Modern Olympics Introduction Among the many different sports of today, several are classified as marksmanship or target sports.

In these sports, guns or bows, which originated as weapons of war but now are items of sports equipment, are used to aim and fire projectiles at targets. Today the warriors bow and the soldiers gun have been adapted to the challenges of target sports where they are used with amazing precision to consistently hit distant, difficult targets. In target shooting competitions, the objective is to see how close competitors can place their shots to the centers of their targets. These marksmanship tests are as old as human history. When stones were weapons, humans practiced throwing them at designated marks to improve their accuracy or enjoy games of skill. Eons later, humans engaged in marksmanship contests with slings and spears. The development of the bow and arrow and later the crossbow and firearm made far greater accuracy possible and led to the creation of todays precision target sports.

How the Modern Olympic Games began 1863 A.D. Full credit for the revival of the Olympic Games in the modern era must go to Baron Pierre de Coubertin, who was born in Paris, Jan. 1, 1863 and who died at Geneva, Sept. 2, 1937. Very early in life he showed a taste for the study of literature, history, and the problems of education and sociology. At the age of 17 he began to scrutinize the weaknesses of his people who were trying to recover hope and self-respect following the Franco-Prussian War. He concluded that three monarchies, two empires, and three republics during a single century were not indicative of

stability in the French character. The solution, he believed rested in the development of the individual. Coubertin had sufficient means to travel. He visited England and America where he studied organized athletics conducted by the students. He observed that competing for a place on an athletic team developed qualities of character whereas the attitude in French schools was that games destroyed study. He was convinced that he should devote his entire time and energy to securing a pedagogical reform in his own country. He decided to start at the bottom because, as he expressed it, "the foundation of real human morality lies in mutual respect-and to respect one another it is necessary to know one another." Coubertin was not an athlete but he chose athletics as his field. The first major sport with which he associated himself was rowing, but when he attempted to bring the British oarsmen to France or send the French oarsmen to compete at Henley, he found the British and French conceptions of amateurism were not the same. This gave him the idea of bringing together educators, diplomats, and sports leader for the purpose of developing a universal understanding of amateurism so that the athletes of all nations might meet on an equal basis.

1892 A.D. Coubertin realized that to capture the attention of disinterested persons he would have to originate something spectacular. He began to dream of a revival of the Olympic Games. At a meeting of the Athletic Sports Union at Sorbonne in Paris, Nov. 25, 1892, be first publicly announced the Olympic Games idea. Speaking at the conference, Coubertin said, "Let us export oarsmen, runners, fencers; there is the free trade of the future-and on the day when it shall take place among the customs of Europe the cause of peace will have received a new and powerful support."

However, his proposal to revive the Olympic Games went for naught as his auditors failed to grasp the significance of the idea.

1894 A.D. His next opportunity came in the spring of 1894 at an international congress which he had assembled for the purpose of studying the questions of amateurism. At this meeting, official delegates from France, England, the United States, Greece, Russia, Sweden, Belgium, Italy, and Spain, were in attendance. Hungary, Germany, Bohemia, Holland and Australia sent proxies or letters. Baron Pierre de Coubertin

Seven questions concerning the problem of amateurism were on the agenda and Coubertin took the liberty of adding an eighth, "Regarding the possibility of the revival of the Olympic Games." Coubertin imparted his enthusiasm so well that it was unanimously agreed on June 23, 1894 to revive the Games and an International Committee was formed to look after their development and well-being.

1896 A.D. Two years later, in 1896, Greece celebrated in the rebuilt stadium of Athens, the first Olympic Games of the present cycle and from this beginning, the world's greatest athletic spectacle was established. Only the ceaseless labor, the tenacity and the perseverance of Baron de Coubertin accomplished and perfected this great work. Its main organization benefited from his

methodical and precise mind and from his wide understanding of the aspirations and needs of youth. In fact, Coubertin was the sole director of the Games as regards their form and character; the Olympic Charter and Protocol and the athlete's oath were his creation, as well as the opening and closing ceremonies of the Games. In addition, until 1925, he personally presided over the IOC, assuming single-handed all the administrative and financial duties. The work of Coubertin was, above all, a work of peace but there is one basic fact, almost universally misunderstood - Peace is not the major aim of the Olympic Games. "Peace," Coubertin hoped and believed, "would be furthered by the Olympic Games . . . but peace could be the product only of a better world; a better world could be brought about only by better individuals; and better individuals could be developed only by the give and take, the buffeting and battering, the stress and strain of fierce competition."

Marksmanship in the Olympics The evolution of target sports led to the development of four different sports that now are Olympic sports. The winter sport of biathlon combines cross-country skiing and rifle shooting. Modern pentathlon, archery, and shooting all are summer Olympic sports. Archery involves shooting with bows and arrows. Pentathlon combines air pistol shooting with horse riding, fencing, swimming, and running. The sport of shooting is one of the largest and most popular of all Olympic sports with 17 different mens and womens events for rifles, pistols, and shotguns.

Biathlon Biathlon is one of the most challenging of all the Winter Olympics sports. The biathlon requires athletes to have both stamina and precision as they compete in a cross country skiing race that is interrupted by frequent stops to shoot at a series of targets. This sport, which dates back to the mid-sixteenth century, became part of the Winter Olympics at Squaw Valley in 1960, although the biathlon and its predecessor (called military patrol) appeared in many Olympics as a demonstration sport. The biathletes are judged based on their speed through the course; however, they must stop and calm their breathing enough to aim and hit targets along the way. If they are not able to calm their breathing enough, they will miss their targets. Each time they do miss a target they are given either an additional time or distance penalty, which can quickly add up. So, the skier must go fast enough to stay competitive, but slow enough to maintain control. The athletes each carry a rifle and shoots at targets that are 50 m (160 ft.) away. At different stages in the race, they will either shoot from a standing position (at targets that are 4.5 in wide) or from the prone position on their belly (at targets that are 1.8 in

wide). The Biathlon at the winter Olympics consists of five events: individual, sprint, pursuit, relay and mass start competitions. Individual The original biathlon event is the individual race, which is run over a 20 km course for men and 15 km for women. In the individual event, the skier must stop four times to shoot at five targets each time. Each time they miss a target they receive a one minute penalty. Sprint The sprint race (10 km for men and 7.5 km for women) is raced over a three lap course. The biathletes will stop twice and shoot at five targets. If they miss a shot they must ski through a 150 m penalty loop before they can continue along the race course. Pursuit The top 60 finishers from the sprint race qualify to compete in the pursuit race (12.5 km for men and 10 km for women). The person with the best time in the sprint race starts the pursuit and each other competitor begins in order according to their sprint finish time. The goal of the race is to pursue the leader and make up ground to be the first to cross the finish line. The race is divided into five laps and four shooting bouts. Because the racers can bunch up at the target sections of the race, they must shoot in the order that they arrive at the shooting range, which often means that racers are left standing around waiting

for their turn. Each missed target results in a trip through the 150 m penalty loop before the biathlete can continue along the course. Relay The mens relay is a 4 x 7.5 km event; in other words, each of the four biathletes follows a course that is run over three laps and two shooting bouts. The women run a 4 x 6 km race. Each competitor must perform two shooting rounds. For each shooting round the competitor has 5 targets. If they miss any of the targets they must manually load a bullet into the gun and try again. They can do this up to three times, if necessary. If after all this they still have misses, they must run the 150 m penalty loop for each missed target. For the first leg of the relay, all the competitors begin at the same time. As with any relay race, after the competitor completes the course, they must touch the person who is to run the next leg of the race. Mass start The newest of the biathlon events, the mass start, was added at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin. For this race, the 30 competitors who had the best scores in the other four events all begin the race (15 km for men and 12.6 km for women) together. In this race there are five laps and four shooting rounds. Each missed target results in a trip through the 150 m penalty loop.

Archery Archery first appeared as a sport in the Olympic Games in Paris in 1904, 1908, and 1920. Because no formal rules were developed for the game, each country developed their own

format. The Federation Internationale de Tir a l'Arc (FITA) was founded in 1931 and created standardized rules for competition. At first, there were only individual competitions held, but 1988 team competitions began being held. There are four different archery events held at the Olympics: 1. Men's Individual 2. Women's Individual 3. Men's Team 4. Women's Team Archers used to shoot a double FITA round of 288 total arrows, with the championship decided by the highest total score. In an effort to make the sport more exciting, the format was changed to head-to-head elimination for the top 64 competitors beginning with the 1992 Olympics. Individual Competition: The format of the men's and women's individual competition is the same and consists of a ranking round followed by the FITA Olympics round. In the ranking round, archers shoot 72 arrows at a target 70 meters (229 feet, 8 inches) away in 12 ends of six arrows each. A perfect score is 720. The same set of shots is used to seed teams for the team competitions. The FITA Olympic round is divided into the elimination round and the finals round. The 64 competitors, seeded from the ranking round, advance to the

elimination round, a single-elimination, head-to-head style of competition (seed No. 64 vs. seed No. 1, 63 vs. 2, etc). Six ends of three arrows -- for a total of 18 -- are shot at a target 70 meters away with a 40-second time limit per arrow.

Team Competition: The format of the men's and women's team competition is the same and consists of the ranking round, followed by the FITA Olympic round. In the ranking round, archers shoot 72 arrows at a target 70 meters (229 feet, 8 inches) away in 12 ends of six arrows each. A perfect score is 720. The same set of shots is used to seed competitors in the individual competitions as well. In the men's and women's competitions, the top 16 teams -- seeded from the ranking round -- are selected using scores from the ranking round. If there are less than 16 teams, the top teams will be given byes.

Each team consists of three archers. In all matches in the team event, each team shoots three ends of nine arrows each with each archer on the team shooting one end.

Each of the three archers is required to finish their end within three minutes. Only one archer of the team shoots at a time.

When the first archer finishes shooting his end, the second archer starts. The third shooter follows the second one. The arrows are scored and pulled after each team shoots nine arrows.

The winners of each match move to the next round. The first round or eighth-finals consists of 16 teams on the line shooting in eight matches.

The second round or quarterfinals consists of the eight winning teams shooting at the same time in four matches.

In the semifinal round, the four winning teams meet. The losers of the semifinals shoot for the bronze medal. The winners shoot for the gold. If tied, each archer from each team shoots one arrow. The closest of the three arrows to the center for each team will be compared to the closest-to-the-center arrow of the other team to break the tie.

Only one archer from each team shoots at a time.

Pentathlon Modern Pentathlon was introduced at the 5th Olympiad in Stockholm (SWE) 1912, comprising the contemporary sports of pistol shooting, fencing, swimming, horse riding and running, which embraced the spirit of its ancient counterpart. It was de Coubertins belief that it would be this event, above all others, that "tested a mans moral qualities as much as his physical resources and skills, producing thereby the ideal, complete athlete. This new sport was enthusiastically adopted with its inherent demands of courage, co-ordination, physical fitness, self-discipline and flexibility in ever changing circumstances. A young American Lieutenant, later

to be the famous World War II General, George S. Patton, was to finish fifth in the first ever Olympic Modern Pentathlon competition. The mixture of physical and mental skills demanded in the Pentathlon has also meant that athletes have been able to compete in as many as three or four Olympic Games. This is because while running and swimming times can be expected to decline with age, experience and skill in the technical disciplines often increase. The modern Pentathlon is an athletic competition that includes five events.

Cross-Country Run: The cross-country portion of the Olympic Pentathlon is three kilometers long. For the first time at the Olympic Games, the shooting and running events will be held together. Participants will compete in three rounds of shooting, with each round followed by a one kilometer run. Pistol Shooting: In each of the three rounds of firing, athletes shoot five targets, loading the gun after each shot in a maximum of 70 seconds. After each round of firing, the athlete runs approximately one kilometer of the cross-country course. Epee Fencing: The fencing competition is the only part of the modern Pentathlon where participants are directly competing against one another. Each participant will face every other competitor one time with matches lasting a maximum of one minute.

Freestyle Swimming: The swimming event is 200 meters long. Athletes are arranged in their starting position depending on their best swim time in previous Pentathlon competitions. Show Jumping: The show jumping portion involves riding on a randomly paired horse over a 350450 kilometer course with 1215 obstacles. The winner is the first to cross the finish line. There are 36 spots for the mens competition and an equal number for the womens. Any nation may contribute a maximum of two athletes for the mens event, as well as two for the womens. Participants must qualify by achieving high ranks at prominent competitions held the year before and the year of the Olympic Games. The breakdown for qualifications is as follows: The host nation is automatically awarded one place. Two invitational positions are given by the International Modern Pentathlon Union, the governing body of the Olympic Pentathlon. Continental Championships determine 19 participants: one from Africa four from the Pan-American five from Asia eight from Europe one from Oceania One place is given to the winner of the World Cup Final.

Three positions are given to the top three competitors at the World Championships held the year previous to the Olympic Games.

Three positions given to the top three competitors at the World Championships held the year of the Olympic Games.

The final seven positions are given to those athletes with the best world rankings who have not already qualified. Unlike all other Olympic events, the Pentathlon is the only event specifically designed to

be an Olympic game. The modern Pentathlon was introduced as a mens event in 1912 and has been a part of the Games ever since. The womens event was added to the Olympic line up in 2000. The skills required for the different sections of the Pentathlon are intended to represent the skills needed for a modern cavalry soldier during the early 1900s.

Shooting Pierre de Coubertin was a champion shooter as a young man and it is no surprise that shooting was included in the first Olympic program at Athens 1896. Shooting has appeared on every Olympic program except St Louis 1904 and Amsterdam 1928. The number and variety of events have changed many times over the Olympiads shooting began with three events in 1986 and now boasts fifteen. From Mexico City 1968, women started competing alongside men in a number of Olympic shooting events. The first woman medalist was Margaret Murdock from the United States in the small-bore rifle (three positions) at Montreal 1976. Murdock finished second to countryman Lenny Bassham after a count-back. A limited number of womens events were first included at Los Angeles 1984. Until Barcelona 1992, women were still permitted to compete in

those events that were not included in their program. From Atlanta 1996, the Olympic shooting program has been split into mens and womens events.

RIFLE events

The competition consists in a qualification and a final round. During the qualification stages, shots are fired at a 10-ring target in a given time. The best 8 shooters qualify and move to the final round. During the final round, the 10 rings of the target are sub-divided into ten decimal score zones; the highest score possible is 10.9. The final score is added to the qualification score to determinate the total scores and the final rankings. 50m Rifle 3 Positions Men SPECIFICATION QUALIFICATION 40 shots fired in Prone position 40 shots fired in Standing position 40 shots fired in Kneeling position DESCRIPTION - Prior to the first competition shot, any number of sighting shots may be fired. - Shots are fired within a time limit of 45 minutes in the Prone position, 75 minutes in the Standing position and 60

WHO QUALIFIES FOR THE FINAL? FINAL ROUND

The best 8 shooters enter the final

10 shots fired in Standing position

WHO WINS THE MATCH? TARGET 10 RING DIAMETER GUN

The shooter who totalizes the highest Total score wins The target is placed 50 meters far from the shooters stand 10.4 mm (about 0,41 inches) Small bore, single loaded rifle in 5.6 mm (.22 Long Rifle) calibre

SIGHTS

Only metallic sights are permitted

minutes in the Kneeling position. - The 8 shooters with the highest Qualification score enter the final. - Shots are fired on command within a time limit of 75 seconds per shot. - Each shot is evaluated in decimal tenths. Qualification and Final scores are added to determinate the Total score. The target is divided into 10 rings. The 10th ring is far smaller than a eurocent or a dollar cent coin. - Maximum overall weight of 8 kg. - The stock incorporates adjustments, including a hook type butt plate. - A rest-stand can be used in Standing position. - No optical sights are used.

50m Rifle Prone Men SPECIFICATION 60 shots fired in Prone position DESCRIPTION - Prior to the first competition shot, any number of sighting shots may be fired. - Shots are fired within a time limit of 75 minutes - The 8 shooters with the highest Qualification score enter the final. - Shots are fired on command within a time limit of 45

QUALIFICATION

WHO QUALIFIES FOR THE FINAL? FINAL

The best 8 shooters enter the final

10 shots fired in Prone position

WHO WINS THE MATCH? TARGET 10 RING DIAMETER GUN

The shooter who totalizes the highest Total score wins The target is placed 50 meters far from the shooters stand 10.4 mm (about 0,41 inches) Small bore, single loaded rifle in 5.6 mm (.22 Long Rifle) calibre

SIGHTS

Only metallic sights are permitted

seconds per shot. - Each shot is evaluated in decimal tenths. Qualification and Final scores are added to determinate the Total score. - Paper or Electronic targets can be used. The 10th ring is far smaller than a eurocent or a dollar cent coin. - Maximum overall weight of 8 kg. - The stock incorporates adjustments, including a hook type butt plate. - No optical sights are used.

50m Rifle 3 Positions Women SPECIFICATION 20 shots fired in Prone position 20 shots fired in Standing position 20 shots fired in Kneeling position DESCRIPTION - Prior to the first competition shot, any number of sighting shots may be fired. - Shots are fired within a total time limit of 135 minutes. - The 8 shooters with the highest Qualification score enter the final. - Shots are fired on command within a time limit of 75 seconds per shot. - Each shot is evaluated in decimal tenths. Qualification and Final scores are added to determinate the Total score. The target is divided into 10 rings. The 10th ring is far smaller than

QUALIFICATION

WHO QUALIFIES FOR THE FINAL? FINAL

The best 8 shooters enter the final

10 shots fired in Standing position

WHO WINS THE MATCH? TARGET 10 RING DIAMETER

The shooter who totalizes the highest Total score wins The target is placed 50 meters far from the shooters stand 10.4 mm (about 0,41 inches)

GUN

Small bore, single loaded rifle in 5.6 mm (.22 Long Rifle) caliber

SIGHTS 10m Air Rifle Men

Only metallic sights are permitted

a eurocent or a dollar cent coin. - Maximum overall weight of 6.5 kg. - The stock incorporates adjustments, including a hook type butt plate. - A rest-stand can be used in Standing position. - No optical sights are used.

QUALIFICATION

SPECIFICATION 60 shots fired in Standing position

WHO QUALIFIES FOR THE FINAL? FINAL

The best 8 shooters enter the final

10 shots fired in Standing position

WHO WINS THE MATCH? TARGET 10 RING DIAMETER GUN

The shooter who totalizes the highest Total score wins The target is placed 10 meters far from the shooters stand 0.5 mm (about 0,02 inches) Single loaded Air Rifle in 4.5 mm (.177) caliber

DESCRIPTION - Prior to the first competition shot, any number of sighting shots may be fired. - Shots are fired within a time limit of 105 minutes. - The 8 shooters with the highest Qualification score enter the final. - Shots are fired on command within a time limit of 75 seconds per shot. - Each shot is evaluated in decimal tenths. Qualification and Final scores are added to determinate the Total score. The target is divided into 10 rings. The 10th ring is far smaller than a pencil tip! - Maximum overall weight of 5.5 kg. - The pellet is propelled by air compressed either by an external lever or by a precompressed air cylinder. - A rest-stand can be used in

SIGHTS

Only metallic sights are permitted

Standing position. - No optical sights are used.

10m Air Rifle Women

QUALIFICATION

SPECIFICATION 40 shots fired in Standing position

WHO QUALIFIES FOR THE FINAL? FINAL

The best 8 shooters enter the final

10 shots fired in Standing position

WHO WINS THE MATCH?

The shooter who totalizes the highest Total score wins

DESCRIPTION - Prior to the first competition shot, any number of sighting shots may be fired. - Shots are fired within a time limit of 75 minutes. - The 8 shooters with the highest Qualification score enter the final. - Shots are fired on command within a time limit of 75 seconds per shot. - Each shot is evaluated in decimal tenths. Qualification and Final scores are added to determinate the Total score.

TARGET 10 RING DIAMETER GUN

The target is placed 10 meters far from the shooters stand 0.5 mm (about 0,02 inches) Single loaded Air Rifle in 4.5 mm (.177) caliber

SIGHTS

Only metallic sights are permitted

The target is divided into 10 rings. The 10th ring is far smaller than a pencil tip! - Maximum overall weight of 5.5 kg. - The pellet is propelled by air compressed either by an external lever or by a precompressed air cylinder. - A rest-stand can be used in Standing position. - No optical sights are used.

PISTOL events

The competition consists in a qualification and a final round. During the qualification stages, shots are fired at a 10-ring target in a given time. The best 8 shooters qualify and move to the final round (6 finalists in the 25m Rapid Fire Pistol Men event only). During the final round, the 10 rings of the target are sub-divided into ten decimal score zones; the highest score possible is 10.9 points (except for the 25m Rapid Fire Pistol Men event, which a "hit-or-miss" logic is used to determine scores). The final score is added to the qualification score to determinate the total scores and the final rankings (except for the 25m Rapid Fire Pistol Men event, which a "hit-or-miss" logic is used to determine scores in the final).

50m Pistol Men SPECIFICATION 60 shots fired in Standing position DESCRIPTION - Prior to the first competition shot, any number of sighting shots may be fired. - Shots are fired within a time limit of 120 minutes. - The 8 shooters with the highest Qualification score enter the final. - Shots are fired on command

QUALIFICATION

WHO QUALIFIES FOR THE FINAL? FINAL

The best 8 shooters enter the final 10 shots fired in Standing

position

WHO WINS THE MATCH? TARGET 10 RING DIAMETER GUN

The shooter who totalizes the highest Total score wins The target is placed 50 meters far from the shooters stand 50 mm (about 2 inches) Single loaded, small bore pistol in 5.6 mm (.22) calibre.

SIGHTS

Only open sights are permitted

within a time limit of 75 seconds per shot. - Each shot is evaluated in decimal tenths. Qualification and Final scores are added to determinate the Total score. The target is divided into 10 rings. The 10th ring is not wider then a small espresso cup. - A well fitting grip is used but this must not touch any part of the wrist. - No restriction on weight, dimension or trigger pull. - No optical sights are used.

25m Rapid Fire Pistol Men SPECIFICATION 2 Series of 5 shots, each fired in 8 seconds + 2 Series of 5 shots, each fired in 6 seconds + 2 Series of 5 shots, each fired in 4 seconds 2 Series of 5 shots, each fired in 8 seconds + 2 Series of 5 shots, each fired in 6 seconds + 2 Series of 5 shots, each fired in 4 seconds The best 6 shooters enter the final DESCRIPTION

QUALIFICATION STAGE 1

QUALIFICATION STAGE 2

WHO QUALIFIES FOR THE FINAL?

The qualification score does not count in the final.

FINAL

- Consists of 8 series - Each finalist fires 4 Series of 5 shots - From the 4th series on, after each series the shooter with the lowest score leaves the match, right to the 8th series, when the last two shooters duel for Gold. - In case of ties, direct-elimination shoot-offs will be conducted The shooter who totalizes the highest number of hits wins 5 different targets placed 75 cm apart, 25 meters far from the shooters stand Corresponds to 9.7 points or better Rapid Fire Pistol in 5.6mm (.22) caliber, with a five-shot magazine

- Each series (5 shots) must be fired in rapid sequence within a maximum of 4 seconds. - Each shot is evaluated as a hit or a miss.

WHO WINS THE MATCH? TARGETS

The Final Score is the number of total hits scored. The HIT ring on the target surface corresponds to 9.7 points or better. This is the only Shooting Sport Olympic event usinghit or miss logic. - Maximum weight of 1400 g - Minimum triggers pull weight of 1000 g - The pistol must be capable of fitting into a box of 300 x 150 x 50 mm - The pistol grip has various restrictions on shape and dimensions and must not touch any part of the wrist. - No optical sights are used.

"HIT" RING DIAMETER GUN

SIGHTS

Only open sights are permitted

25m Pistol Women SPECIFICATION 6 Series of 5 shots each, fired in Standing position DESCRIPTION - A time of 5 minute is given to fire each series. -Shots are fired on a Precision Target (see below). - A time of 3 second is given to

QUALIFICATION 1 Precision Stage

QUALIFICATION 2

6 Series of 5 shots each, fired in

Rapid Fire Stage

Standing position

WHO QUALIFIES FOR THE FINAL?

The best 8 shooters enter the final

FINAL

4 Series of 5 shots, each fired in Standing position

WHO WINS THE MATCH? PRECISION TARGET RAPID FIRE TARGET GUN

The shooter who totalizes the highest Total score wins Single target placed 25 meters far from the shooters stand Single target placed 25 meters far from the shooters stand Pistol in 5.6 mm (.22 long rifle) caliber, with a five-shot magazine

fire each shot, with a break of 7 second between the series. - Shots are fired on a Rapid Fire Target (see below) -The scores gained in the two qualification stages are added to obtain the Qualification score. - A time of 3 second is given to fire each shot. - Each shot is evaluated in decimal tenths. Qualification and Final scores are added to determinate the Total score. 10th Ring diameter: 50 mm 10th Ring diameter: 100 mm - Maximum weight of 1400 g - Minimum triggers pull weight of 1000 g - The pistol must be capable of fitting into a box of 300 x 150 x 50 mm - The pistol grip has various restrictions on shape and dimensions and must not touch any part of the wrist. No optical sights are used.

SIGHTS

Only open sights are permitted

10m Air Pistol Men SPECIFICATION QUALIFICATION 60 shots fired in Standing position DESCRIPTION - Prior to the first competition shot, any number of sighting shots may be fired. - Shots are fired within a time limit of 105 minutes.

WHO QUALIFIES FOR THE FINAL? FINAL

The best 8 shooters enter the final 10 shots fired in Standing position

WHO WINS THE MATCH? TARGET 10 RING DIAMETER GUN

The shooter who totalizes the highest Total score wins The target is placed 10 meters far from the shooters stand 11,5 mm (about 0,45 inches) Single loaded pistol in 4.5 mm (.177) caliber

SIGHTS

Only open sights are permitted

- The 8 shooters with the highest Qualification score enter the final. - Shots are fired on command within a time limit of 75 seconds per shot. - Each shot is evaluated in decimal tenths. Qualification and Final scores are added to determinate the Total score. The target is divided into 10 rings. The 10th ring is smaller than a eurocent or a dollar cent coin. - Maximum weight of 1500 g - The trigger pull must be a minimum of 500 g. - The pistol grip must not go past the hand nor touch any part of the wrist. - The pellet is propelled by air either by an external level or by pre-compressed air or CO2 cylinder. - No optical sights are used.

10m Air Pistol Women SPECIFICATION 40 shots fired in Standing position DESCRIPTION - Prior to the first competition shot, any number of sighting shots may be fired. - Shots are fired within a time limit of 75 minutes. - The 8 shooters with the highest Qualification score enter the final. - Shots are fired on command

QUALIFICATION

WHO QUALIFIES FOR THE FINAL? FINAL

The best 8 shooters enter the final 10 shots fired in Standing

position

WHO WINS THE MATCH? TARGET 10 RING DIAMETER GUN

The shooter who totalizes the highest Total score wins The Target is placed 10 meters far from the shooters stand 11,5 mm (about 0,45 inches) Single loaded pistol in 4.5 mm (.177) caliber

SIGHTS

Only open sights are permitted

within a time limit of 75 seconds per shot. - Each shot is evaluated in decimal tenths. Qualification and Final scores are added to determinate the Total score. The target is divided into 10 rings. The 10th ring is smaller than a eurocent or a dollar cent coin. - Maximum weight of 1500 g - The trigger pull must be a minimum of 500 g. - The pistol grip must not go past the hand nor touch any part of the wrist. - The pellet is propelled by air either by an external level or by pre-compressed air or CO2 cylinder. - No optical sights are used.

SHOTGUN Events

The competition consists in a qualification and a final round. Shooters, drawn in squads of 6, must stand on designated shooting stations to shoot at clay targets that are released on or after the shooters command. A HIT is declared when the target is shot and at least 1 visible piece is seen by the Referee to fall from it. The shooter who hits the most targets (qualification rounds + final) wins. Shotguns and Cartridges - Shotguns differ from rifles and pistols in that they are smooth bored rather than rifled and fire a number of pellets rather than a single projectile. The maximum effective range for clay target shooting is considered to be about 50m. Clay Targets - The modern flying saucer shaped targets that are now shot in competitions are not now made of clay but of pitch and chalk. They are approximately 110 mm x 25 mm (4 x 1). Targets are generally orange colored for better sighting, and the targets used in Finals rounds also contain a colored powder highlighting the HITS (so called flash targets). Target Throwing Machines - These are called traps. They are sophisticated automatic machines that are capable of throwing a clay target the trajectories and distances required for each event. The target is released by the trap via a microphone system that reacts to the shooters call.

Trap Men The Trap event is considered to be shotguns long range contest. Trap shooters use double-barreled guns because in the qualification stages 2 shots are permitted at each target. During the final round, only one shot is permitted at each target. Targets are released from an underground bunker, which has 15 trap machines in a straight line below ground level, set to throw targets at various heights, angles and speeds, away from the shooter. The shooters shoot in turn from 5 designated shooting stations set 15m back from the front edge of the bunker roof and about 3 meters apart. The shooter does not know from which trap the target will be thrown but all shooters shoot at the same kind of targets at sometime during the round. A round consists of 25 targets for each shooter. SPECIFICATIONS QUALIFICATION 125 clays in 5 rounds of 25 targets DESCRIPTION

WHO QUALIFIES FOR THE FINAL? FINAL

WHO WINS THE MATCH?

TARGETS

GUN

- Shooters, divided in squads of 6, fire 5 qualification rounds of 25 targets each. - 2 shots are permitted at each target. The best 6 shooters enter - The 6 shooters with the the final highest Qualification score enter the final. 1 round of 25 targets - 1 shot is permitted at each target (the second barrel cant be used). The shooter who totalizes Qualification and Final the highest Total score scores are added to wins determinate the Total score. Clay target about 110 mm (4 Targets are colored in inches) in diameter and bright orange for better about 25 mm (1 inch) in sighting and the targets height. used in final rounds also contain a powder which is more easily seen (so called flash targets). Shotgun - 12 gauge - Single trigger, over-

under shotgun (one barrel above the other). - Loaded with smooth bored shells with a maximum of 24.5 g of pellets

Trap Women The Trap event is considered to be shotguns long range contest. Trap shooters use double-barreled guns because in the qualification stages 2 shots are permitted at each target. During the final round, only one shot is permitted at each target. Targets are released from an underground bunker, which has 15 trap machines in a straight line below ground level, set to throw targets at various heights, angles and speeds, away from the shooter. The shooters shoot in turn from 5 designated shooting stations set 15m back from the front edge of the bunker roof and about 3 meters apart. The shooter does not know from which trap the target will be thrown but all shooters shoot at the same kind of targets at sometime during the round. A round consists of 25 targets for each shooter. SPECIFICATIONS QUALIFICATION 75 clays in 3 rounds of 25 targets DESCRIPTION

WHO QUALIFIES FOR THE FINAL? FINAL

WHO WINS THE MATCH?

TARGETS

- Shooters, divided in squads of 6, fire 5 qualification rounds of 25 targets each. - 2 shot are permitted at each target. The best 6 shooters enter - The 6 shooters with the the final highest Qualification score enter the final. 1 round of 25 targets - 1 shot only is permitted at each target (the second barrel cant be used). The shooter who totalizes Qualification and Final the highest Total score scores are added to wins determinate the Total score. Clay target about 110 mm (4 Targets are colored in inches) in diameter and bright orange for better about 25 mm (1 inch) in sighting and the targets

height.

GUN

Shotgun

used in final rounds also contain a powder which is more easily seen (so called flash targets). - 12 gauge - Single trigger, overunder shotgun (one barrel above the other). - Loaded with smooth bored shells with a maximum of 24.5 g of pellets.

Skeet Men Skeet is considered a short range event. Shooters fire from 8 different designated shooting stations at a series of singles and simultaneous doubles, which are thrown from two different trap houses (high house and low house) situated at each end of an arc of a circle of about 40 m diameter. Shooters may fire only 1 shot per target. Shooters must also hold their shotgun stock on or below an official marker tape, which is fixed at elbow level, until the target appears. Targets are thrown on shooters command after a variable delay (0-3 seconds) The men's match consists in a qualification of 125 targets, shot in five rounds of 25 over 2 days. Three qualification rounds are fired on day one; two qualification rounds plus the final are shot on day two. Following the qualifications, the top six shooters advance to a 25 target Finals round. Medals are awarded on the total of the Qualification and the Final scores. SPECIFICATIONS 125 clays in 5 rounds of 25 targets DESCRIPTION - Shooters, divided in squads of 6, fire 5 qualification rounds of 25 targets each over two days. - 1 shot is permitted at each target. - The 6 shooters with the highest Qualification score enter the final. Qualification and Final scores are added to

QUALIFICATION

WHO QUALIFIES FOR THE FINAL? FINAL WHO WINS THE MATCH?

The best 6 shooters enter the final 1 round of 25 targets The shooter who totalizes the highest Total score

wins TARGETS

GUN

determinate the Total score. Clay target about 110 mm (4 Targets are colored in inches) in diameter and bright orange for better about 25 mm (1 inch) in sighting and the targets height. used in final rounds also contain a powder which is more easily seen (so called flash targets). Shotgun - 12 gauge - Single trigger, overunder shotgun (one barrel above the other). - Loaded with smooth bored shells with a maximum of 24.5 g of pellets.

Skeet Women Skeet is considered a short range event. Shooters fire from 8 different designated shooting stations at a series of singles and simultaneous doubles, which are thrown from two different trap houses (high house and low house) situated at each end of an arc of a circle of about 40 m diameter. Shooters may fire only 1 shot per target. Shooters must also hold their shotgun stock on or below an official marker tape, which is fixed at elbow level, until the target appears. Targets are thrown on shooters command after a variable delay (0-3 seconds) The womens match consists in a qualification of 75 targets, shot in three rounds of 25 over 1 day. Following the qualifications, the top six shooters advance to a 25 target Finals round. Medals are awarded on the total of the Qualification and the Final scores. SPECIFICATIONS 75 clays in 3 rounds of 25 targets DESCRIPTION - Shooters, divided in squads of 6, fire 5 qualification rounds of 25 targets each over one day. - 1 shot is permitted at each target. - The 6 shooters with the highest Qualification score enter the final.

QUALIFICATION

WHO QUALIFIES FOR THE FINAL?

The best 6 shooters enter the final

FINAL WHO WINS THE MATCH?

1 round of 25 targets The shooter who totalizes the highest Total score wins Qualification and Final scores are added to determinate the Total score. Clay target about 110 mm (4 Targets are colored in inches) in diameter and bright orange for better about 25 mm (1 inch) in sighting and the targets height. used in final rounds also contain a powder which is more easily seen (so called flash targets). Shotgun - 12 gauge - Single trigger, overunder shotgun (one barrel above the other). - Loaded with smooth bored shells with a maximum of 24.5 g of pellets.

TARGETS

WEAPON

Double Trap Men Double Trap is considered the medium range event. The shooters (in squads of six) shoot in turn from 5 designated shooting stations set 15m back from the front edge of the bunker roof. Upon shooters command, 2 targets (the double or couple) are released simultaneously within a period of 0 ~ 1 second from the trap machines in centre of the bunker. The 2 targets travel at different heights and angles and a round consist of 25 doubles (for a total of 50 targets). The shooters fire 1 shot at each target. SPECIFICATIONS 150 clays in 3 rounds of 50 targets. DESCRIPTION - The targets are thrown in couples (the doubles). - Shooters, divided in squads of 6, fire 3 qualification rounds of 25 doubles (50 targets) each. - The 6 shooters with the highest Qualification score enter the final. The targets are thrown in

QUALIFICATION

WHO QUALIFIES FOR THE FINAL? FINAL

The best 6 shooters enter the final 1 round of 50 targets

WHO WINS THE MATCH?

TARGETS

WEAPON

couples (the doubles). The shooter who totalizes Qualification and Final the highest Total score scores are added to wins determinate the Total score. Clay target about 110 mm (4 Targets are colored in inches) in diameter and bright orange for better about 25 mm (1 inch) in sighting and the targets height. used in final rounds also contain a powder which is more easily seen (so called flash targets). Shotgun - 12 gauge - Single trigger, overunder shotgun (one barrel above the other). - Loaded with smooth bored shells with a maximum of 24.5 g of pellets.

Army JROTC: Leadership Education & Training. Retrieved July 30, 2013 from http://marksmanteam.webs.com/Unit7Marksmanship.pdf Biathlon in the Winter Olympics. Retrieved July 30, 2013 from http://www.dummies.com/howto/content/biathlon-in-the-winter-olympics.html Pierre [Image]. Retrieved July 30, 2013 from http://olympicdrea.blogspot.com/2012/11/losjuegos-olimpicos-modernos.html Byers S. An Overview of Olympic Archery. Retrieved July 30, 2013 from http://www.topendsports.com/sport/archery/olympics.htm Modern Pentathlon. Retrieved July 31, 2013 from http://www.dummies.com/howto/content/modern-pentathlon-at-the-2012-london-summer-olympi.html History. Retrieved July 31, 2013 from http://www.pentathlon.org/inside-uipm/history Shooting. Retrieved July 31, 2013 from http://corporate.olympics.com.au/sports/shooting Olympic Games. Retrieved July 31, 2013 from http://www.issfsports.org/theissf/championships/olympic_games.ashx folklard_1980550b [Image]. Retrieved July 31, 2013 from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/7904995/London-2012-Olympics-archeryguide.html Tirolwerb.mit-Biathlon-30.01.-01.02.09-047 [Image]. Retrieved July 31, 2013 from http://www.kitzalps.cc/en/biathlon-for-everybody.html helfers_pentathlon [Image]. Retrieved July 31, 2013 from http://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2012/08/the-glorious-irrelevance-ofmodern-pentathlon/260899/

150159901.jpg.CROP.rectangle3-large [Image]. Retrieved July 31, 2013 from http://www.slate.com/blogs/five_ring_circus/2012/08/12/modern_pentathlon_2012_olympics _can_lasers_save_the_olympics_weirdest_sport_.html shooting1_1957431b [Image] Retrieved July 31, 2013 from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/7910669/London-2012-Olympics-shootingguide.html