5-4 Statically Indeterminate Frame

In Section 1-5, we distinguished between statically determinate and statically indeterminate trusses: the axial forces in the statically determinate trusses could can be calculated considering the equilibrium of forces only, butwhereas the calculation of the axial forces in the statically indeterminate trusses requiresd, in addition to statics, considerationing of compatibility of deformation compatibilitys as well. In this section, we shall define study a statically indeterminate frame, where for which the calculation of the internal forces axial forces, shear forces and bending moment! requires consideration of both the force equilibrium of forces and the deformation compatibility. of deformations. "egrettably, many frames are statically indeterminate. #e need to learn to determinecalculate their response to load. $ompared withto the calculation process for a determinate structure, that for an indeterminate structure is longer, yebut straightforward.

"ecall %ig. 1-5-&, where the axial forces in statically indeterminate trusses changed when we changed the axial stiffness EA for the section the 'oung(s modulus multiplied by the crosssectional area!. Similarly, the internal forces in an indeterminate frame changes if we change the bending stiffness EI for the section the 'oung(s modulus multiplied by the moment of inertia!. In %ig. 5-)-1*d, we obtained a bending moment diagram for a portal frame with all of its members ha+ing the same stiffness. If we assume that the stiffness of column $, is extremely large as shown in %ig. 5---1, which should be the correct bending moment diagram among included in %igs. 5---.a through d is the correct one/

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#e note that t1he moment diagram in %ig. 5---.a is identical with that the one obtained for a frame with all of its members ha+ing the same stiffness. columns resist larger moments than those in %ig. 5---.a. and, In in %igs. 5---.b and c, the

1he portal frame in %ig. 5---1 is an indeterminate frame. #e cannot determine the internal forces using the conditions of equilibrium alone. So we decide to go through a simple four-step procedure: Step 1: #e release the hori2ontal-force restraint on reaction , %ig. 5---)a!. 3ow the portal frame, with the degrees of freedom increased, is determinate. #e can determine the reactions and the internal forces on the basis of equilibrium conditions alone. Step .: 4i+en the distributions of internal forces, we can determine the hori2ontal displacement, u%, , at reaction ,, u%, caused by the applied +ertical load F %ig. 5---)c!. Step ): 5gain referring to the frame with the released hori2ontal restraint, we apply a

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hori2ontal force of a gi+en magnitude, R, at reaction , %ig. 5----a!6 and determine the hori2ontal displacement u", it causes at reaction , %ig. 5----c!. 1he +alue of R is not important but it may simplify arithmetic if it is chosen to be unity.! Step -: 1he condition we must satisfy is that the hori2ontal displacement at reaction , must be 2ero under the influence of the +ertical load F and the hori2ontal load R. #e determine the hori2ontal reaction at , which must be equal to the hori2ontal reaction at 5! from u%, 7 u", 5.-.1!

#e shall go through the process described abo+e in detail in the following paragraphs. Step 1: #ith the hori2ontal restraint released at support 8, the portal frame has no hori2ontal reaction. 5s we ha+e obser+ed earlier Section 5-)!, the beam responds as a simply supported

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beam. 4i+en that the slope is 2ero at mid-span, the rotation at each end is

B = C =

FL. 19 EI

5.-..!

1he columns are not sub:ected to bending moment. 1hey do not bend. 1hereforen, the hori2ontal deflections contributionsed ofby the column rotationss to the hori2ontal deflections are uleft = B L and uright = C L because the column height is equal to the beam span L!. 1he total displacement is u%, = uleft + uright = B L + C L = FL) ;EI 5.-.)!

Step .: #e apply a hori2ontal force R at support 8. 1he resulting bending-moment distribution is shown in %ig. 5----b. #e note that the bending deformation of the column on the right with an extremely large bending stiffness EI! is negligible. 1he slopes at the two ends of the beam are the same

B = C =

RL. . EI

5.-.-!

1hereforen, the total hori2ontal displacement is the sum of the contribution of the column on the left uleft = B L + RL) 5 RL) = )EI 9 EI 5.-.5!

and that of the +ery stiff column on the right uright resulting in RL) = C L = . EI 5.-.9!

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u", = uleft + uright =

- RL) )EI

5.-.0!

1o get the proper hori2ontal reaction at 8, we equate the determined displacements FL) - RL) = ;EI )EI leading to
R= ) F ).

5.-.;!

5.-.&!

3ow we ha+e the hori2ontal reaction for the indeterminate frame in terms of the force %. 8ecause we <now the reactions or external forces!, we determine the bending moment at the top of the column which is equal to the moment at the end of the beam! using statics M = R L = ) FL ). 5.-.1*!

#e conclude that solution 5---.b is the correct onediagram.

1he process can be repeated in 4='5-> as follows. 1. ?a<e the +ertical force 2ero and apply a hori2ontal force of @)3 at the roller support support 8!. .. $lic< the AsettingB button and increase E for the right column to at least 1** times the default +alue. 3ote that the hori2ontal displacement of the roller has now been reduced to -C5 of that in the pre+ious stage. ). 5pply a +ertical force of ). 3 at mid-span of the beam. 'ou will find that Dq. 5.-.& is satisfied and that the hori2ontal displacement of the roller support is 2ero.

#hat would happen if you increase the EI for both columns equally to an extremely large +alue/

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In this case, the displacement of the roller caused by the hori2ontal force R %ig. 5----a! is: u RD = B L + C L = RL) EI 5.-.11!

1o get the proper hori2ontal reaction at ,, we equate this displacement with that caused by the +ertical force Dq. 5---)!. RL) FL) = EI ; EI which leads to
R= 1 F ;

5.-.1.!

5.-.1)!

1herefore, the bending moment is as shown in %ig. 5---.c. 1he deformed deflected shape is shown in %ig. 5---5. 3ote that the columns do not deformdeflect. 1he ,eflected shapedeformation and the bending moment of the beam are, therefore, the same as those of a beam of which ends are with both ends fixed as shown in %ig. 5---9.

%ig. 5---5 1wo rigid columns

%ig. 5---9 8eam of which ends are fixed

Example 5-4-1. $onstruct the bending moment diagram of the structure shown in %ig. 5--0a and calculate the hori2ontal displacement of the beam, ux.

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%ig. 5---0 5 symmetric frame with a rigid beam

Solution: 8ecause the beam is rigid and does not deform, the top of each column does cannot rotate 7 *! as shown in %ig. 5---0b!. 1herefore, the columns are deformed as if they are cantile+er beams withof length L with their free ends at the supports. 8ecause the bending stiffness EI! and the lateral displacement ux! of the two columns are the same, the shear force in each column is also the same. 1hus, w#e conclude that the shear force in each column is FC. and the bending moment diagram is as shown in %ig. 5---0c. 3ote that the deflection of a cantile+er beam with a load of FC. is:
ux = F C .! L) FL) = )EI 9 EI

5.-.1)!

1his is the lateral displacement of the beam shown in %ig. 5---0b. In 4='5->, modify 'oung(s modulus of the columns to 10; 3Cmm. so that EI 7 1*9 3.mm. and ma<e 'oung(s modulus of the beam +ery large at least 1** times the default +alue!. 1hen, ma<eapply F 7 9 3. 1he lateral displacement of the beam indicated on the screen should be u x = 9 1**) C 9 1*9 ! = 1 mm.

Example 5-4-2. $onstruct ,raw the bending moment diagram of the structure shown in %ig. 5---;a and calculate the hori2ontal displacement of the beam, ux.

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%ig. 5---; 5n asymmetric unsymmetrical frame with a rigid beam

Solution: 8ecause the beam is rigid, the columns may be treated as cantile+er beams with their fixed ends at the beam le+el. Eet R1 and R. denote the reactions of the supports as shown in %ig. 5---;b and note that the deformation ux! of each column is the same. 1hat leads us to:
ux = R1 L) R. L) = )EI ) . EI !

5.-.1-!

or R. = . R1 . 3oting that F = R1 + R. , we obtain R1 = F C ) and R. = . F C ) . 1he shear force in the right column is twice that in the left column because the bending stiffness of the right column is twice that of the left column. If we substitute R1 = F C ) into Dq. 5.-.1-!, we get:
ux = F C )! L) FL) = )EI & EI

5.-.15!

'ou should chec< this result using 4='5->.

Example 5-4-3. $onstruct the bending moment diagram of the structure with distributed load shown in %ig. 5---&.

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%ig. 5---& 5 frame with distributed load

Solution: #e can sol+e this example replacing one of the pin supports by a roller support as we did before. Fowe+er, we note that the columns do not deform. 1hat obser+ation leads to a faster solution. 8ecause the ends of the beam do not rotate, the beam may be considered as a beam with fixed ends %ig. 5---1*a!.

%ig. 5---1* Solution

3ote that the +ertical reaction at each support is wLC. because of symmetry. Integrating dV/dx 7 w, we obtain %ig. 5---1*b or:

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V =

wL wx .

5.-.19!

1he bending moment is obtained integrating dM/dx 7 V:

M = M* + wL w x x. . .

5.-.10!

where M* denotes the bending moment at x 7 * the left end!. #e substitute this equation into
d . v C dx . = M C EI and integrate it, noting that the inclination at x 7 * the left end! is 2ero. #e

obtain:
dv 1 wL . w ) = x x M *x + dx EI 9

5.-.1;!

8ecause the deflected shape is symmetric about mid-span, the slope at x 7 LC. mid-span! must be also 2ero. 1herefore, we ha+e:
M* = wL. 1.

5.-.1&!

%igure 5---1*c shows the bending moment diagram.

If the columns are much more flexible than the beam contrary to %ig. 5---&!, the bending moments at the ends of the beam M* become infinitesimalapproach 2ero and we obtain the bending moment diagram as shown in %ig. 5---1*e, which is equi+alent to that of a simple beam. If the stiffness of the beam is similar to those of the columns, the bending moment diagram is between %igs. 5---1*d and e as shown in %ig. 5---1*f.

In %igs. 5---1*d, e, and f, you should note that the difference between the moment at the ends and that of at mid-span is always wL. C ; . 1hisat agrees with the bending moment at the middlemid-span of a simple beam under a uniform load of w see Section )-.!. Such an

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agreement is also obser+ed for the case of a concentrated load. 1he bending moment in an equi+alent simple-beam is called Astatic moment.B %igure 5---11a shows a frame sub:ected to a uniform load of w and a hori2ontal load of FH. If you call the positi+e moment at mid-span M1 and the two negati+e moments at the ends of the beam M* and M., you will find M * + M . wL. M1 = . ; or M1 + M* + M. . wL. = ;

because the moment distribution in %ig. 5---11a can be decomposed into those in %igs. 5---11b and c. %or a beam with a concentrated load at the middle %ig. 5---1.! M1 M * + M . FL = . or M1 + M* + M. . = FL -

1he left-hand term, for any loading distribution, is equal to the static moment or the moment at mid-span of a simply supported beam for the same loading distribution. 1his result is useful to remember because it can be used to chec< the reliability of solutions for statically indeterminate beams.

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Exercise 1: 1a<e the last digit of your I,G i to determine the length of the beam below. %ill out the table below using 4='5->, while <eeping 'oung(s modulus of the other members as the default +alue E 7 1** 3Cmm.!. 5lso, s<etch the deflected shape of the frame for each case.

Exercise 2: 1a<e the last digit of your I,G i to determine the length of the beam below. %ill out the table below using 4='5-> but, while <eeping 'oung(s modulus of the other members equal toas the default +alue E 7 1** 3Cmm.!. S<etch the deflected shape of the frame for each case.

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