Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
INDEX
1.Certificate 2. Acknowledgements. 3.Aim 4.Introduction 5.Mechanism of cleansing of soap 6.Soap making processes 7.Imp. points to measure ingredients 8.Preparation of soap by cold process 9.Soap prepared by cold process 10. Preparation of soap by hot process 11. Soap prepared by hot process 12. Merits and demerits of soap 13. Bibliography
AIM
Manufacture of soaps using different oils and methods.
Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of higher fatty acids like stearic, palmitic and oleic acids can be either saturated or unsaturated. They contain a long hydrocarbon chain of about 10-20 carbon with one carboxylic acid group as the functional group. A soap molecule a tadpole shaped structure, whose ends have different polarities. At one end is the long hydrocarbon chain that is non-polar and hydrophobic, i.e., insoluble in water but oil soluble. At the other end is the short polar carboxylate ion which is hydrophilic i.e., water soluble but insoluble in oil and grease.
Hydrophilic end
Structure of a micelle
Cleansing action of soaps decreases in hard water. Hard water contains Calcium and magnesium ions which react with sodium carbonate to produce insoluble carbonates of higher fatty acids. 2C17H35COONa +Ca2+
. (Water soluble)
(C17H35COO) 2 Ca
(ppt.)
+2Na+ +2Na+
2C17H35COONa + Mg2+
( C17H35COO) 2 Mg
This hardness can be removed by addition of Sodium Carbonate. Ca2++ Na2CO3 Mg2++ Na2CO3 CaCO3 + 2Na+ MgCO3 + 2Na+
Effects of fats
Soaps are derivatives of fatty acids. Traditionally they have been made from triglycerides (oils and fats).Triglyceride is the chemical name for the triesters of fatty acids and glycerin. Tallow, i.e., rendered beef fat, is the most available triglyceride from animals. Its saponified product is called sodium tallowate. Typical vegetable oils used in soap making are palm oil, coconut oil, olive oil, and laurel oil. Each species offers quite different fatty acid content and, hence, results in soaps of distinct feel. The seed oils give softer but milder soaps. Soap made from pure olive oil is sometimes called Castile soap or Marseille soap, and is reputed for being extra mild. The term "Castile" is also sometimes applied to soaps from a mixture of oils, but a high percentage of olive oil.
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Steps Involved:
1. Measure the amount of lye and mix with water.
4.After blending mix glycerol , perfume and colour and mix them and put it in a mould.
5.Leave the soap for 2-3 days and then demould it.
Steps Involved:
1. Measure the amount of oils . Melt the hard oil and mix it with the soft oil.
4. Put the lye solution in the oil pot and mix them till it starts to thicken up.
5. Keep on stirring the mixture till it looked like applesauce and after like mashed potatoes .
6. Add a glycerin , perfume and colours and mix them as fast you can.
Qualities of Soaps
Preparation of soap is cheap. Soap is biodegradable. Easily soluble in polar protic solvents. It can be molded into various shapes, sizes and various kinds of fragrances and medical properties can be added to it.
Demerits of Soaps
Soaps do not work in hard water , they form salts with calcium and magnesium ions which are insoluble and thus a lot of soap gets wasted. The cleansing abilities are poorer than detergents