x a1t ) + G ( x + a1t )
u = f ( x a1t ) + g ( x + a1t ) ,

f = a1 F
g = a1G

To analyze the characters of the solution, lets take G = 0 . So, the density distribution at time t is

s = F ( x a1t )
This represents a disturbance or wave which at time t = 0 had the shape

s = F (x )

NPTEL IIT Kharagpur: Prof. K.P. Sinhamahapatra, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering

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and which at time t has exactly the same shape, but with corresponding points displaced a distance a1t to the right. The velocity of each point in the wave and hence of the wave is a1 .
t
dx = a1 dt

t2

t1 x
s = F ( x)

A wave in which the propagation velocity is in one direction is called a simple wave. Similarly, the wave described by s = G( x + a1t ) is a simple wave propagating to the left with speed a1 .
t

dx = dt
dx = a1 dt

t t x

s = G ( x)

The lines in the x t plane which trace the progress of the waves, i.e., the lines with slope

dx

dt

= a1 , are called the characteristics of the wave equation.

The disturbances propagate through the fluid with the speed a = dp

and the quantity is

called the speed of sound or acoustic speed. The result is applicable to disturbances in which velocity and temperature gradients are very small and u

a1

<< 1 so that dissipative forces have no

considerable effects. It implies that motion in a sound wave is isentropic, and

p a2 = s

NPTEL IIT Kharagpur: Prof. K.P. Sinhamahapatra, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering

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The amplitude of ordinary audible sound is small and the local production of entropy is negligible. Friction and local entropy production is negligible for computing the speed of ordinary sound, but the cumulative effect on the amplitude is not negligible. The quantity a 2 provides a pressure-density relation and eliminates pressure from the momentum equation

p = a2 . When non-isentropic processes are present pressure depends on x x

entropy also, and

p p s = a2 + x x s x
a 2 can be evaluated from the equation of state. For a perfect gas a 2 =

= RT

NPTEL IIT Kharagpur: Prof. K.P. Sinhamahapatra, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering