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CLASSIFICATION OF TRIPPING Objective is to trip only the absolutely essential so that - Damage is minimum - Over speeding of the TG due to sudden load throw off is avoided - Impact of tripping of large set on the grid is minimum - Auxiliaries if possible are ept energi!ed and time to restart the unit is "inimum
CLASS-C TRIPPING CLASS-C TRIPPING This is adopted for all faults beyond the Generator system which can be (leared by tripping of Generator transformer &' side (# alone$ In this case the TG set runs with &2%*2 bypass system in operation and The Generator continues to feed the unit auxiliary load through unit Auxiliary transformers$ (lass 3( Generator 2ole slipping 4elay 5ithout +nder voltage (lass 3# Generator )ield )ailure 4elay I stage alarm (lass 3# II stage Generator 4otor .arth )ault 4elay I stage alarm (lass 3( after some Time ,say 67mins- II stage Generator +nder fre1uency 4elay I stage alarm (lass 3# Generator Transformer Overfluxing 4elay (lass 3A Generator 0tator .8) 4elay ,9:;(lass 3A Generator 0tator .8) 4elay ,<77;(lass 3A +nit Overall Differential 4elay (lass 3A Generator Transformer Differential 4elay )or interloc in (lass 3#= Tripping Generator *ow )orward 2ower 4elay (lass 3A Generator Differential 4elay
4."A4>0 T4I22I?G "OD. 24OT.(TI'. 4.*A@ TYPICAL CLASSIFICATION OF TRIPPING Alarm +nit Auxiliary Transformer,s- Oil *evel Device I%stage alarm II%stage%trip unit switch Gear incomer brea er,sAnd Auto change%over$ +nit Auxiliary Transformer,s- Oil Temperature Devices I%stage alarm II%stage%trip unit switch Gear incomer brea er,sAnd Auto change%over to 0tation service +nit Auxiliary Transformer,s- Oil Temperature Device,sI%stage alarm (lass 3( +nit Auxiliary Transformer #uchhol! 4elay,sAlarm Generator Transformer Oil *evel Device
TYPICAL GROUPING OF RELAYS GROUP-2 % +nit overall Differential 4elay % Generator 0tator .arth )ault 4elay for protection of 9:; starter winding$ % Generator Transformer over fluxing 4elay % Generator Over voltage 4elay$ % Generator 4otor .arth )ault 4elay$ % Generator )ield )ailure 4elay$ % Generator 2ole 0lipping 4elay$ % Generator *ow )orward 2ower 4elay$ % Generator 4everse 2ower 4elay$ % Generator Distance #ac up 4elay$ % Generator &' standby .arth )ault 4elay$ % +nit Aux Transformer,s- &$'$ side over current 4elay ,for bac up protection% Generator ?egative 2hase 0e1uence (urrent 4elay$ % Generator definite time over%current 4elay$
Generator DataA
4ated "'A A BCD "'A 4ated 'A <:$D: ' )ull load currentA 97E:A 0ub%transient 4eactance Fd=A B<$C;
SYSTEM DETAILS
If unbalance exceeds this limit/ the extent of unbalance should be reduced within 6 to : minimum$ At a value of negative se1uence current of about B7%B:; of the rated 'alue/ the trip relay should operate J the generator should be automatically tripped$ 6- (ooling down time of the machineA not available
Transformer DataA
<- Transformer 4eactanceA <C$:; on <:$D: '8 CB7 ' B:7 "'A base B- (T DetailsA a- Generator side (T A <77778:A/ 4ctK <$: / class 20/ star connection/ ' K E77'/ 4*K 7$: one way
SYSTEM DETAILS
b- C77 ' side (T A :778 < A/ 4(T K 6 / ' K <777 ' (lass 20/ star connection c- ?eutral side (T A :778< A/ 20/ ' K <777 '/4(T K 6 6- 4* *ead resistanceA One way lead resistance of <: m/ B$: mmB 0ingle cable is 7$< ,looping done in (T "arshalling box-
4eliable earth fault protection during start%up$ It operates with increased sensitivity down to about B: &!/ the operating value being about 7$Ex set voltage$ At still lower fre1uency of <7&!/ the relay Operates at 7$G x set voltage$ 0econdary side voltage of grounding transformer for a fault on generator terminal is BC78 6 K <6G'$ )rom experience it is found that/ a setting of :$C ' of the voltage gives ade1uate discrimination Against such faults$
(alculationsA The characteristic of 4F2.C7 unit super% imposed on generator capability curve is 0hown in the diagram$ The setting of 4F2. should correspond to about D7 "'A as can be seen from the diagram$ This corresponds to a secondary current of <$BGA$ The under voltage and over current relays are usually set at about G:; of +? and <<:; If In respectively$ 4ecommended settingsA )or under voltage relay 4F.GB 0etting 4angeA G:%97; of +n ,K<<7 '4ecommended 0ettingA 9:' ,GE; of +nLOSS OF EXCITATION RELAY RAGPC! B- )or Over current relay 4FIGB 0etting 4angeA <<7%<<:; of In ,K:A4ecommended 0ettingA :$D:A ,<<:; of In6- )or Directional relay 4F2.C7 4ecommended 0ettingA <$BGA GENERATOR TRANSFORMER OVER-ALL DIFFERENTIAL RELAY 4elay particularsA TypeA 4AD0# 4atingA :A Auxiliary 'oltageA BB7 ' D( 4estraint Operating valueA 0ettable at B7/ B:/ 6B/ C7 or :7; of In +nrestraint Operating valueA 4econnectible to G/ <6 7r B7 times In (alculationsA )or determining auxiliary (t re1uirement In< on <:/ D: ' side K ,B:7 x <7N- 8 ,6 x <:$D:- >A K 9<EC$:EA InB on CB7 ' side K ,B:7 x <7N- 8 ,6 x CB7- >A K 6C6$EDA GENERATOR TRANSFORMER OVER-ALL DIFFERENTIAL RELAY In< K ,:8<7777- x 9<EC K C$:GA InB K ,<8:77- x6C6$D K 7$EGD 4atio of auxiliary (T K 7$EGD 8 ,C$:G8 6K 7$EGD 8 B$EC ' K 67 x In ,4I(T0- K 67 x ,:8 6- x 4I(T0 K 67 x 4I(T0 0etting (alculationsA a- Operating current settingA "aximum tap changing positionA :;
According to the designers recommendation a minimum current sensitivity of About <:; greater than the worst turns ratio mismatch at the tap changer should ?ormally be selected$ GENERATOR TRANSFORMER OVER-ALL DIFFERENTIAL RELAY Therefore/ for :; variation of taps operating current setting of B7; gives enough "argin for (T unbalance and other errors$ b- +nrestricted operating current settingA This feature is to provide instantaneous tripping in the event of severe internal )aults$ 4ecommended unrestrained relay setting to ta e care of inrush currents on 0witching/ from experience based on full load current e1ual to normal relay rating$ In practice such a situation arises in case of this transformer when an external (lose%in fault is cleared$ <6 ; <6; 5hen energi!ed from &' side *' side % ,*'- Any Transformer Transformer (onnection 0i!e GENERATOR TRANSFORMER OVER-ALL DIFFERENTIAL RELAY 4ecommended settingsA "aximum pic %up current setting K B7; of in +nrestrained operating current setting K <6 times in GENERATOR TRANSFORMER HV "INDING RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT RELAY 4elay particularsA TypeA 4AD&D 4atingA <A Operating 'oltageA <78<:' Operating 'oltageA B7mA Auxiliary 'oltageA BB7' D( (alculationsA "aximum through fault current K ,B:7 x <- 8 ,6 x CB7 x 7$<C:K B6D7A If K B6D7 8 :77 K C$DCA
"inimum relay K If ,4(T O B4*- K C$DC ,6 O 7$BOperating 'oltage K <:$<D' GENERATOR TRANSFORMER HV "INDING RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT RELAY Thus/ setting can be K <:' "inimum >nee point voltage of (T K K B x <:' K 67' 4ecommended settingsA 'oltage setting K <:' GENERATOR TRANSFORMER OVER-FLUXING RELAY 4elay particularsA TypeA 4AT+# 4atingA <<7'/ :7&! A( 0etting 4angeA 0tart/ Alarm P <$: to 6' 8 &! (alculationsA )ollowing are some comments regarding setting of 4AT+# <- Transformer can withstand <7; of rise in ' 8&! continuously Therefore setting +8 f start can be selected as <$79 F ,+n8fn- K <$79 x ,<<78:7- K B$C'8&! B- 2lot of transformer +8f withstand characteristics on 4AT+# characteristics gives > K B as the one giving GENERATOR TRANSFORMER OVER-FLUXING RELAY Operating times lower than transformer withstand time for rise in +8f up to <$6: x ,+n8fn-$ (haracteristics of transformer super%imposed on relay characteristics is shown in diagram$ 6- #eyond <$6: x ,+n8fn- rise in +8f operating time of 4AT+# varies from E to B$B secs at >KB/ whereas transformer re1uires instantaneous tripping$ +sually instantaneous .lement of O8' relay set suitably ta es care of these conditions$ C- Alarm unit can be set at same value as tripL B$C'8&! and time setting can be at 6$: secs$ &owever if instantaneous tripping is desired from 4AT+# itself alarm unit can be used for this purpose in which case setting of this unit will be <$6: x ,+n8fn-K<$6: x ,<<78:7- K 6'8&! with delay set at 7$< secs$
GENERATOR TRANSFORMER OVER-FLUXING RELAY 4ecommended settingsA ,+ 8 f- start K B$C' 8 &! >KB ,+ 8 f- alarm K B$C' 8 &! with time delay 6$: secs$ THE OPERATING TIME # AS A FUNCTION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BET"EEN THE ACTUAL EXCITATION ANS THE SET STARTING VALUE$ FOR DIFFERENT TIME CONSTANTS K. INTERTURN FAULT PROTECTION 4elay particularsA Type A 4FIGBG 4ange A :%<:' Aux 2T detailsA 2T%< A <C:$:'8B77'/ 62/ <:'A 2T%B A 6$B:'8E:'/ 62/ <:'A (alculationsA 'oltage per turn per slot K <6<$B:' In case of split windings ' for a single turn fault K <6<$B:8BKE:$EC:' INTERTURN FAULT PROTECTION '#A K E:$EB: S ,<<786- S T68,<:$DCS<7N-U '(D K 7$CE S E:86$B: K 9$B' The relay can be set at :7; of the voltage developed across the relay for a single turn )ault$ 4ecommended 0ettingA 4FIGBG setting K :' LIST OF REQUESTED PROTECTIVE FUNCTIONS % DIVIDED UP INTO T"O SYSTEMS A# Generator Differential Over all Differential "inimum Impedance ,Or alternativelyOver current8under voltage ,)or thruster excitation,Or optionOver current ?egative se1uence
Thermal 97; 0tator .arth )ault ?eutral Disp$ <77; stator earth fault GDG GDT B< :<8BD :< CE C9 :9 EC Generator stator 0hort circuits Asymmetry 0tator overload .arth fault stator 0@0T." 24OT.(TIO? )+?(TIO?0 A?0I T@2. O) )A+*T A# "ini reactance 2ole slip 4everse power ,double protection for large Generators"ax$ )re1uency "in$ fre1uency Over voltage or over current +nder voltage Over fluxing 'olt8&! Over voltage Thermal #ridge measuring hardware combined with 'oltage function C7 DG8B< 6B G< G< :9 BD BC :9 C9 EC4 Generator stator
*oss of excitation Out of step "onitoring Over speed #lade fatigue Inter turn fault *ower voltages "ag$ (ircuit &igher voltage Generator 4otor 4otor Overload 4otor ground 0@0T." 24OT.(TIO? )+?(TIO?0 A?0I T@2. O) )A+*T Transformer Differential Over current .arth )ault Over current 4estricted .arth )ault Transformer Differential Over current Overload 4esidual Over current ,possible option in acc$ 5ith re1uirements4estricted .arth )ault ,possible option in acc$ 5ith re1uirementsGDT :78:< :<? GD? GDT :78:< C9 ,:<?,GD?0tep%up Transformer 0hort circuit Ground )ault +nit Transformer 0hort circuit Ground )ault
DATA REQUIRED FOR RELAY SETTING CALCULATIONS FOR GENERATOR PROTECTIONS <- Generator differential protection P GDG%4AD&AA a- 0ub%transient reactance Fd= b- (T secondary resistance 4(T c- *ead resistance from (T to junction point 4* B- Differential protection P GD*%4AD&AA a- 0ub%transient reactance Fd= b- Transformer reactance FT c- (T secondary resistance 4(T d- *ead resistance from (T to junction point 4* 6- <77; .arth fault relay P ECG<%4AG.AA a- 6rd &armonic voltage across secondary of grounding transformer$ DATA REQUIRED FOR RELAY SETTING CALCULATIONS FOR GENERATOR PROTECTIONS C- Generator Over voltage relay % :9G%4F.GA a- Over voltage withstand values of the generator$ :- Generator Inter%turn fault relay P :7GI%4FIGA a- +nbalance in current for < turn short circuit$ E- *oss of .xcitation relay P C7G%4AG2(A a- The generator capability curve$ b- Impedance locus during loss of excitation c- 'ariation in machine voltage J current on loss of excitation D- ?egative se1uence protection P CEG%4A4I#A a- >% A constant in seconds that is the characteristic for the generator This constant represents the time during which a negative 0e1uence current that is e1uivalent to the rated current of the Generator can be permitted$ DATA REQUIRED FOR RELAY SETTING CALCULATIONS FOR GENERATOR PROTECTIONS b- (ontinuous negative se1uence with stand value$ G- +nder%fre1uency protection% G<G%4F).A a- Generator manufacturers recommendations regarding under fre1uency Trip$ 9- Over current relay P :<%4FIGA a- (ontinuous withstand current of the unit$
<7- Generator #ac up Impedance relay P B<G%4A>M#A a- 2hilosophy adopted for settingA % To cover only transformer % To cover next outgoing line but not beyond/ under all Generation conditions % To set for D7; of maximum load impedance$ DATA REQUIRED FOR RELAY SETTING CALCULATIONS FOR GENERATOR PROTECTIONS <<- 2ole slipping relayA a- Impedance locus during pole slip$ <B- Over%all differential relay P GDGT%4AD0#A a- 4(T/ ' of main (T$ b- 4*/ *ead 4esistance$ <6- 4estricted .arth fault relay P ECGT%4AD&DA a- 4(T of the main (T$ b- 4*/ *ead 4esistance$ <C- Over fluxing relay P 99GT % 4AT+#A a- Over fluxing characteristics of the transformer$ <:- Transformer Ground fault relay P :<?GT%(DGA a- 2lug setting$ b- Time setting$ DATA REQUIRED FOR RELAY SETTING CALCULATIONS FOR GENERATOR PROTECTIONS& <E- 0tation Transformer$ Differential relay P GD+TA J GD+T#%4AD0#A a- 4(T/ ' of main (T$ b- 4*/ *ead 4esistance$ <D- 0tation Transformer$ Over current relay P :<+TA P (DG66A a- 2lug setting$ b- Time setting$