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Enterprise Software and
Business Infrastructure
Week 1 Module Introduction and
Introduction to Enterprise Systems
and Organisations
Introduction to Enterprise Systems and Organisations Lecture 1 - 1.2
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Programme Overview
How information technology is used within
industrial enterprises. What is meant by
enterprise software and how it is incorporated
within the underlying IT infrastructure.
Application of computing functions in
various product processes (customer ordering and
satisfaction)
main support processes (marketing and material
processes).
Introduction to Enterprise Systems and Organisations Lecture 1 - 1.3
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Overview (cont)
Relevance of enterprise information systems
architectures and topics such as
enterprise wide information systems,
enterprise requirements planning (ERP) systems,
data warehousing/business intelligence and
enterprise application integration (EAI)
Advanced topics such as middleware, service
orientation and IT governance explored.
Introduction to Enterprise Systems and Organisations Lecture 1 - 1.4
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Outline Schedule
Week 1 Introduction to Enterprise Systems & Software
Week 2 - 3 Reference Models and Business Architectures
Week 4 - 5 IT Infrastructure & Administration of Enterprise Systems
Week 6 - 8 Enterprise Software Systems
Week 9 - 10 Myth. Messaging & Middleware
Week 11 Content Management
Week 12 Summary

Introduction to Enterprise Systems and Organisations Lecture 1 - 1.5
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Learning Outcomes
Knowledge and
Understanding
1. Critically appraise the role of business wide systems to support
business strategy. Evaluating/selecting the main suppliers ,
products and application domains of enterprise wide packages
2. Evaluate the scale and complexity of enterprise system packages,
appraising the benefits and opportunities that such systems
provide to both large enterprises and SMEs.
3. Compare and contrast the integrative roles of enterprise systems
for information within the organisational context and critically
analyse which components of an enterprise software systems
should work together
Intellectual Skills 1. Critically appraise the role of enterprise systems as part of the
larger IT infrastructure of large scale organisations
Practical Skills 1. Develop and devise plans for infrastructure support of enterprise
software and other requirements of a commercial organisation,
selecting the implementation variables, individual variables and
contextual variables that interact to influence a successful system
implementation
Transferable Skills
1. Critically analyse data from a variety of sources to arrive at a
conclusion
Introduction to Enterprise Systems and Organisations Lecture 1 - 1.6
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Assessment
Global Examination 30%
Coursework Assignment 70%
Individual case study assignment with
individually assessed reports
Introduction to Enterprise Systems and Organisations Lecture 1 - 1.7
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Week 1 Objectives
Preview course contents
Define key terms
Describe model of enterprise systems
Develop sense of context for:
organisations
information technology
information systems
Describe some of advances and failures of the old
context
Introduction to Enterprise Systems and Organisations Lecture 1 - 1.8
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Key Terms
Information Technology
Business Process
Information System
Enterprise Software
Organisation
Integration
Introduction to Enterprise Systems and Organisations Lecture 1 - 1.9
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Information Technology
Resources:
Computer hardware
Software
Networks
Databases
Introduction to Enterprise Systems and Organisations Lecture 1 - 1.10
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Business Process
A specific ordering of work activities
across time and place, with a beginning,
an end, and clearly identified inputs and
outputs.
Davenport, 1993
Introduction to Enterprise Systems and Organisations Lecture 1 - 1.11
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Information System
An information system is a unique
configuration of IT resources and
organisational processes whereby the IT
resources (and the information they
provide) are applied to support specific
organisational processes.
(Sandoe, 2001)
Introduction to Enterprise Systems and Organisations Lecture 1 - 1.12
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Enterprise Software
Typically software which solves an
enterprise problem (as opposed to a
departmental problem) and is often written
using an Enterprise Software Architecture
Introduction to Enterprise Systems and Organisations Lecture 1 - 1.13
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Enterprise Software Characteristics
Often available as a suite of programs with
associated specialist development tools
Often proprietary, although standards are
emerging
Provide business support functionality to
improve productivity/efficiency
Business orientated tools
Introduction to Enterprise Systems and Organisations Lecture 1 - 1.14
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Processes
Information
Systems
IT resources
Introduction to Enterprise Systems and Organisations Lecture 1 - 1.15
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Example: HRIS
Payroll
Training Recruiting
Benefits
Payroll programs,
personnel files,
training videos, health
plan documents,
recruiting
presentations, servers
and networks, etc
Introduction to Enterprise Systems and Organisations Lecture 1 - 1.16
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Organisation
Organisations consist of
People
Process
Structure
Organisations operate within an environment
which contains stakeholders, competitors,
other influences
Introduction to Enterprise Systems and Organisations Lecture 1 - 1.17
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Organisation and Environment
Regulators
Investors
Partners
Customers Suppliers
Input
Output
Introduction to Enterprise Systems and Organisations Lecture 1 - 1.18
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Integration
Integration can be defined as bringing parts
together to make them whole or complete
IS Integration aims to overcome the isolation of
information systems
Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems do not
normally provide sufficient integration by
themselves
Enterprise systems provide integration at both the
technical and organisational levels
Introduction to Enterprise Systems and Organisations Lecture 1 - 1.19
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Regulators
Investors
Partners
Customers Suppliers
Information Systems In Organisations
IT resources
Input
Output
Information
systems
Introduction to Enterprise Systems and Organisations Lecture 1 - 1.20
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Why Do We Use Computers In
Enterprises?
Cost savings
Competitive advantage
Infrastructure
Business Intelligence
Enterprise Applications
Technology is shaping the enterprise
Introduction to Enterprise Systems and Organisations Lecture 1 - 1.21
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Cost Savings
Automation of manual tasks
Justification based on ROI: savings
Hospital: Automation of laboratory, payroll,
invoicing, statistics
Can you continue saving 10% of costs per annum?
To achieve more results with the same employees
Introduction to Enterprise Systems and Organisations Lecture 1 - 1.22
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Competitive Advantage
To add value to the customer
Shorter delivery times: Paper Manufacturers
Build to order: Cars, computers
Local advertisements: Newspaper publishers
Interactive banking, self service
Competitive edge competition will catch up
Introduction to Enterprise Systems and Organisations Lecture 1 - 1.23
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Computing Infrastructure
Shipyard: Computing will be as necessary and as
natural as water, drain and electricity
ATM networks: from competitive advantage to
commodity which have to be produced at low cost
Mission critical systems: operational systems which
are needed to run the business
Product Data Management: Product structures,
Version control, review process, change impact
analysis, workflow management
E-mail: you cannot survive without it
Introduction to Enterprise Systems and Organisations Lecture 1 - 1.24
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Business Intelligence
Retailers: Who are our customers? What do they
buy? What are our best products? What are our
best markets? What are our competitors?
Loyalty cards: Understand customer behaviour.
Give bonus in return for getting the information
Supplier management: Who are our suppliers, how
do they perform? (Case Nokia)
Information within the product (paper, electricity,
travel bureaus)
Introduction to Enterprise Systems and Organisations Lecture 1 - 1.25
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Technology Is Shaping The
Enterprise
Amazon.com
Google
eBay,

Introduction to Enterprise Systems and Organisations Lecture 1 - 1.26
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Legacy Is Here To Stay
Old applications are still working
Multiple platforms (mainframe, unix, windows,
linux)
New applications are somehow connected to the
old ones (common database, file transfer, message
queues, remote procedure calls, web services)
Applications built in-house, tailored, packaged,
bought as a service (asp)
Introduction to Enterprise Systems and Organisations Lecture 1 - 1.27
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Information Technology's Roles
In Value Chain Management
Data Capture
Data Transmission
Data Organisation and Display
Transaction and Business Process
Execution
Planning and Decision Support
Creating New Business Models
Introduction to Enterprise Systems and Organisations Lecture 1 - 1.28
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Information Systems in the
Organisation
Main themes:
Development of Modern Organisations
Composition of Organisations
A failure to integrate
Introduction to Enterprise Systems and Organisations Lecture 1 - 1.29
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Why Organise Around the
Specialisation of Work?
Advantages of the Division of Labour
manage complexity
achieve mastery
reduce switching costs
reduce training costs
increase scalability
Introduction to Enterprise Systems and Organisations Lecture 1 - 1.30
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Specialisation and Control
A single, unified task
naturally divides into subtasks
resulting in task specialization
increased need for control
Introduction to Enterprise Systems and Organisations Lecture 1 - 1.31
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Coordinating Mechanisms in
Organisations
Mutual adjustment
Direct supervision
Standardization of tasks
Standardization of outputs
Standardization of skills
Mintzberg, 1979
Introduction to Enterprise Systems and Organisations Lecture 1 - 1.32
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3 PEOPLE = 3 CHANNELS
6 PEOPLE = 6 CHANNELS???
6 PEOPLE = 15 CHANNELS
12 PEOPLE = ???
Introduction to Enterprise Systems and Organisations Lecture 1 - 1.33
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Functional Organisation
Introduction to Enterprise Systems and Organisations Lecture 1 - 1.34
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Divisionalized Form
Introduction to Enterprise Systems and Organisations Lecture 1 - 1.35
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Mintzbergs Form
Strategic
apex
Operating core
Middle
line
Support
staff
Techno-
structure
Introduction to Enterprise Systems and Organisations Lecture 1 - 1.36
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The Flow Of Formal Authority
Introduction to Enterprise Systems and Organisations Lecture 1 - 1.37
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The Flow Of Regulated Activity
Introduction to Enterprise Systems and Organisations Lecture 1 - 1.38
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The Flow Of Informal Communication
Introduction to Enterprise Systems and Organisations Lecture 1 - 1.39
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Set Of Work Constellations
Introduction to Enterprise Systems and Organisations Lecture 1 - 1.40
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An Organisational Mess
Introduction to Enterprise Systems and Organisations Lecture 1 - 1.41
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A Failure To Integrate
A focus on task and individual over process
and team
Integration is discouraged by grouping by
function
The organisation lacks built-in mechanism
for coordinating process flows
The overall performance in organisations is
hard to track
Introduction to Enterprise Systems and Organisations Lecture 1 - 1.42
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A Failure To Communicate
Connectivity is more than technical issue,
need to overcome organisational inertia
Legacy systems represent a large sunk cost
Technical standards cut both ways; enable
connectivity but also freeze progress
Responsiveness suffers when disparate
platforms are connected
Introduction to Enterprise Systems and Organisations Lecture 1 - 1.43
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Connectivity / Responsiveness
R
e
s
p
o
n
s
i
v
e
n
e
s
s

/

u
s
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
Mainframe
PC / LAN Internet
Introduction to Enterprise Systems and Organisations Lecture 1 - 1.44
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IS Management Eras
Era I the glass house; regulated
monopoly; focus on efficiency and
productivity
Era II proliferation of PCs; free market;
focus on individual and group effectiveness
Era III network is computer; ubiquity;
focus on integration and value creation
Applegate et al, 1999
Introduction to Enterprise Systems and Organisations Lecture 1 - 1.45
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Classification of IS
Executive IS
Geographic IS
Decision support
Factory
automation
(CIM)
Artificial
intelligence
Transaction processing
Strategic
apex
Operating core
Middle
line
Support
staff
Techno-
structure
Introduction to Enterprise Systems and Organisations Lecture 1 - 1.46
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A Failure To Allocate
There is an imbalance in distribution
between centralised and decentralised
systems leading to duplication of data in
functional IS (islands of automation)
Introduction to Enterprise Systems and Organisations Lecture 1 - 1.47
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Summary
Previewed course content
Defined information systems, organisations, and
integration
Developed framework for enterprise systems
Developed sense of context for:
organisations
information technology
information systems
Described some of advances and failures of the old
context
Enterprise and Organisation Lecture1 - 1.48
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