The article was published in Journal: Biopolymers and cell, 2005, V.21, N2, . 10!"1## $%n &us.'.

()N)T%* +N, ) %()N)T%* *-NT&-. -/ .+NT (&-0T1 +N, ,)V).- 2)NT. ()N)3 -/ +45%N B%-36NT1)3%3 +N, +45%N7 &)(4.+T), ()N)3 *-NT&-..%N( .+NT *).. ,%V%3%-N +N, )5T)N3%-N
1

Victoriya +. Tsy8an9o:a, 1.arysa +. (al9ina, 2.udmila %. 2usaten9o, 2 ;onstantyn 2. 3ytni9

1

Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of the Ukraine Murmanska Street, Kie !"!#$, Ukraine
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Kholodny Institute of Botany, National Academy of Sciences of the Ukraine %ereshenki ska Street, Kie !1!!$, Ukraine In the review a spectrum of enzymes genes determining different ways of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) biosynthesis identified at Arabidopsis is given: the !"# gene of antranilat phosphoribosyltransferase#$ !"3 gene of tryptophan synthase and family %I genes of nitrilase$ catalysing tryptophan-independent way of IAA biosynthesis from precursor indole-3acetonitrile& '(")*+ and '(",3+# genes (members of family cytochromes "-./ genes)$ controlling IAA biosynthesis from tryptophan& the enzymes genes catalysing of the IAA biosynthesis from indole-3-butyric acid: the "0A# and "10#- genes of pero2isomal membrane proteins - the A+'-A "as family members$ the "10. and "10) genes of cytoplasmic protein receptors$ genes of pero2isomal matri2 proteins-enzymes (ac23 gene of acyl-'oA o2idase$ aim# gene of multifunctional protein and ped# gene of thiolase)& enzymes genes catalysing synthesis of IAA-con3ugates and their hydrolysis - the genes of IA45c syntase$ IAInos transferase$ serin carbo2ypeptidase-li6e IAInos acyltransferase and IA!3 gene of IAA-Ala hydrolase7 he nomenclature and classification of the au2in-regulated genes responsible for the cell division are presented: cyclin genes and cyclin-dependent protein 6inase genes$ as well as genes of numerous family of mitogen-activated protein 6inases7 he au2in-induced genes of enzymes participating in biosynthesis and hydrolysis of polysaccharides components of plant cell walls in the period of their growth by e2tension are considered in detail: the 1I gene of endo-#$3:#$---8-glucanase and 109II gene of e2o--8-glucanase$ numerous families 01 genes of 2yloglucan endotransglycosylases$ :e10" genes of e2pansins$ At;< genes of 2yloglucan-specific -#$=- and -#$>-fucosyltransferases and glycosyltransferases$ '?5 genes of 2yloglucan glucan synthases and -#$--mannan synthases$ @<! genes 2yloglucan galactosyltransferases as well as the At0 # gene and homologous At4 =-) genes 2yloglucan 2ylosyltransferases at Arabidopsis& the 0?# gene of 2ylan synthase at rice$ and also 4?# gene of glucan synthase at corn7 A possible role of cell wall protein -e2tensin (encoded by the au2inregulated A!4" gene) in the plants defence from pathogens and unfavourable factors of e2ternal environment is discussed 7 Key words: genes of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) biosynthesis& au2in-regulated genes responsible for plant cell division and e2tension&
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%ntroduction. Information concerning the hormonal regulatory system in 'lants (as first 'u)lished more than 1!! years ago& In the first 'u)lications the suggestions a)out the e*istence of endogenous mechanisms controlling 'lant gro(th and de elo'ment, )ased only on em'iric, fragmentary data regarding functional correlati e interrelations )et(een arious 'lant 'arts, (ere made +1,& %hose early 'u)lications 'resented facts 'ro ing these interrelations, a)out many 'hysiological 'rocesses such as stimulation of the lateral )uds gro(th during se'aration of the main a'ical )ud +",, increasing seeds germination )ecause of their se'aration from fruits +-,, termination of the coleo'tiles tro'ism (hen their a'ical .ones are deca'itated +$,, termination of starch degradation after germs remo al from grains +/,, iolation of )uds gro(th occurring (ith a 'artial defoliation +0,, retardation of lea es and stems senescence (hen 'lant re'roducti e organs are remo ed +1,& 2enceforth, these o)ser ations ena)led t3 su''ose that interactions )et(een se'arate 'lant organs may )e mediated )y chemical com'ounds called later )y 'hytohormones& A significant 'rogress in this field has )een made as a result of the organic chemistry de elo'ment& %he first au*in 4 indole5-5acetic acid 6IAA7, ado'ted )y a gro(th hormone, (as isolated and identified )y an outstanding Ukrainian )iologist, the founder of the 'hytohormone theory 5 Kholodny in 1#"8 +8, #,& Almost simultaneously )ut inde'endently, similar e*'erimental studies (ere conducted and theoretically grounded )y a 9utch 'hysiologist :ent& As a result, the general hormonal theory of tro'ism, kno(n from the scientific literature and manuals as the Kholodny5:ent theory, (as formulated& A classical conce'tion of the 'hytohormone as a chemical messenger that is synthesi.ed in one 'art of the 'lant, transferred into the other and affects arious 'hysiological 'rocesses, (as first e*'ounded )y :ent and %imann in 1#-1 +1!,; later, in 1#0!, %imann terminologically su''lemented the conce'tion of 'hytohormones as organic su)stances acting in small amounts +11,& It should )e noted that since the time (hen 9ar(in disco ered the 'henomenon of tro'ism and for the follo(ing decades, IAA has )een considered the main regulatory hormone at all ste's of the 'lant ontogenesis, (hile the e*'erimental data gi ing e idence of the e*istence of other 'hysiologically acti e com'ounds, regulating the cell 'roliferation and differentiation, (ere de)ata)le u' to /!th years of the last century& In the su)se<uent years there ha e )een identified ne( classes of 'hytohormones= gi))erellins, cytokinins, ethylene and a)scisic acid (hich (ere initially regarded as agents modifying au*in effects +1",& 2o(e er, later it (as 'ro ed that those com'ounds could )e themsel es 'hytohormones and the results of many studies, testifying t3 a cross5regulation effect of the fi e 'hytohormones, ena)led t3 formulate the conce'tion of the 'lant endogenous integral regulatory 'hytohormonal system& %he scientific disco eries, made in the 'hytohormonology in last fe( years o(ing t3 the ne( chemical and molecular5)iological techni<ues, ha e su''lemented the list of the fi e classic 'hytohormones (ith ne(, non5traditional
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'lant gro(th su)stances, (hich may )e ele ated to hormone status= olygosaccharides, >asmonates, salicilates, 'olyamines +1- 5 1/,, turgorines, stiroles +10,; hormone5like su)stances of a dou)le au*in5cytokinin action 6they include )rassinosteroids +1/, and fusicoccine found in flo(er 'lants +11,; in>ury hormones 6necrohormone, traumatine7 4 com'ounds formed on in>ured and (ounded surfaces and facilitating their reco ery 6it is )elie ed that in addition t3 the (ell5kno(n )ut insufficiently s'read traumatic acid the (ound hormone function is also 'erformed )y au*in and cytokinins7 +18,; flo(ering hormones 5 ernaline and florigene& %he florigene e*istence (as first suggested )y an outstanding ?ussian )iologist Chailakhian in 1#-1 +18,& Su)se<uent studies, carried out )y Chailakhian, ena)led t3 make conclusion that florigene is a 'hytohormone com'le* com'osing of gi))erellins and antensines 6grou' of flo(ering factors7 'roduced as a result of age changes or under en ironmental factors influence 6'hoto'eriodical induction etc&7 and initiating the flo(er organs formation 6gi))erellins are )elie ed t3 )e necessary for long5day 'lants (hich re<uire a rather long day5light 'eriod for their flo(ering, (hile antensines stimulate the flo(ering of short5day 'lants and the site of their formation is confined t3 lea es7& %he flo(ering hormone ernaline (as disco ered )y Melcherson in 1#-#& Its )iosynthesis (as esta)lished to occur in germinating seed em)ryos, di iding cells of a'ical meristems in mature 6t(o5year old7 'lants affected for some time )y lo( tem'eratures, for e*am'le, )y (inter cold& @ther non5hormonal natural com'ounds ha ing )oth a stimulating effect 6for e*am'le, 'henolcar)o*ylic acids 'ossessing an au*in acti ity 5 'herulic, anillic and coffe acids, urea deri ati es (hich are characteri.ed )y the 'ro'erties 'eculiar t3 cytokinins, calorigene, 95'initol, gentisic acid glycosides, dihydroconiferol, triacontanol as (ell as some itamins 5 ascor)inic acid, thiamine and nicotinic acid7 and inhi)iting effect 6for e*am'le, 'henol com'ounds such as naringenine, cumarine, sco'oletine, chlorogenic and cinnamic acids7 ha e also )een found out& A great num)er of com'ounds, rendering an a regulating effect in 'lant dormancy stage, has )een identified as (ell +1, 18,& Physiologists ha e made a significant 'rogress in studying the (ays of )iosynthesis of most 'hytohormone classes and mechanisms of their action at the molecular le el& Using the e'istatic and mosaic genetic analysis as (ell as molecular5)iological methods +1#, "!, there ha e )een determined genes of )iosynthesis for all classes of 'hytohormones 6i&e& genes of 'hytohormone 'recursors and regulatory 'rotein5en.ymes in ol ed in the cascade mechanism of regulation of all stages of the 'hytohormone synthesis7; (ays of signal transmission from 'hytohormones along the chain= rece'tor 5 secondary messengers 5 s'ecific genes ha e )een in estigated& Mechanisms of signal interactions )et(een different classes of 'hytohormones ha e )een studied and their 'hysiological role in the control of the ontogenetic stages of the 'lant de elo'ment 6)oth em)ryonic and 'ost5em)ryonic7 has )een re ealed& %he 'artici'ation of 'hytohormones in the control of the cell key differentiation
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'rocesses has )een in estigated in details= cell di ision and elongation 6for e*am'le, there (ere identified 'hytohormone5regulated genes and their 'roducts 4 en.ymes in ol ed in hydrolysis and )iosynthesis cell (all com'onents during cell elongation as (ell as in the regulation of the 'lant cell mitotic cycle7& %here (as disclosed the role of 'hytohormones in 'hotomor'hogenetic 'rocesses as (ell as in 'lant resistance t3 en ironmental unfa oura)le factors and 'athogens& Promising fields of 'ractical a''lications of 'hytohormonology achie ements are as follo(s= 17 creation of ne( 'lant mutant lines (ith a distur)ed or reduced )iosynthesis of some 'hytohormone or, ice ersa, o)taining transgenic 'lants hy'er5e*'ressing some 'hytohormone t3 im'art agriculturally useful 'ro'erties t3 'lants 6these techni<ue ena)les= t3 correct all stages of ontogenesis )y regulating time of seed germination, egetation, flo(ering, fruit falling and increase of cro' 'roducti ity; t3 create 'lants highly resistant t3 'athogens and unfa oura)le en ironmental factors due to stimulation )y 'hytohormones of the 'rotection com'ounds )iosynthesis7; "7 de elo'ment of ne( 'hysiologically acti e com'ounds, 'ossessing a gro(th regulating acti ity similar t3 that of 'hytohormones, that can induce the su'er5synthesis of drug com'ounds in 'lant culture cells and tissues in itro; -7 creation of ne( chea' synthetic 'lant gro(th su)stances (ith the mechanism of a 'hysiological action similar t3 that of natural 'hytohormones& Numerous literature data concerning a 'hysiological role of au*ins in the gro(th regulation, genes of the au*in )iosynthesis as (ell as au*in5regulated genes controlling the cell cycle and cell elongation ha e )een summari.ed and systemati.ed in this re ie(& &ole o< au=ins in the plant de:elopment. Au*ins are 'hytohormones formed in a'ices of coleo'tiles, shoots, in young lea es, 'ollen, fruits, acti e cam)ium and root ti's& In arious shoot tissues au*ins are transfered rather )asi'etally 6that is from a mor'hologically a'ical .one t3 a )asal one7 than acro'etally 6from a )asal .one t3 an a'ical one7 +"1 5 "$,& %he most (idely s'read 'lant au*in is IAA; other indole su)stances )eing IAA 'recursors ha e also )een found= indoleacetaldehyde, indoleethanole, indole5-5'yru ic acid, indole5-5lactic acid, indole5-5)utyric acid as (ell as 'henylacetic acid& It has )een esta)lished that 'lants )elong to 'ruciferae family contain indole5-5acetonitrile 6IAN7, (hile $5 chloroindole5-5acetic acid is a natural au*in of ;abaceae family +1-, "/,& Some of 'lant IAA is 'resent in the form of con>ugates, es'ecially in dry seeds 6for e*am'le, the endos'erm of many cereals and legumes contains a great amount of com'le* IAA esters (ith glucose, amino acids, 'e'tides, glyco'roteins, inositol and glucan that can undergo hydrolysis, en.ymolysis and autolysis7 +"0,& Au*in con>ugates are normally a reser e of au*in stored forms 6glycosides7 or 'ossessing deto*icating 'ro'erties au*in com'le*es (ith amino acids or 'roteins& Plants ha e su)stances of a non5indole nature such, as 'henyl5acetic acid (hich are also characteri.ed )y an acti ity ty'ical for au*in +"/,& Au*in 'hysiological effects are as follo(s +1-, "$,=
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- stimulation the cell elongation in coleo'tiles and shoots 6au*in concentrations normal for stimulation of cell gro(th are 1! 58 4 1!50 molAl7& At the molecular le el the cell elongation stimulation is associated (ith an increased transfer of 'rotein5en.ymes from the cyto'lasm into the cell (all resulting in its )reaking u' and elongation under the turgor influence; - acti ation the cam)ium cell di ision 6there is a direct interrelation )et(een the )ud o'ening and cam)ium acti ity in trees= as a result of )ud remo al a secondary (idth gro(th is a)sent7& In grassy dicotyledons the secondary (idth gro(th is induced )y au*in transferred t3 the stem from young lea es and a'ical )uds; - a'ical dominance= au*ins, trans'orted do(n(ards from the a'ical )ud, inhi)it the lateral )ud gro(th; au*ins, synthesi.ed in the root a'e*, stimulate the lateral )ud formation; - 'romotion the fruit setting 6the most acti e au*in 'roducers in a de elo'ing fruit are seed5)uds7; - 're ention the 'rocess of leaf se'aration= au*ins, transferred from the 'etiole, inhi)it the acti ity of 'olysacBharide hydrolases 6endo'olygalacturonase and cellulase 5 51,$5glucanase7, synthesi.ed in a se'arating tissue of the 'etiole )ase at a high ethylene concentration; o''osite effect of induction of this 'rocess is o)ser ed (hen au*in is trans'orted from the a'ical shoot& A se'arating tissue res'onse de'ends on the gradient of au*in concentration )et(een 'etiole tissues and a'ical shoot& (enes o< au=in biosynthesis. It is kno(n that s'ecific tumors Ccro(n gallsD as (ell as C)earded rootsD in 'lant tissues, infected )y Agrobacterium tumefaciens and A7 rhyzogenes, containing i and !i 'lasmides, res'ecti ely, result from the e*'ression of 'lasmide genes encoding IAA )iosynthesis +"1,= tms genes of A7 tumefaciens and au2 genes of A7 rhizogenes& %hese genes encode en.ymes try'to'han5"5monoo*igenase and indole5-5acetamidehydrolase, normally a)sent in higher 'lants and cataly.ing IAA )iosynthesis from try'to'han +"/,& In 'lant cells, transformed )y A7 tumefaciens, IAA is synthesi.ed s'ecifically= firstly try'to'han con erts into indole5-5acetamide (hich is then used t3 IAA synthesis& :hen 'lants are transformed 6for e*am'le, to)acco, tomato, au)ergine7 )y other )acteria 6"seudomonas syringae or Antirrhinum ma3us 9ef2#7, there is o)ser ed a s'ecific hy'er5e*'ression of iaa@ or iaaA genes corres'ondingly manifesting itself in some intensification of hy'ocotyl elongation and in 'romoted de elo'ment of fruits from non5'ollinated seed5)uds as a result of su''ly t3 them of a great amount of IAA +"8,& %he gene iaa@ (as found t3 encode try'to'hanmonoo*igenase 4 en.yme in ol ed in the try'to'han transformation in indole5-5acetamide, )iotransforming later in 'lants in IAA& Arabidopsis and to)acco shoots, transformed )y the iaa5 gene of )acteria "seudomonas savastonoi 6encoding the IAA en.yme lysine synthase7, (ere sho(n t3 ha e short hy'ocotyls )ecause of some reduction in free IAA <uantity due t3 the formation of IAA con>ugates (ith lysine +"#,&

%here are arious (ays of the natural IAA )iosynthesis ty'ical for 'lants; some of them in ol e try'to'han as a deri ati e from indole or early 'recursors& A genetic analysis of the IAA )iosynthesis in Arabidopsis and corn has sho(n that IAA is an intermediate com'ound in the antranilate5try'to'han 'ath(ay of )iosynthesis +-!, -1,& It is suggested that there are different 'ath(ays of IAA )iosynthesis from try'to'han ia indole5-5'yru ic acid, indole5-5)utyric acid, try'tamine indole5-5acetonitrile +"/, -1, -",& Studies of try'to'han5au*otro'hic 'lant mutants ha e sho(n that IAA )iosynthesis may also occur along a try'to'han5inde'endent (ay in ol ing 'recursor IAN, (hich (as firstly identified in 'ruciferae family& It (as, for e*am'le, esta)lished that mutant trp3-# and trp=-# try'to'han5au*otro'hic 'lants of Arabidopsis and corn accumulated high le els of indole5-5glycero'hos'hate and IAN (hile the free IAA le el remained normal +-",& @n the )asis of this data as (ell as results of studies on the cell5free system from an immature corn endos'erm, e*hi)iting a transformation of radio5acti ely la)elled indole in IAA, a try'to'han5inde'endent (ay of IAA )iosynthesis from indole or indole5-5 glycero'hos'hate has )een suggested +"/, -1 5 --,& At 'resent, genes of )asic en.ymes, in ol ed in IAA )iosynthesis in try'to'han5au*otro'hes, ha e )een determined= !"# gene of antranilate5 'hos'hori)osyltransferase, con erting antranilate in /5'hos'hori)osylantranilate, and !"3 gene of try'to'han syntase E, cataly.ing transformation of indole5-7 glycero'hos'hate in indole +-!, $!,& IAN, formed at the su)se<uent stages, is turned into IAA )y 'artici'ation of nitrilase en.yme 6NI%7 encoded )y at least four genes +-/,& For e*am'le, some in estigations sho(ed that during an e*ogenous IAN a''lication in transgenic shoots of to)acco +-0, and Arabidopsis +-1, a hy'er5e*'ression of %I = gene had an insignificant effect on 'lants as (ell as on their IAA content o(ing t3 the fact that the le el of endogenous IAN synthesis is limited& 2o(e er, a hy'er5e*'ression of %I # and %I = genes in mature 'lants of Arabidopsis, also affected )y an e*ogenous IAN, manifests itself in a considera)le reduction in the total IAA content 6free and its con>ugates7 +-1,& Studies on arious (ays of IAA )iosynthesis ha e demonstrated that IAN may also )e a 'roduct of en.yme hydrolysis 6effected )y nitrilase en.yme NI%-7 of indole glucosinolates, 'roduced (hen a try'to'han (ay of IAA )iosynthesis is in ol ed& It (as esta)lished that at the first stage, under the influence of an en.yme 4 mem)er of the cytochrome family P$/! 6monoo*igenase7, encoded )y gene '(")*+, there (as synthesi.ed from try'to'han a common 'recursor of IAA and indole glucosinolates 4 indole5-5acetaldo*ime from (hich su)se<uently IAA and its con>ugates 4 indole glucosinolates 6in 'articular, gluco)rassicin7 are 'roduced& %he synthesis of the latter cataly.es another en.yme of the cytochrome family P$/!, encoded )y gene '(",3+# +-8, -#,& %he results o)tained gi e e idence of '(",3+# 'artici'ation in the control of endogenous IAA homeostasis 6Fig 17& %he results of a genetic analysis 'ro e that rnt#-# mutations of '(",3+# gene are allelic and 'henoty'ically similar t3 sur-= 6su'er root "7 mutations, (hich
0

e*hi)it an increased a'ical dominance and hy'er5elongation of hy'ocotyls at the 'lants 6)ecause the high le els of free IAA concentrations and lo( ones of con>ugated IAA are accumulated7 +$!,& %he 'henoty'e, o''osite t3 rnt#-# mutants, is o)ser ed in Arabidopsis 'lants (ith an ecto'ic hy'er5e*'ression of '(",3+# k9NA under 3.?5'romoter (hich are 'henoty'ically similar t3 a2r# mutant 'lants (ith a reduced a'ical dominance, short hy'ocotyls and decreased fertility that results from a reduced sensiti ity of those 'lants t3 au*in +$1,& In normal conditions the '(",3+# gene e*'ression (as esta)lished t3 occur in roots, lea es, stems, flo(ers and stamens +$", (hile in stress conditions 6caused )y dehydration or damages7 and under influence of au*in a '(",3+# gene e*'ression intensification is o)ser ed mainly in roots +$-,& %he '(",3+# gene 'romoter (as sho(n t3 ha e four au*in5res'onse cis5elements that confirms the au*in regulation of '(",3+# gene e*'ression +$$,& ?ecently, there (as 'u)lished information that in the regulation of IAA cata)olism a considera)le role is 'layed )y 'ero*isomes 5 im'ortant organelles in ol ed in a li'id meta)olism, nitrogen fi*ation, 'hotores'iration and o*ygen decom'osition; they also ser e as sites for the late stages of >asmonic acid and IAA )iosynthesis in 'lants +$/, $0,& Pero*isomes are acti e throughout the 'lant ontogenesis= from em)ryogenesis, seed germination and flo(er de elo'ment till senescence 'hase& Gast studies ha e ena)led t3 demonstrate a leading role of 'ero*isomes in 'hotomor'hogenesis and their 'rotecti e functions in a)iotic stress conditions; 'ero*isomal en.ymes take 'art in the formation and decom'osition of reacti e o*ygen com'ounds 6?@S7 5 signal molecules regulating the nuclear gene e*'ression and 'roducing a damaging effect on the cell in case of their a)undant formation +$1,& Shoots and aging 'lant tissues (ere found t3 contain s'eciali.ed 'ero*isomes 4 glyo*ysomes synthesi.ing more than "! en.ymes for H5o*idation of fatty acids 6FA7 and amino acids& Acetyl5coen.yme A 6acetyl5CoA7, formed as a result of en.ymic s'litting of FA, is con erted into succinate and trans'orted t3 mitochondria (here it enters the cycle of tricar)o*ylic acid reactions (ith su)se<uent formation of car)ohydrates +$8,& ?esults of studies (ith la)eled au*in ha e sho(n that the )iosynthesis of IAA from IBA 'recursor is rather (idely s'read in arious 'lant s'ecies +$#,& Since during the IAA synthesis the IBA chain is reduced )y t(o car)on atoms, it has )een suggested that this 'rocess occurs similarly t3 H5o*idation of fatty acids in glyo*ysomes& As it has )een found out a key role in arious 'rocesses of the 'ero*isome )iogenesis 6including mem)rane formation, 'rotein im'ort and 'roliferation of these organelles7 is 'layed )y IJK and ILJ 'roteins +$/, $0, /!,& M3 in estigate the molecular mechanisms of the IAA )iosynthesis in detail, there has )een carried out a genetic analysis of p2a# mutants of Arabidopsis resistant t3 an inhi)iting effect of IBA and synthetic au*in ",$59B 6",$5dichloro'heno*y)utyric acid7 on the root elongation and still a)le t3 normally res'ond t3 the influence of IAA, synthetic au*ins ",$59 6",$5dichloro'heno*yacetic acid7 and NAA 6na'hthalene515acetic acid7 +/1,&
1

Mutant 'lants e*hi)it some retardation of germination and su)se<uent de elo'ment in a germination medium (ithout saccharose that is e idence of some defects in the 'ero*isomal H5o*idation of FA and of the lack of energy used )y 'lants during a germination 'eriod 'rior t3 the )eginning of 'hotosynthesis& Since the )iosynthesis of IAA from IBA and H5o*idation of FA occur simultaneously, p2a# mutants are IBA5resistant )ecause they can not turn IBA into IAA& 9efects, o)ser ed in the mor'hogenesis of these mutants, indicate that "0A# gene 'lays an ontogenetically significant role& Molecular5)iological techni<ues ha e esta)lished that "0A# gene encodes a uni<ue 'ero*isomal A%P5)inding cassette mem)rane 'rotein5trans'orter of FA 6A%P5)inding cassette 6ABC7 'rotein7, homological for mem)ers of the ABC5 A%Pase su'er family, re'resenting A%P5mo ing 'um's or channels, trans'orting arious su)strates, from small ions t3 'oly'e'tides (ith a great molecular mass 6m&m&7, through mem)ranes 6in Arabidopsis, for e*am'le, there ha e )een identified more than 1!! ABC5trans'orters7 +/",& PNA 'rotein (as found t3 )e identical )y "$ 4 -! O t3 t(o 'ero*isomal mem)rane ABC5trans'orters of fungi 6P*al'APa"'APa11' and P*a"'APat1'7 +/-, and )y -0 4 $/ O 5 to four ABC5trans'orters 6PMP1!APNMP1, P1!?, AG9P and AG9?P7 disco ered in humans +/$,& Mutations of PNA1 homologue 4 AG9 'rotein 6adrenoleukodystro'hy7 are lethal& At 'atients (ith the Pell(eger syndrome and N5AG9 adrenoleukodystro'hy 6associated (ith defects in the 'ero*isomal H5o*idation of FA7 a great amount of long5chain FA in )lood serum and in all organism tissues are accumulated that results in adrenal deficiency and destructions of myeline in the central ner ous system +$0, /$,& %he synthesis of the letter in ol es also another homologue of PNA1 'rotein 4 ABC5'rotein P5 glyco'rotein, trans'orting 'hos'holi'ids 6mi*ed esters of FA and 'hos'horic acid (ith glycerin 4 glycero'hos'holi'ids such, as 'hos'hothidylcholine, 'hos'hothidylethanolamine, 'hos'hothidylinositol as (ell as s'hingo'hos'holi'ids 5 deri ati es of ceramide, s'hingomyelines7 through 'lasmatic mem)ranes +//,& Cell mem)ranes of arious tissues contain 'hos'holi'ids, free and as com'le*es (ith 'roteins, their great <uantity is also 'resent in tissues of )rain and 'eri'heral ner ous system 6cere)rosides, gangliosides etc&7& PNA1 'rotein homology relati e t3 AG9 'rotein and other 'ero*isomal trans'orters, found )oth in humans and fungi, indicates that PNA1 'rotein is in ol ed in the trans'ort of acyl5CoA esters of FA and IBA from the cyto'lasm into a 'ero*isome for H5o*idation& Since 'ero*isomes do not ha e their o(n 9NA, 'ero*isomal matri* 'roteins5 trans'orters 6PMP7 necessary for the H5o*idation of FA, IBA and other 'ero*isome 'rocesses, are synthesi.ed in the cyto'lasm and then e*'orted t3 'ero*isome +/0,& PMP (as found t3 ha e N5terminal P%Ss 6'ero*isomal targeting signals7 se<uences, determining their )inding t3 cyto'lasmic 'roteins5 rece'tors, (hich are encoded in 'lants )y "10. and "10) genes, im'orting PMP into a 'ero*isome (ith 'artici'ation A%Pase of mem)ranes +$0, /0,&
8

Mutant 'lants, resistant t3 an inhi)iting effect of IBA or its synthetic analogue ",$59B 6meta)oli.ed during H5o*idation in 'ero*isomes of au*in ",$597, are kno(n t3 )e defecti e in the )iosynthesis of arious PMP such, as acyl5CoA o*idase 6mutation ac237 +/1,, multi5functional 'rotein 6mutation aim#7 +/8, and thiolase 6mutation ped#7 +/#,& It has also )een found that since the H5o*idation of FA in 'lants occurs only in 'ero*isomes 6in animals 4 in 'ero*isomes and mitochondria7, mutations of 'ero*isomal mem)rane 'roteins 6through (hich FA are trans'orted into 'ero*isomes7 as (ell as 'roteins5rece'tors 6trans'orting PMP into 'ero*isomes7 may distur) the H5o*idation of FA and IBA& For e*am'le, pe2. mutants, defecti e in the synthesis of cyto'lasmatic rece'tor PQN/, are insensiti e t3 IBA +/1, (hile ",$59B5resistant ped= mutants are defecti e in the synthesis of 'ero*isomal mem)rane 'rotein PQN1$ +0!,& @n the )asis of the studies on IBA5 and ",$59B5resistant mutations there (as suggested a hy'othetic model of the 'ero*isomal trasformation IBA into IAA, occurring similarly the FA H5o*idation 6Fig&"7& According t3 this diagram the PNA1 'rotein trans'orts acyl5CoA esters of FA into the 'ero*isome (here they, during H5o*idation, are transformed into acetyl5CoA (hich is, as a result of fermentati e disintegration, meta)oli.ed into succinate ia the glyo*ylate cycle +$0, $8,& Since p2a# mutants are resistant t3 IBA and its analogue ",$59B, it might )e that the PNA1 'rotein e*'orts acyl5CoA esters of IBA and ",$59B into 'ero*isomes t3 )e o*idi.ed into IAA5CoA and ",$595CoA, res'ecti ely +/1,& %hese com'ounds are hydroly.ed and in the form of IAA and ",$59 are e*'orted from 'ero*isomes causing su)se<uently s'ecific 'henoty'ical effects, the most significant of (hich are the inhi)ition of elongation of the main or ta'5roots and initiation of the lateral and additional root formation& Many e*'eriments, 'ro ing a stimulating effect of IBA and ",$59B on additional roots formation in (ild 'lants and a)sence of such a mor'hological res'onse t3 the IBA and ",$59B action in p2a# mutants, corro)orate this hy'othesis& A great num)er of 'ossi)le (ays of the IAA )iosynthesis, its con>ugates formation as (ell as their disintegration indicates that a com'le* homeostatic mechanism controlling this 'hytohormone content e*ists& IAA is 'resent in 'lant tissues mainly as con>ugates (ith amino acids, 'e'tides or car)ohydrates (hich can )e hydroly.ed into free IAA moreo er, egetati e organs are characteri.ed )y a considera)ly lo(er amount of free IAA, (hile in generati e organs 6es'ecially in mature seeds7 con>ugated forms, )eing )iologically inacti e reser e forms of IAA and maintaining the hormone homeostasis 7, are 'redominant +"/, "0, 01,& %he analysis of IAA cata)olites in corn grains, for e*am'le, ena)led t3 identify mostly con>ugates containing an ester )inding= IAA5glucose, IAA5 myo5inositol, IAA5myo5inosytol5glycosides as (ell as cellulosic glucan con>ugates 5 all together amounting t3 #1 5 ## O of the total 'ool of IAA in the seed endos'erm +0",& Qsterified IAA is also a 'redominant con>ugate in rice grains 6containing 0" 4 1! O of ester5)ound con>ugates7 +0-,, in a li<uid endos'erm of chestnuts and in oats seeds 6containing 8! O of con>ugated IAA7 +0$,& %he dynamic changes in the con>ugated IAA le els at the arious stages of ontogenesis has )een studied in
#

many 'lants= for e*am'le, at the early stages of the )ean seed de elo'ment, the ma*imum le el of esterified IAA is -/ O, that of free IAA 4 around $! O of the total IAA 'ool +0/,; then during the seed ri'ening, the le els of esterified and free IAA reduce do(n t3 1- O and 0 O, res'ecti ely, from total IAA 'ool; at the com'lete maturation stage the con>ugates amide5)ound (ith 'oli'e'tides and 'roteins 68! O of the total IAA 'ool7, 're ail +00,& Unlike )eans, in mature soy seeds IAA con>ugates (ith amino acids 6as'artates and glutamates7, ha ing a lo(er m&m&, are 'redominant +01,& Ras chromatogra'hy and mass5s'ectrometry techni<ues ha e identified IAA con>ugates and cata)olites during the (hole egetati e gro(th of many 'lants including Arabidopsis, corn, to)acco, tomato, )ean, soy, rice, oat, chestnut, 'ine, 'o'lar +"0, 08,& For e*am'le, the analysis of arious Arabidospsis tissues in ol ing the a''lication of la)elled standards= cata)olites of "5o*indole5-5acetic acid and also IAA con>ugates (ith amino acids 6as'artates, glutamates, com'le*es of IAA (ith alanine and leucine7, ha e sho(n that elongating lea es and roots e*hi)it relati ely high concentrations of free IAA and the highest concentrations of IAA5as'artate, IAA5glutamate and "5o*indole5-5acetic acid (hile IAA con>ugates (ith leucine are concentrated in roots and IAA con>ugates (ith alanine 4 in aerotissues +08,& A 'ercentage of the le el of esterified IAA con>ugates in Arabidopsis makes u' 8 4 1! O and le el of IAA con>ugates (ith amino acids 4 a)out " 4 - O relati e t3 the total IAA 'ool& %he genetic and molecular5)iological methods ena)le to identify and clone the genes of en.ymes, in ol ed )oth in the formation of arious IAA con>ugates and their hydrolytic disintegration& In 'articular, in immature seeds of 'ea and corn endos'erm the genes of en.ymes cataly.ing the formation of esterified IAA con>ugates= IARGc synthase 'artici'ating in the formation of a com'le* IAA ester (ith glucose 5 15@5indole5-5acetyl5H595glucose +08,, IAA5 myo5 inosytoltransferase 6IAInos transferase7, cataly.ing a su)se<uent synthesis of IAA5myo5inosytol from the 'recursor 15@5indole5-5acetyl5H595glucose +0#,, the serine car)o*y'e'tidase5like acyltrasferase family, characteri.ed )y a high homology and similarity t3 IAInos trasferase +1!, and also genes of hydrolases, 'ossessing a s'ecific effect on 'articular com'le*es IAA5amino acids, for e*am'le, encoding IAA5AlS hydrolase 6IA?-7 (ere identified in Arabidopsis +"/, 11,& %ill recently, the IAA cata)olism has )een considered t3 occur only through an o*idi.ing decar)o*ylation under the influence of IAA o*idase& 2o(e er, the ma>or (ay of IAA cata)olism in vivo (as esta)lished t3 'ass through the o*idation of IAA into "5o*indole5-5acetyc acid and su)se<uent glycosylation through an added 15hydro*yl +1", 1-,& Another cata)olic (ay of IAA is ia formation of a com'le* IAA5acetylas'artate follo(ed )y its o*idation into dio*indole5-5acetylas'artate5-5@5glucoside +"/,& &e8ulatory mechanisms o< the au=in control o< the cell cycle. %he 'lant mor'hogenetic de elo'ment 'rogram is kno(n t3 )e reali.ed through the t(o )asic 'rocesses= cell formation de novo in meristems5 mitosis and su)se<uent
1!

elongation of these ne(ly5formed cells +"/, 1$,& %he mechanisms of au*in regulation of these key cell differentiation 'rocesses ha e no( )een esta)lished at the molecular le el& %he mitotic cycle is regulated )y au*ins through heterodimeric 'rotein com'le*es com'osed of catalytic su)unit 5 cyclin5de'endent kinase 6C9K7 and regulatory su)unit 4 cyclin& Cyclins (ere first identified in sea urchin eggs as 'roteins (hose <uantity increases during the inter'hase and then decreases in mitosis or meiosis 'eriods +1/, 10,& Su)se<uently, cyclins (ere found in ariuos organisms including fungi and human& %hey (ere re ealed t3 contain a conser ati e amino acid se<uence kno(n as cyclin )o*, re<uired for acti ating C9K +11 5 1#,& %he eukaryotic cell cycle is co5ordinated )y a successi e acti ation C9K )y cyclins, in same <ueue C9K 'hos'horylate cyclins in a re erse order +1/, 8!,& Since the cyclin disco ery in 1##1 a great num)er of cyclin genes ha e )een determined in arious 'lants& @ er 0! k9NA, encoding cyclin homologues, ha e )een identified and classified at 1$ arious 'lant s'ecies +1/, 1#, 81 5 8-,; from them more than 1/ arious cyclin genes (ere found in A7 thaliana& @n the )asis of se<uencing results genes of all kno(n 'lant cyclins may )e di ided into the nine classes= A1, A", A-, B1, B", 91, 9", 9- and 9$ +1/, 8$,& In most of eukaryotic cells, including higher 'lants, B5class genes are s'ecifically e*'ressed in the R"AM 'hase of the cell cycle& %he gene 'romotors of 'lant cyclins B5class contain a common cis5acti e element called @?A element that is re<uired for a 'hase5s'ecific acti ation of the 'romotor +8/,& @?A5like se<uences ha e also )een found in 'romotors of R"AM5s'ecific genes, encoding kinesine5like 'roteins that is an e idence of the regulation of some R"AM5s'ecific genes )y the common @?A5mediated mechanisms in 'lants& %he se<uence of @?A elements is similar t3 )inding sites of My) transcri'tional factors in animals +1/,, that is e idence of a 'ossi)le role of 'lant My) factors in the induction of B5class cyclin genes and other genes in ol ed in the 'lant cell cycle regulation& In eukaryotes C9K sho( their acti ity through the 'hos'horylation of s'ecific su)strates at their serineAthreonine ends +8$,& Such 'ost5translational modifications 'resent a uni ersal regulatory mechanism of arious signals transfer& %hey maintain differentiation in organisms, regulate gro(th and ada'tation t3 en ironmental changes that is ery im'ortant for 'lants )ecause of their immo)ility& A long organogenesis, 'lastic gro(th and toti'otency facilitate the 'lant resistance t3 unfa oura)le conditions& Plants ha e )een found t3 ha e o er -! ty'es of C9K +8!, 8$, 80 5 #1, classified into fi e classes +#",& %he most numerous class of C9K includes functional homologues of fungi 4 '-$cdc"AC9C"8 'roteins, containing a ty'ical PS%AI?Q moti e, 'laying a considera)le 'art in cyclin addition& C9K are constituti ely e*'ressed during the (hole 'eriod of the cell cycle and their functions are associated (ith the cell com'etence for di iding and mitotic acti ity +80, 81, #!,& For e*am'le, four C9K classes ha e )een identified in A7 thaliana +8$, #!,= C9C"aAt )elongs t3 the most characteri.ed A5class of C9K in 'lants, ha ing a
11

high e*tent of se<uence identity (ith eukaryotic C9K 60- 4 01 O7, ty'ical re'resentati es of (hich are C9C"AC9C"8 of fungi and C9K1 and C9K" of animals& C9C"aAt contains a conser ati e PS%AI?Q se<uence in a cyclin5 )inding domain and is the only gene in Arabidopsis (hich is functionally com'lementary t3 tem'erature5sensiti e cdc= mutants ?chizosaccharomyces pombe +8$, #1, #-,& %he B5class, or PP%6AA%7G?Q, of C9K includes C9C")At5 and C9C"fAt5like kinases (hose common characteristic features are the 'resence of non5 conser ati e PS%AI?Q se<uence in the cyclin5)inding domain, a)sence of the com'lementation t3 cdc=B'8'=, fungal mutants and their e*'ression de'endent on the cell cycle 'hase +#!, #$,& Affinity and ion5e*change chromatogra'hy techni<ues ha e identified C9C"fAt 4 analogue C9C"MsF @edicago sativa as (ell as other C9C"Ms9 homologues of Arabidopsis )elonging t3 the B5class of C9K& By means of the immunological analysis of C9C"Ms9 anti)odies there has )een identified a 'rotein (ith m&m& of -/ k9a in com'le* (ith 'roteins of 1/8 and 1/ k9a, sho(ing acti ity of histone 21 kinases +8$, #/,; C9KC, C9K9 and C9KQ are considered less numerous kinase classes& @n the )asis of studies results there has )een esta)lished a role of arious C9K in the cell di ision, s'atial control and orientation of the di ision 'lane and cell si.e +10, 8!, 8$, 88 5 #",& Numerous e*'eriments ha e sho(n that kinases control )oth the de elo'ment and desta)ili.ation of the 're'ro'hase )and 6PPB7& In 'articular, micro5in>ections of acti e C9C" kinase into cells of radescantia cause a <uick de'olymeri.ation of PPB and induce a 'remature disintegration of the nuclear mem)rane +#0, #1,; (hen C9C" kinase is inhi)ited )y s'ecific inhi)itors there is o)ser ed an o''osite effect resulting in some delay of the cell in the R" 'hase and PPB sta)ili.ation +#8, ##,& Cyclin5de'endent kinases may affect the aciti ity of MAP 6'roteins associated (ith microtu)es 6M%77; in 'articular, inhi)iting of MAP )y C9C" kinase facilitates the transfer of M% into a highly dynamic status and regulates the acti ity of 'roteins5translocators maintaining the mitotic s'indle )i'olarity +1!!,& C9KAcyclin com'le*es are affected )y arious factors and gene e*'ression 'roducts that confirms the initiation of occurrence of the cell cycle as an integral 'art of the gro(th and de elo'ment 'rogram res'onding t3 en ironmental signals +1/, 80, 81,& Among the most im'ortant functions, im'lemented )y C9KAcyclin com'le*es, there are the cell cycle regulation, control of transcri'tion and cell meta)olism +1/, 10, 8$, 8#, 1!1,& %he su)strates of C9KAcyclin com'le*es are 'roteins, regulating transcri'tion, cytoskeleton 'roteins, 'roteins, associated (ith chromStin 6histone 217, nuclear mem)rane 'roteins, regulatory 'rotein ?) +#!, 1!", as (ell as a numerous grou' of 'roteins5sta)ili.ators or de5sta)ili.ators and motor 'roteins affecting the 'olymeri.ation, sta)ility and s'atial 'ositioning of M% and actin filaments& %o last grou' of 'roteins )elong= arious ty'es of MAP 'resent in all 'lants; 'roteins
1"

in ol ed in the M% desta)ili.ation during the cell transition from one 'hase of the cell cycle t3 another, in 'articular, uni ersal for all organisms cytosol 'hos'ho'rotein @'18Astathmin +1!-,; M% translocators, 'artici'ating in the mitotic s'indle formation, and motor KGPs 'roteins 6kinesin5like 'roteins7, in ol ed in maintaining its )i'olar structure +1!$, and also uni ersal for all 'lants negati ely charged motor KCBP 'rotein 6kinesin5like calmodulin )inding7, )inding (ith M% through a calciumAcalmodulin com'le* +1!/,; 'ositi ely charged motor 'roteins, for e*am'le, identified in to)acco cells %K?P1"/ 'rotein 6to)acco kinesin5related 'oly'e'tide7 (ith m&m& of 1"/ k9a (hose function is t3 maintain fragmo'last )i'olarity +1!0,; E5tu)ulin and associated (ith it 'roteins, centrosome 'roteins +1!1, such, as centrin +1!8,; 'rotein 4 homologue of the elongation factor QF15E +1!#, and other 'roteins directly in ol ed in the s'atial formation of M% into microtu)e organi.ed centers 6M%@Cs7 (hich are centrosomes +11!,; 'roteins 4 myosins, dynein5related 'oly'e'tides, 'roteins5 homologues of kinesin and illinAgelsolin 'roteins family, associated (ith actin microfilaments and in ol ed in the actin microfilaments organi.ation control& All these motor 'roteins ha e )een found t3 interact (ith calmodulin and their acti ity is regulated in a Ca"T 5de'endent manner +111 5 110,& %he C9KAcyclin com'le* is regulated at the arious le els= it is acti ated through 'hos'horylation, in ol ing C9K5acti ating kinase CAK1At res'onsi)le for the 'hos'horylation of the %hr510! end of C9K, found in arious organisms +#1, 111 5 11#,; this com'le* inhi)ition occurs in case of )inding CKI 4 negati e regulators of C9K, and is follo(ed )y the cyclin su)units 'roteolysis +8$,& %here are numerous facts 'ro ing that the cell cycle is controlled )y au*in through the regulation of e*'ression of genes that encode arious classes of C9K and cyclins& For e*am'le, the results of o)ser ation of C9K and cyclin gene transcri'tional acti ity sho( that in au*in5treated cells and organs of arious 'lants the synthesis of C9C"aAt of 'rotein kinase, classified as A5class C9K, is induced; a su)se<uently formed C9C"aAArath=Cyc9-=1 com'le* initiate 'assing the S5'hase of the cell cycle through the 'hos'horylation of retino)lastoma ?) 'rotein, found )oth in mammals and 'lants +8$, 80, 8#, #!, #-, #/, 1!",, follo(ed )y the release of a transcri'tional factor Q"F re<uired for the transcri'tion of genes acti e in the S5'hase, in 'articular, A5class cyclins& @ther data indicate that in Arabidopsis roots treated (ith e*ogenous au*in the e*'ression of '('+#:# gene of the mitotic cyclin is induced +1"!,& And on the contrary, the a)sence of au*in in the sus'ension culture of Arabidopsis results in a 'erce'ti)le reduction in the m?NA le els of '('A=:#$ '('A=:=$ '('+#:#$ '('+=:= genes +8$, 8#, 1"1, that also is e idence of the regulation )y au*in of these cyclins transcri'tion& Some (orks ha e re ealed that the cell di ision is 'ositi ely affected )y au*in through the degradation of an inhi)itor e*'ression of genes C9K +8$, 1"",& @ther data concerning the induction of C9K genes transcri'tion 5 '8'=At and '8'="et genes, affected )y au*in, ha e )een o)tained for sus'ension5culti ated cells of to)acco and Arabidopsis +#-,& Au*in effects cause a <uick increase in
1-

le els of m?NA encoding '-$cdc"5like 'roteins in to)acco root cells& %he au*in acti ation of the cell cycle has )een esta)lished t3 re<uire the 'resence of cytokinin +8$, 1"-, 1"$,& In addition, the C9C"At 'romotor (as sho(n t3 contain an au*in5)inding element +1"-, 1"/, that 'oints t3 a direct au*in in ol ement in the gene e*'ression regulation of the cell cycle& 9uring the last fe( years some data 'ro ing that in 'lant and animal cells numerous families of mitogene5acti ated 'rotein kinases 6MAPK7 are in ol ed in the transfer of arious signals from the en ironment 6Q?K ty'es MAPK7 and from 'hytohormones ha e also )een o)tained& %o them )elong kinases 4 stimulators of mitosis, differentiation and 'roliferation of cells and stress5 acti ated 'rotein kinases 6SAPK7 including SAPK 1 6UNK7 and SAPK" 6'-87 iso5 forms of kinases in ol ed in the cell 'roliferation inhi)ition +1"0 4 1"#,& %he first 'lant MAPK (ere disco ered in 1#8# and already in 1##8 the num)er of kno(n MAPK amounts t3 more than /!! including 11/ found in A7 thaliana +1-!, 1-1,; arious genes encoding MAPK (ere also identified in lucerne +1-",, oats +1--,, 'etunia +1-$,, to)acco +1-/, and 'arsley +1-0,& 2omological studies of MAPK amino acid se<uences using the se<uencing techni<ues ha e sho(n that 'resently kno(n 'lant MAPK are similar t3 Q?K ty'es and there are some data concerning their role in arious )iotic and a)iotic stresses& Q?K5like MAPK may )e di ided at least into four arious su)5grou's +1"0,& According t3 this classification MAPK of the su)5grou's I and II 'artici'ate in the signal transmission as a res'onse t3 'athogens action and a)iotic stress +1-0 41-8,, (hile some MAPK of the su)5grou's III and IV are in ol ed in the cell cycle regulation +1-#, 1$!,& %he MAPK acti ity (as for e*am'le found t3 correlate (ith the fragmo'last formation, in addition, MAPK regulates the M% sta)ility through the 'hos'horylation of s'ecific effectors 6associated (ith M% of 'roteins5sta)ili.ators or de5sta)ili.ators as (ell as motor 'roteins7, 'artici'ates in the regulation of synthesi.ed molecules trans'ort along the fragmo'last or in diffusion of these molecules into the cell 'late 6PPB7 o(ing t3 the 'hos'horylation of 'ositi ely charged motor 'roteins +1$1,& %he net of serineAthreonine 'rotein kinases in 'lant cells is a uni ersal mechanism of the signal transmission and functions as a unified central 'rocessor 6central 'rocessor unit5c'u7, recei ing information coming from rece'tors, sensiti e t3 en ironmental signals such, as light, tem'erature changes, gra itation, micro)e attack or osmotic dis)alance as (ell as 'hytohormones and then, on the )asis of this information, causes some changes in the gene e*'ression, di ision, meta)olism and gro(th of cells, thus facilitating the 'lant ada'tation t3 the en ironment +1"0 4 1"#, 1$", 1$-,& MAPK acti ation occurs )y means of MAPK kinases 6MAPKK7, ha ing an u''er le el of regulation relati e t3 MAPK, through the 'hos'horylation of threonine and tyrosine ends located near the VIII kinase domain in all MAPK S +1$$, 1$/,& In their turns, MAPKK are also acti ated )y the 'hos'horylation of kinases, classified as MAPKK kinases 6MAPKKK7, ha ing an u''er le el of regulation relati e t3 MAPKK including ?af and Mos 'roteins +1$0,&
1$

%hree ty'es of s'ecific functionally interrelated 'rotein kinases 6MAPK, MAPKK, MAPKKK7 form a )asic module of the MAPK 'ath(ay& @ther MAPKKK kinases 6MAPKKKK7 or R 'roteins such, as ?as 'roteins or their heterotrimeric com'le*es, function as mediators )et(een sensiti e t3 intra5 cellular signals and located in the 'lasmatic mem)rane 'rotein5rece'tors and MAPK module +1$1, 1$8,& Biochemical and genetic studies +1$#, 1/!, ha e confirmed the e*istence of the MAPK5cascade mechanism in mediating signals of au*ins and other 'hytohormones +1-", 1-8, 1/1 5 1/$,& %he genetic analysis of au*in5sensiti e yeasts mutants sho(s that the I!I5gene encoded F5)o* 'roteins 6(hich are a 'art of the Q- u)i<uitin ligase com'le*, e*hi)iting a s'ecificity in )inding and 'hos'horylation of au*in5regulated Au*AIAA 'roteins for their su)se<uent degradation in the 'roteasome7 include the regulators of the cell cycle R1 'hase, for e*am'le, C9K5inhi)itor '$!sic1 and R1 cyclins +1//, 1/0,& Common PQS%5 se<uences, ty'ical for most of these 'roteins, are the sites for 'hos'horylation )y 'rolin5s'ecific kinases= C9K MAPK and RSK- 6glycogen synthase kinase -7 in ol ed in the degradation of '$!sic1 and R1 'roteins +1/1,& Possi)le 'artici'ants of the I!#5mediated 'roteolysis are 'roteins regulating the transcri'tion of au*in5induced genes= au*in5regulated transfactor 6A?F17 and Au*AIAA 'roteins +1$#,& In com'liance (ith this scenario au*in5de'endent kinases 'hos'horylate regulatory Au*AIAA 'roteins 6that a''ear t3 )e re'ressors of the au*in5induced gene transcri'tion7 and 'artici'ate in their degradation& 9ata concerning a stimulating influence of synthetic au*ins ",$59 and NAA as (ell as the natural au*in IAA on the MAPK 'hos'horylating acti ity ha e )een o)tained& For e*am'le, some increase in the 'hos'horylating acti ity of the )asic 'rotein myeline 6MBP7 as (ell as of the re5com)inant MAPK (as o)ser ed in treated in vitro BW5cells of to)acco )y the synthetic au*in ",$59 +1-1, 1/!,& A <uick increase in the 'hos'horylating acti ity of MAPK (ith m&m&X $$ YZS sho(ing the s'ecificity for MBP, occurred as a res'onse t3 the au*in effect in shoot roots of Arabidopsis& A similar acti ation of MAPK, 'ossessing characteristics of Q?K5like MAPK of mammals, (as o)ser ed in roots of Arabidopsis treated )oth )y the natural au*in IAA and )y synthetic au*ins NAA and ",$59 +1-1,& A genetic analysis of the au*in5induced MAPK signal (ay in au*in5resistant a2r- mutants of Arabidopsis, treated )y the au*in, sho(ed a reduction of the kinase acti ity )y more than $! O +1/8,& %here is some information a)out an inhi)iting effect of MAPK on the e*'ression of au*in5induced genes, o)tained in course of e*'eriments on the transformation of to)acco meso'hyll 'roto'lasts, using a structure containing a re'orter gene controlled )y the au*in5regulated 'romotor& %he results of this (ork ha e sho(n that constituti ely acti e to)acco MAPKKK 6NPK17, normally 'resent in all di iding cells, acti ates a MAPK5like 'rotein, (hich is a s'ecific inhi)itor of the au*in5induced gene e*'ression +1/#, 10!,& %he data o)tained may )e inter'reted as follo(s= t3 a oid the inter5influnence of au*in5stimulated
1/

'rocesses, for e*am'le, cell di ision and elongation, NPK1 and MAPK5like 'rotein, acti ating in mitosis, may 're ent au*in signals transmission in a di iding cell& No( one more regulatory com'onent of the MAPK5signal 'ath(ay of au*in 4 MAPK 'hos'hotase, regulating the MAPK acti ity, has )een identified and an im'ortant role of this en.yme in the au*in5induced gro(th of Arabidopsis has )een esta)lished +101,& In 'articular, studies on au*in5resistant mutants ha e ena)led t3 isolate the ibr. mutant line of 'lants e*hi)iting an insignificant sensiti ity t3 IBA and 'ractically insensiti e t3 inhi)iting concentrations of IAA, synthetic au*ins ",$59, ",$59B and NAA, t3 inhi)itors of the au*in trans'ort 7 15na'hthyl'hthalamic and ",-,/5triiodo)en.oic acids as (ell as t3 a)scisic acid 6ABA7& %he 'henoty'e of ibr. mutants is similar t3 that of au*in5resistant mutants, for e*am'le, a2r# mutants gro(n in light and ha ing long roots and short hy'ocotyls& Moreo er, it has )een re ealed that as a result of these mutations a normal de elo'ment of the ascular system is distur)ed, leaf indentation increases and accumulation of au*in5induced carriers decreases& By the immune )lotting and 'romotor5re'orter genetic analysis it has )een esta)lished that the I+!. gene e*'ression is o)ser ed in all tissues and organs of (ild flo(ering 'lants and gymnos'erms& I+!. has )een sho(n t3 encode the 'rotein com'osed of "/1 amino acid residues 6a& o&7 'ossessing a catalytic domain 6$# 4 18" a&o&7, -/O 5 identical (ith that 'resent in human MAPK 'hos'hotases 6MKP1 and PAC17 +10",& %he studies ha e ena)led t3 find out that I+!. gene5encoded MAPK5 'hos'hotase e*hi)its a de5'hos'horylating acti ity to(ard signal com'onents of )oth au*in and ABA that allo(s t3 make conclusion a)out a dual s'ecificity of this MAPK, modeling signal (ays of au*ins and ABA& Further detail studies on mutants (ith a distur)ed res'onse t3 the au*in influence (ill facilitate the formation of a more correct idea concerning a stimulating or inhi)iting influence of these 'hytohormones on the cell cycle& +u=in7re8ulated 8enes controllin8 the cell elon8ation. Au*ins are 'hytohormones stimulating the cell elongation +"/,& %he 'lant cell gro(th is kno(n t3 )e initiated )y (ater u'take resulting from a stress rela*ation of cell (alls +1$,& %he 'hytohormones, stimulating gro(th, cause cell (all elongation )ut it is not yet clear ho( it is carried out& %he CacidicD gro(th theory 'ostulates that in the 'lasmalemma au*in induces the 2 T 'um' o'eration and secretion of hydrogen into the cell (all and conse<uently the cell (all matri* is acidified& Some reduction in the a'o'last '2 intensifies the acti ity of hydrolytic en.ymes, ClooseningD cell (alls that is a necessary condition for the cell elongation gro(th& 2o(e er, the CacidicD gro(th theory is not uni ersal and generally acce'ted& For e*am'le, some o''onents underline that the '2 magnitude of the cell (all in au*in5treated elongating tissues reduces insignificantly& Ne ertheless, all 'ostulates concerning the CacidicD gro(th are characteristic, for e*am'le, for the gro(th induced )y a fungal to*in fusicoccine& Unfortunately, some technical

10

'ro)lems such, as measuring the cell (all '2, ham'er the 'rocess of making a correct decision in this dis'ute& A clue for understanding the mechanism of the au*in5regulated cell elongation is, undou)tedly, a detail in estigation of the )iogenesis of cell (all 'rotein and non5'rotein com'onents as (ell as hydrolytic en.ymes characteri.ed )y a s'ecific acti ity to(ard these com'onents& In com'liance (ith the data o)tained o er the last fe( years, 'lant cell (alls ha e )een found t3 ha e fi e )asic 'rotein classes 'laying a central 'art in the cell elongation gro(th +10-,& %hey include hydro*y'roline5rich glyco'roteins 62?RPs7 5 e*tensins and e*'ansins, glycine5 rich 'roteins 6R?Ps7, 'roline5rich 'roteins 6P?Ps7, Solanaceous lectins and ara)inogalactan 'roteins& %he a)o e5enumerated 'roteins[ functions are numerous )ut the main one is the in ol ement in the organi.ation of the 'rimary cell (all car)ohydrate frame(ork that 'oints t3 their essential role in the cell elongation gro(th regulation& Q olutionary and functionally, all these 'rotein classes are related as regards hydro*y'roline5rich residues and similar as regards nucleotide se<uences of their genes& In addition t3 the a)o e5mentioned the cell (all is found t3 contain also other ty'es of 'roteins such, as cysteine5rich thionins, "85 and 1!5k9a (ater5regulated 'roteins, a histidine5try'to'han5rich 'roteins& @f non5'rotein com'onents, in addition t3 cellulose and hemicellulose, formed )y arious 'olysaccharides, cell (alls (ere also found t3 ha e 'ectins 6com'osed of homogalacturonan and rhamnogalacturonan 'olysaccharide sidechains7, lignin, cutin, su)erin and other secondary synthesis 'roducts +10$ 4 100,& A great num)er of en.ymes cataly.e the modification and are in ol ed during cell elongation gro(th in hydrolysis 'olysaccharide com'onents of the hemicellulose matri* in the 'rimary cell (all= 'ero*idases, 'hos'hotases, in ertases, 5mannosidases, 5mannosidases, 51,-5glucanases, 51,$5glucanases, de*tranases, *yloglucan endotransglycosylases 6NQ%s7, 'ectin e*o5 and endo'olygalacturonases, 'ectin lyases and methylesterases, malate dehydrogenases, ara)inosidases, 5galactosidases, 5galactosidases, 5 glucuronosidases, 5*ylosidases, 'roteases and ascor)ic acid o*ydase +101 4 10#,& Proteins, functioning in the cyto'lasm and 'ro iding the synthesis of a secondary cell (all, include +11!, 111,= 17 cellulose synthase 6H51,$5glucan synthase7 4 a key en.yme for the cellulose synthesis 61,$5H5glucan7 from 'reformed )locks 6glucose molecules7 5 functions and is confined 6like other en.ymes 'artici'ating in the cellulose 'recursor synthesis7 in the cell 'lasmalemma 6in its thick7 although, according t3 some information, cellulose synthase is distri)uted in a )i5modal 'attern 6i&e& located )oth in a cell (all .one ad>acent t3 the 'lasmalemma and directly in the 'lasmalemma7; "7 callose synthase 4 a ma>or 'olymer 'roduced )y 'lasmatic mem)rane of higher 'lant& %his en.yme maintains the synthesis of callose 'olysaccharide 61,-5H5glucan7& Mor'hologically essential elements, 'ro iding s'atial information for ne(ly synthesi.ed cellulose microfi)rils and controlling their orientation, are cortical
11

M% re'resenting dynamic 'olymers com'osed of heterodimers of tu)ulin E4 and H5su)units )eing found in correlation 1=1 +11", 11-,, (hile a minor com'onent of M% is tu)ulin \5isoform 'laying some 'art in the M% nucleus organi.ation& Various tu)ulin isoforms may differentially modulate the M% function& In the 'eriod of cell elongation the M% sta)ility is controlled )y arious mechanisms +11$, 11/,= 17 as a result of <ualitati e changes in the tu)ulin gene e*'ression; "7 through the cycles of H5tu)ulin tyrosylationAdetyrosylation and acetylation; -7 through changes in the interaction )et(een M% and M%5associated 'roteins 6MAP7; $7 )y 'hos'horylation of M% 'roteins; /7 )y means of fluctuation in the concentration of Ca"T ions& Q*tensin has also )een esta)lished t3 )e in ol ed in the cortical M% sta)ili.ation& %he M% association (ith a 'lasmatic mem)rane is the main 'rocess regulating the cell (all assem)ly +11", 110,& Cellulose is synthesi.ed )y the cellulose5 synthesi.ing com'le* forming mem)rane rosettes mo ing in the mem)rane 'lane; M% limit and direct this mo ement creating channels for the cellulose synthetase com'le* and, thus, control the arrangement of the cellulose fi)rils& In the 'eriods of the cell elongation and differentiation M% ac<uire a ty'ical trans erse orientation relati e t3 an elongating a*is& @n the )asis of mor'hological and )iochemical analysis results, dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous 'lant cell (alls ha e )een found t3 differ in the com'osition of the hemicellulose matri* 'olysaccharides and, as a result, au*in5 regulated hydrolytic en.ymes, 'laying a key role in the genetic control of the cell elongation 6that is dominant in 'lant em)ryos at the early stage of seed germination 4 in the )eginning of the dark 'hase7, e*hi)it differentiated, i& e& a s'ecific acti ity to(ard arious 'olysaccharide kinds& As a result a 'lastic modification, caused )y hydrolytic en.ymes, a (all )ecomes elastic that ena)les its elongation (hich occurs 'assi ely under the influence of intra5cellular osmotic 'ressure created )y the acuole& 9uring the cell elongation numerous en.ymes, in ol ed in the hydrolysis of 'olysaccharides of the 'rimary single5layer cell (all 6containing around -! O of cellulose7, )ecome acti e= in dicotyledonous 'lants 4 hydrolytic en.ymes NQ% 6ClooseningD *yloglucan chains into fragments referred t3 as nona56*g#7 and he'ta56*g17 sugar re'eats7 and e*'ansins 6'romoting the ClooseningD of hemicellulose matri* 'olysaccharides and not sho(ing any hydrolytic characteristics of en.ymes7 +10#, 111 4 181,; in monocotyledonous 'lants 6most of (hich contain less than / O of *yloglucans in the 'rimary cell (all hemicellulose matri* (ith the 'redominance of ara)inogalactan, glucuronoara)ino*ylan 6RAN7 and 'oly'henolic com'onents 5 hydrolytic en.ymes are de*tranase 6H51,0595glucan505glucanohydrolase7, s'litting ara)ino5 galactan trans erse )ridges (ith the release of ara)inose and glucose, and also H5 galactosidase, in ol ed in H51,$595galactan 'olymer ClooseningD associated (ith the galactose release +108, 18!,& 2ydrolytic en.ymes NQ%, ClooseningD 'olysaccharides 6containing H595 *ylosyl or H595galaclosyl51,"5H595*ylosyl, or H5G5fucosyl51,"5H595galactosyl5
18

1,"5H595*ylosyl 'olymer chains7 of the elongating 'rimary cell (all in dicotyledonous 'lants forming a t(o5layer secondary (all, ha e )een identified in many 'lants +10#, 181,& Studies results +181 5 18$, sho( that some increase in the 01 gene e*'ression is o)ser ed under the influence of au*ins, gi))erellins and )rassinosteroids in <uickly gro(ing and elongating leaf and stems 'lant tissues& But it has also )een esta)lished that not al(ays the NQ% acti ity correlates only (ith gro(th 'rocesses& %his fact is confirmed )y data concerning a high acti ity of NQ% in egetati e tissues and maturing fruits +18/, 180,& Renetic and molecular5)iological techni<ues ha e re ealed that during the cell differentiation and at the maturation stage there are differentially e*'ressed arious 01 genes& For e*am'le, tomato 65ycopersicon esculentum7 has no( )een descri)ed t3 ha e k9NA clones (ith a high e*tent of homology for t01 +# and t01 -+= genes, e*'ressed in mature fruits +181,, for )rassinosteroid5 regulated 5e-+r# gene +188,, for 5e10 # gene (hose le el of e*'ression, affected )y IAA, reaches its ma*imum in e'idermal tissues of an a'ical elongating 'art of the ethyolated seedling hy'ocotyl +18#,, and also for 5e01 = gene (hose e*'ression 6au*in5inhi)ited and gi))erellin5stimulated7 is normally o)ser ed in middle and )asal 'arts of the hy'ocotyl 6(here elongation sto's7, in roots, stems, lea es as (ell as at the late stages of the fruit maturation& Studies of au*in effects on the 01 gene e*'ression ha e demonstrated that a simultaneous increase in the accumulation of au*in5induced 5e10 m?NA and decrease in the accumulation of 5e01 = m?NA occur also in case of a 1"5hour treatment of ethyolated tomato hy'ocotyls )y synthetic au*in ",$59 +181,& @ther studies on the au*in5induced 145# gene e*'ression 6homological for 5e10 # tomato gene7 in the 'ea e'icotyl ha e also re ealed that the <uantity of 145# gene m?NA increases during a /5hour treatment (ith synthetic au*in ",$59 +1#!,& %he data o)tained a)out diametrically o''osite regulating effects of au*in on the e*'ression of the t(o genes 6 5e10 # and 5e01 =7 of tomato indicate that functions of these genes inside the cell (all differ& %he au*in5induced en.yme, encoded )y the 5e10 # gene, cataly.es ClooseningD of *yloglucan 'olymers and olygomers during the cell 'rimary (all elongation 6stimulated )y intra5cellular osmotic 'ressure7 transferring and inserting reduced fragments of *yloglucan chains )et(een ne(ly synthesi.ed cellulose microfi)rils of the secondary (all& %he gi))erellin5induced en.yme, encoded )y the 5e01 = gene, does not e*hi)it hydrolytic 'ro'erties and, as it has )een found out, cataly.e the endotransglycosylation )et(een *yloglucan 'olymers (ith m& m& more than 1! k9a, thus facilitating the integration of ne( *yloglucan 'olysaccharides into already formed cell (all t3 make it thicker and maintain its integraty +181,& %he au*in influence on the acti ity of de*tranase en.yme in monocotyledonous 'lants (as studied )y an american scientist 9r& 2eyn in 1#81& 2e esta)lished that the deca'itation of the oats 6Avena sativa7 coleo'tyle a'ical .one results in a delay of the cell elongation due t3 the arrest of au*in su''ly from the remo ed a'ical .one +108,& Proceeding from the a)o e o)ser ation as (ell as the results of
1#

measuring the de*transe acti ity in deca'itated and non5deca'itated oats coleo'tyles using the thin5layer chromatogra'hy techni<ues 9r& 2eyn arri ed at a conclusion a)out some increase in acti ity this en.yme 6under the influence of au*in synthesi.ed and su''lied from the u''er a'ical .one of elongation7, ClooseningD 'olysaccharides in the hemicellulose matri* of a 'rimarily differentiated cell (all in oats non5deca'itated coleo'tyles, and at the same time a)out inhi)ition of this en.yme acti ity in deca'itated coleo'tyles 6due t3 the arrest of au*in su''ly from the e'icotyle a'ical .one7& 9uring the last fe( years detail information concerning a numerous en.yme family of endoglucanases 6QRs7, 'artici'ating in ClooseningD the 'olysaccharide com'onents in an elongating 'rimary cell (all, has )een o)tained +1#1,& According t3 this information, QRs of most 'lants contain a signal 'e'tide determining their locali.ation in the endo'lasmatic reticulum& %he endoglucanases secreted )y endo'lasmatic reticulum )elong to family of nine glycoside hydrolases e*'osing an in ert hydroly.ing mechanism& In erting glycoside hydrolases mediate an in ersion of the anomeric configuration, thus lea ing the 'roduct (ith the o''osite stereochemistry to the su)strate& Au*in stimulates their secretion into the 'eri'lasm (here they e*hi)it a hydrolytic acti ity, ClooseningD *yloglucan and oligosaccharide com'onents of 'rimary cell (alls& For e*am'le, in addition t3 ara)inogalactan, RAN and 'oly'henolic com'onents, some monocotyledonous 'lants such, as corn 6 :ea mays7 and )arley 6Aordeum vulgar7, in their cell (all hemicellulose matri* contain also other )io'olymers characteri.ed )y mi*ed )ounds 4 1,-=1,$5H595 glucans +18!,& Meristematic cells (ere initially esta)lished t3 contain no such 'olysaccharides, ho(e er, their <uick accumulation 6as a result of (hich their mass amounts t3 "! O of the cell (all dry mass7 is o)ser ed during an au*in5 stimulated elongation of coleo'tile (hose com'letion is follo(ed )y some reduction in the glucan <uantity (hile the content of esterified hydro*ycinnamic and lignin5like aromatic su)stances increases +1#",& It is 'ro ed 'resently that hydrolytic en.ymes of endo51,-=1,$5H595 and e*o5H595glucanases loosen 1,-=1,$5H595glucans of the cell (alls in corn and )arley +18!,& %his information (as also su''orted )y the data indicating that 1,-=1,$5H595glucans of hemicellulose 'olysaccharides in au*in5stimulated elongating cells of )arley coleo'tiles degrade +1#!,& %he Nosern5)lot analysis (as used t3 study IAA effects on the e*'ression of genes, encoding endo51,-=1,$5 H595glucanase 6gene 1I7 and e*o5H595glucanase 6gene 109II7, cataly.ing the hydrolysis of )arley cell (all 'olysaccharides& In the com'arison (ith the control, the le el of the 109II gene e*'ression in au*in5treated segments (as found t3 remain constant for 8 hours& %his is e idence that the 109II gene is e*'ressed constituti ely and not regulated )y IAA& Some increase in the 1I gene e*'ression is o)ser ed in IAA5treated 61!5/ M7 segments on the $th hour 6num)er of 1I transcri'ts increases in / times7, a higher le el of the 1I gene e*'ression (as o)ser ed on the 8th hour of treatment; ho(e er, control segments sho(ed some increase in the 1I gene e*'ression only on the 8th hour& After a "5hour IAA
"!

treatment the m&m& alue of hemicellulose 'olysaccharides shifts t3 the range of alues ty'ical of lo(5molecular com'ounds& %his fact indicates that the e*'ression of endo51,-=1,$5H595 and e*o5H595glucanase genes is regulated differentially )y IAA& It should )e noted that during the last fe( years 1,$5H5endoglucanases, characteri.ed )y s'ecific effects on 'lant cell (alls, ha e also )een identified and isolated in many )acteria and fungi& For e*am'le, e*'eriments on studying the en.ymic acti ity of fungal 1,$5 H5endoglucanase 6encoded )y the gene 'el#=A7 from richoderma reesei (ith m&m& of "- k9a, 'ertaining t3 the glycoside hydrolase family 1", ha e esta)lished that in inacti ated under the influence of high tem'eratures and au*in5treated cell (alls of cucum)er 6 'ucumis sativus c Bur'ee Pickler7 hy'ocotyls this en.yme hydrolytic acti ity enhances to(ard cell (all *yloglucan 1,-=1,$5H5glucan 'olysaccharides& 2o(e er, this en.yme does not sho( a similar acti ity to(ard *ylan, ara)ino*ylan, galactomannan and galactan 'olysaccharides +1#-,& %he results o)tained in this study and in other in estigations +1#$,, conducted t3 re eal a role of the H5glucanase hydrolytic en.yme in the molecular mechanisms of 'lant 'rotection res'onses t3 'athogens action in to)acco 'lants, transformed )y )inar ector 'lasmids, constructed )y genetic engineering techni<ues and containing a com)ination of three se<uences 6se<uence of a 'lant 'romotor, se<uence encoding a leader and signal 'e'tide of carrot e*tensin and se<uence encoding a thermally sta)le )acterial 6 'lostridium thermocellum7 H5glucanase 6lichenase7 (ith a high le el of the s'ecific acti ity7 are undou)tedly of a considera)le theoretical and 'ractical interest for creating 'lant s'ecies that are highly resistant t3 the unfa ora)le en ironmental conditions and 'athogenes& %he disco ery of the 'rotein family of E5 and H5e*'ansins 6'ertaining t3 the 2?RPs 'rotein class7, e*hi)iting a soft ClooseningD acti ity, s'ecific for the cell (all at '2X$,/, (ill contri)ute t3 de elo' ne( a''roaches t3 the solution of hormonally induced cell (all elongation 'ro)lem& Q*'ansins are classified as 'oly'e'tides in ol ed in a cell terminal differentiation during elongation and regulating cell (all changes& For e*am'le, it (as sho(n that in culture cells in vitro during synchronously differentiation of trachea elements from :innia elegans there (as o)ser ed an inhanced e*'ression of the three kinds of m?NA, encoding PeQ*'1, PeQ*'", PeQ*'- e*'ansins +1#/,& %his 'lant (as found t3 synthesi.e the a)o e m?NA mostly in cells ad>acent t3 'roto5 and meta5*ylem of essels and in cells locating radially relati e t3 the cam)ium; ho(e er, the le els of PeQ*'1 and PeQ*'- e*'ansins m?NA rise in a'ical elongating .ones, (hile the PeQ*'" m?NA le el increases in )asal gro(th .ones& %here ha e also )een re ealed the 'eculiarities of action mechanisms of e*'ansins, inducing for a short 'eriod of time 6]1 min 'ro)a)ly o(ing t3 a limited diffusion7, a cell (all elongation (ithout hydrolysis of their ma>or 'olysaccharides 6i&e& causing, unlike hydrolytic en.ymes, a smooth shift of 'olysaccharides in the cell (all matri* (ithout su)stantial changes in its structure7 +1#0,&
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A functional interaction (as esta)lished t3 e*ist )et(een e*'ansins 6(hich ha e the 'ro'erties of a 'rimary (all5loosening agents, i&e& e*'ansins can directly induce (all e*tension7 and some hydrolases 6they may )e considered indirect, or secondary, (all5loosening agents7 making cells more sensiti e t3 an e*'ansin action +1#-,& Moreo er, the e*'ansin action (as found t3 )e s'ecific for cellulose *yloglucan com'onents and not for cellulose glucomannan and homogalacturonan 'olymers of the cell (all +1#1,& 9ata 'ro ing the correlation )et(een the au*in hormone le el and e*'ansin acti ity (ere also o)tained& For e*am'le, some enhancement in the e*'ression of the e*'ansin 5e12p= gene (as o)ser ed in ethyolated hy'ocotyls of gro(ing tomato fruits 65ycopersicon esculentum c Moneymaker7 treated (ith the synthetic au*in ",$59 for 1" hours +1#!,& %hus, the 'lant cell elongation is controlled )y the t(o co5ordinated mechanisms of the cell (all restructuring= the first one is the 'olymer (all dissociation and the second one is a smooth changing of its structure (ithout hydrolysis of matri* 'olysaccharides& In the architecture creation of a t(o5layer secondarily differetiated cell (all 6containing u' t3 0! O of cellulose relati e t3 the total cell (all mass7 )oth in monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous 'lants a key role is 'layed )y cellulose synthase and callose synthase en.ymes 6'ertaining t3 the class of integral mem)rane endo51,$5H5endogluconases, )elonging t3 the cellulose synthase com'le*, res'onsi)le for )iosynthesis of 'lasmatic mem)rane cellulose com'onents in secondary cell (alls and controlling the arrangement of ne(ly synthesi.ed amor'hous cellulose chains as (ell as their length through regulating the termination of their )iosynthesis7 and )y a num)er of en.ymes in ol ed in glycosylation and fucosylation of *yloglucan, ara)inogalactan and RAN 'olysaccharides tightly interlacing cellulose microfi)rils t3 make a (all stronger& Se<uences of cellulose synthase and callose synthase genes 6 'esA# and 'esA=7, e*'ressed during the formation of a cotton fi)re secondary cell (all as (ell as genes of )acterial cellulose synthase and callose synthase, ha e no( )een cloned and com'arati ely studied +1#8,& A tissue5s'ecific e*'ression of the cellulose synthase gene has )een studied in Arabidopsis 'lants, transformed )y a genetic construction, containing 'romotor se<uences of the cellulose synthase 'esAgene of cotton fi)re fused (ith the 4<? re'orter gene= young seedlings e*hi)it the 4<? e*'ression in roots, (hile at the later stages of de elo'ment the e*'ression is o)ser ed in flo(er 'istils, in a'ices and )ases of 'ods, in ascular tissues of lea es; 'esA- 'romotor acti ity (as found t3 enhance in trichomes 6only a )asal 'art7 and in stomatal cells on the leaf surface& Ne( data concerning the )iosynthesis of cellulose and identification of genes, encoding com'onents of the cellulose synthase en.yme com'le*, (ere o)tained in studies on radialswelling 6rswl and rsw=7 and 6orrigan mutants of Arabidopsis (ith a distur)ed cellulose )iosynthesis +1##,& %he genetic analysis techni<ue (as a''lied t3 identify, at least, 11 genes in Arabidopsis, encoding endo'lasmatic reticulum5secreted hydrolytic QRs, and only three genes= C9!$ C9!=$ and
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C9!3, encoding QRs, locali.ed in mem)ranes and classified as cellulose synthases& %he 6orrigan mutation of one of QRs, associated (ith the 'lasma mem)rane and encoded )y the C9! gene, has )een esta)lished t3 cause formation of an a))erant cell 'lates 6that testifies that K@? 'lays a key role during cytokinesis7, an incom'lete cell (alls 6o(ing t3 a lo( cellulose le el7, and multinucleated cells that results in arious defects in Arabidopsis seedling mor'hology +"!!,& %he C9! gene has )een found t3 )e e*'ressed in all 'arts of mem)ranes of arious 'lant tissues (hile the C9!= and C9!3 genes are differentially e*'ressed in de elo'ing leaf trichomes& Furthermore, C9!= gene e*'ression is o)ser ed in de elo'ing root hairs (ithin the root differentiation .one, in the )asal region of lea es, and floral organs, (hereas the C9!3 gene is e*'ressed in the )undle sheath cells that surround the ascular )undle (ithin the leaf meso'hyll tissue as (ell +"!1,& It has )een esta)lished that the au*in does not considera)ly affect the increase in the e*'ression le el of the C9! gene, encoding 'rotein (ith m&m& of 1" k9a, and its homological genes 5 'el3 gene of tomato 657 1sculentum7, encoding 'rotein (ith m&m& of 08,/ k9a, and 'el#> gene of +rassica napus, encoding 'rotein (ith m&m& of 0# k9a that is e idence of a functional difference of QRs, locali.ed in mem)ranes, from endo'lasmatic reticulum5secreted au*in5regulated hydrolitic QRs +"!",& Studies on rsw= mutants of Arabidopsis, allelic for 6orrigan mutants, ha e sho(n that rsw= mutants are tem'erature5sensiti e, 'henoty'ically similar t3 rsw# mutant 'lants in their cellulose )iosynthesis, and in com'arison (ith (ild 'lants at a certain tem'erature 'roduce less than /! O of cellulose in roots +"!-,& Moreo er, rsw= mutants (ere found t3 ha e some de iations in 'olysaccharide 'roduction of the cell (all hemicellulose matri*& In 6orrigan mutants there (ere o)ser ed some increase in the cell diameter, formation of holes in cell (alls and final cell destruction )ecause of cellulose lo( le els& Similar 'henomena ha e )een detected also in rsw= mutants that is e idence of a key role of 'el#> and C9! genes in the cellulose )iosynthesis in cell elongation 'eriod& 9uring a fe( last years genes of en.ymes, in ol ed in the )iosynthesis of *yloglucan, ara)inogalactan and RAN 'olysaccharides of the cell (all hemicellulose matri*, tightly interlacing cellulose microfi)rils, ha e )een identified and descri)ed )y the functional genome analysis& %hey include some mem)ers of the en.yme family of genes, in ol ed in the )iosynthesis of *yloglucans 4 *yloglucan *ylosyltransferases 6for e*am'le, At0 # gene and grou' of its homological genes, called At4 =-) in Arabidopsis +"!$,, the '?5 gene family 6cellulose synthase5like7, encoding *yloglucan glucan synthase, 'artici'ating in the )iosynthesis of hemicellulose matri* com'onents, connecting (ith each other *yloglucan 'olysaccharides 6in 'articular, in seeds of guar there (as identified a homologue of the Arabidopsis '?5A gene, locali.ed in Rolgi com'le* mem)ranes and encoding H51,$5mannan synthase7 +"!/,, genes of *ylan synthase en.yme 6in 'articular, 0?# gene of rice seedlings7 +"!0,, res'onsi)le for
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the )iosynthesis of RAN 'olysaccharides, com'osed of H51,$5*ylans, )ound (ith H51,-5ara)inose and H51,"5linked glucuronic acid, as (ell as genes of glucan synthase en.yme, cataly.ing the )iosynthesis of H51,$5glucans that ha e a high m&m& 6for e*am'le, the 4?# gene identified in corn mesocotyles7 +"!0,& %he PC?5analysis techni<ues ha e identified family At;< genes of *yloglucan5s'ecific 51,"5 and 51,05fucosyltransferases 6encoded, for e*am'le, )y At;< 35At;< . genes in Arabidopsis7, and glycosyltransferases 6encoded, in 'articular, )y At;< # gene in Arabidopsis +"!1, "!8, and )y "s;< # gene of 'ea 6"isum sativum7 +"!#,7, 'erforming fucosylation and glycosylation of *yloglucan, rhamnogalacturonan and ara)inogalactan 'olysaccharides as (ell as galactomannan galactosyltrasferases 6isolated, in 'articular, in rigonella foenum-graecum +"1!,7 and *yloglucan galactosyltransferases 6encoded, for e*am'le, )y @<!3 gene of Arabidopsis +"11,7, in ol ed in galactosylation of galactomannan and *yloglucan com'onents of cell (all, res'ecti ely 6Fig& -7& Studies on a tissue5s'ecific e*'ression of Arabidopsis At;< genes ha e sho(n that high le els of the At;< - gene e*'ression are o)ser ed in mature lea es and roots (hile the At;< . gene e*'ression is 'redominant mainly in (ild 'lants roots& In estigations of fucose )iosynthesis 'eculiarities in mutant atfut# 'lants gi e e idence of fucose a)sence in *yloglucan com'onents isolated from 'lant roots and lea es& 2o(e er, in the com'arison (ith (ild 'lants a hy'er5e*'ression of the At;< # gene in transgene 'lants causes an enhanced fucosyltransferase acti ity and yet, *yloglucan olygosaccharides in transgene and (ild 'lants contain com'ara)le amounts of fucose that is accounted for a limited 'ool of a''ro'riate acce'tor su)strates +"!0,& It has )een esta)lished that all a)o e mentioned en.ymes of the 'olysaccharide )iosynthesis of the cell (all hemicellulose matri* are confined t3 the Rolgi a''aratus and are mem)rane 'roteins, containing a short amino5therminal domain, facing the cyto'lasm, single transmem)rane domain, se'arated from a glo)ular catalytic 'art of 'roteins )y se<uences of arious lengths as (ell as hydro'hylic car)o*y5terminal domain, containing an acti e site located in the Rolgi a''aratus ca ity +"1",& 9uring cell elongation these en.ymes are trans'orted into the cell (all and 'artici'ate in its modification& %hese en.ymes gene e*'ression has )een sho(n t3 )e inhi)ited )y light 6it (as re ealed that this 'rocess is mediated )y 'hytochrome through au*in (hose le el (as reduced under light influnce7& It (as, in 'articular, found that an e*ogenous IAA treatment of corn mesocotyls 're ented a light5induced reduction of the 4?# gene transcri'tion le el +"1-, "1$,& Numerous studies indicate that the most significant role in the organi.ation of a strong secondary cell (all, like a reinforced concrete structure is 'layed )y the ma>or, 'resent in all higher 'lants, 'rotein e*tensin 6m&m& -! k9a7 encoded )y the A!4" gene +10-, "1/,& Q*tensin is a highly5'ositi e charged 'rotein 6its isoelectric 'oint 4 'I^#7& Its amout comes t3 1! O of the (hole cell (all 'rotein content& Q*tensin e*'ression increases during an au*in5stimulated cell (all elongation and also as a result of influence of unfa ora)le en ironmental factors
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and 'athogens 6it is suggested that e*tensin )inds negati ely charged 'athogens and 're ents their su''ly into cells7& Q*tensin inceases the cell (all mechanical strength through its intercalation as (ell as ionic and co alent interaction (ith other 'olymers, in 'articular, (ith 'ectins& It (as esta)lished that catalysts of the cell 'rotection res'onse t3 the action of elisitors or o*idati e stress are 'ero*idase en.ymes, stimulating a <uick su''ly 6(ithout synthesis de novo7 of e*tensin into cell (all and its interaction (ith 'olysaccharides that results in cell (all strength im'ro ement +"10, "11,& Such a <uick res'onse is a 'rimary 'rotection action of cells (hile a secondary res'onse consists in the transcri'tion enhancement of e*tensin and other 'rotecti e com'ounds 6defensins, 'hytoale*ins and 'henolic com'ounds7 +10-, "18,& For e*am'le, the in estigation of the callus cell 'rotection res'onse mechanism in the euro'ean cultures of gra'e 6 Ditis vinifera G&, c & %ouriga7 ine, infected )y strains "lasmopara viticola and <ncinula necator, causing do(ny and 'o(dery milde( diseases, has demonstrated a <uick accumulation of e*tensin R P1 glyco'rotein (ith m&m& of 8#,# k9a in res'onse t3 an elisitor action of e*tensin 'ero*idase 6QP7 (ith m&m& of $! k9a +"10,& 9ata a)out a regulating effect of au*in on the 'ero*idase e*'ression ha e )een o)tained& Q*'eriments conducted t3 study the 'ero*idase isoen.yme s'ectrum during IAA5induced rhy.ogenesis of ethyolated )ean grafts ha e sho(n that a tenfold increasing formation of additional roots in them occurs as a result of their $5hour treatment (ith IAA solution 68_1!4$ M7 +"1#,& %he )eginning of root 'rimordium differentiation 61" hour after the IAA treatment7 (as characteri.ed )y a three5fold increase in the 'ero*idase total acti ity in rhy.ogenesis .ones& %he chromatogra'hy se'aration of the 'ero*idase total fraction has demonstrated that under the influence of IAA the amount of anion 'ero*idases in )ean grafts induced for rhy.ogenesis increases from $ t3 0& %he most sufficient changes resulting from the IAA influence occurred in the isoen.yme com'osition of anion 'ero*idases& It is ty'ical of them t3 form t(o ne( isoforms 6? f !,"- and !,107 that may ser e as markers for au*in5de'endent rhy.ogenesis& %he results o)tained in these e*'eriments ha e re ealed that all identified 'ero*idases ha e an a)ility for decar)o*ylation 15+1$C, IAA in vitro (hen co5factors of en.yme o*idation of IAA 6ions Mn"T and n5cumaric acid7 are added into a reaction medium that is e idence of a 'ero*idase direct in ol ement in the IAA meta)olism regulation& As has )een esta)lished in other studies +""!, de oted t3 the kinetics of IAA le el changes 8 and "$ hours after its introduction into )ean grafts, some IAA may )e o*idi.ed under the influence of 'ero*idases (hile the rest is )ound (ith s'ecific rece'tors and thus, acti ates cell di ision and elongation& It has also )een found that in 'lants <uercetin and other dio*y'henolic com'ounds that can )e o*idi.ed )y 'ero*idases )efore IAA thus, 're enting its o*idation, may ser e as original 'rotectors of IAA o*idation& Also significant function of 'oly'henol com'ounds is t3 'roduce lignin 'olymers making secondary cell (alls stronger on the termination of their elongation& %hus, the a)o e results of studies undou)tedly 'ro e the e*istence of the au*in5regulated com'le* endogenous 'rogram of 'lant cell differentiation and s'eciali.ation&
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*onclusion. A considera)le 'rogress in the in estigation of the mechanism of au*in regulatory effects on the cell differentiation key stages 4 cell di ision and elongation, has made the )asis for further fundamental studies of its role in the gene e*'ression regulation in all stages of the 'lant ontogenesis that (ill contri)ute t3 the ad ancement in the de elo'ment of ne( genetic engineering )iotechnologies& In the future such de elo'ments may )e a''lied t3 correct the key stages of the 'lant mor'hogenesis, to create of more 'roducti e and resistant t3 unfa oura)le en ironmental conditions sorts of 'lants& &)/)&)N*)3 1& 5eopold A7'7$ %ooden 5787 2ormonal regulatory system in 'lants AA 2orm& ?egul& 9e elo'& 4 1#8$& 4 "& 5 P& $ 4 ""& "& ?now !& %he correlati e inhi)ition of the gro(th of a*illary )uds AA Ann& Bot& 4 1#"/& 5 -#& 4 P& 8$1 4 8/#& -& Eareing "7;7 Qndogenous inhi)itors in seed germination and dormancy AA Qncyclo'edia of 'lant 'hysiology A Qd& :& ?uhland& 4 Berlin; R`ttingen; 2eidel)erg= S'ringer, 1#0/& 4 Vol&1/, 't "& 4 P& #!# 4 #"$& $& 8arwin '7$ 8arwin ;7 %he 'o(er of mo ement in 'lants A Qd& U& Murray& 4 Gondon, 188!& 4 88! '& /& +rown A7 7$ @orris 47A7 ?esearches of the germination of some of the 4ramineae AA U& Chem& Soc& 4 18#!& 4 Vol& /1& 4 P& $/8 4 /"8& 0& 5oeb F7 Chemical )asis of correlation AA Bot& Ra.& 4 1#18& 4 Vol& 0/& 4 P& 1/! 4 11$& 1& @olisch A7 9ie Ge)ensdauer der Pflan.e& 4 Uena= Fischer, 1#"8 6%ransl& )y Fulling Q&2& 5 Gancaster= Science 'ress, 1#-87& 8& ?ytni6 C7@7 %i6olay 4rygor3evitch Cholodny 6%o the century from the )irthday7 AA Ukr& Bot& U& 5 1#8"& 4 Vol& -#, a -& 5 P& 1 5 -& #& @er6is A7I7 %ro'isms of 'lants in the light of Kholodny 5 :ent theory AA Ukr& Bot& U& 5 1#8"& 4 Vol& -#, a -& 5 P& 10 5 -1& 1!& Eent ;7$ himann C7D7 Phytohormones& 5 Ne( Work= MacMillan, 1#-1& 4 "#$ b& 11& himann C7D7 Plant gro(th AA Fundamental as'ects of normal and malignant gro(th A Qd& :&:& No(inski 4 Amsterdam= Qlse ier, 1#0!& 4 P&1$8 4 8""& 1"& "ilet "717 Action des gi))erellins sur lcacti ite au*ines5o*ydasi<ue de tissues culti es in vitro& 4 C&r& Acad& Sci& Paris& 5 1#/1& 4 Vol& "$/& 4 P& 1-"1 4 1-"8& 1-7 he "lant Rro(th ?egulators in Agriculture and 2orticulture& ?ole and Commercial Uses A Qd& S& B& Amar>it& 5 Ne( Work= 2a(orth Press, "!!!& 4 "// P& 1$& Arteca !7 Plant Rro(th Su)stances= Princi'les and A''lications& 5 Ne( Work= Cha'man and 2all, 1##0& 5 "// '&

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1/& 'reelman !7 A7$ @ullet F7 17 @ligosaccharins, )rassinolides, and >asmonates= nontraditional regulators of 'lant gro(th, de elo'ment, and gene e*'ression AA Plant Cell& 4 1##1& 4 Vol& #& 4 P& 1"11 5 1""-& 10& 4ross 87$ "arthier +7 No el natural su)stances acting in 'lant gro(th regulation AA U& Plant Rro(th ?egul& 5 1##$& 4 Vol& 1-& 5 P& #- 5 11$& 11& 5utsen6o 17C7$ @aruch6o 17A7$ 5eonova 747 %he fusicoccine action on the early stages of germination of sorghum at salting AA %hes& ?e'& IV Internat& Conf& CPlant Rro(th and 9e elo'ment ?egulatorsD& 4 Mosco(= %he Mosco( State Agronomic Uni & Pu)l&, 1##1& 5 P& 1!/& 18& 'haila6hian @7'h7$ +uten6o !747$ Culaeva 97%7$ Cefeli D7I7$ A6senova %7"7 %erminology of gro(th and de elo'ment of higher 'lants& 5 Mosco(= Science, 1#8"& 5 #0 '& 1#& @c'ourt "7 Renetic analysis of hormone signalling AA Annu& ?e & Plant Physiol& Plant Mol& Biol& 5 1###& 5 Vol& /!& 5 P& "1# 5 "$-& "!& +ecraft "7E7$ ?u6-Aoon Cang$ ?ang-4on ?uh& %he mai.e C?INKGW$ rece'tor kinase controls a cell5autonomous differentiation res'onse AA Plant Physiol& 4 "!!1& 4 Vol& 1"1, a "& 4 P& $80 4 $#0& "1& Divanco F7 @7$ ;lores A7 17 Control of root formation )y 'lant gro(th regulation AA %he Plant Rro(th ?egulators in Agriculture and 2orticulture& ?ole and Commercial Uses A Qd& S& B&Amar>it 5 Ne( Work= 2a(orth Press, "!!!& 5 P& 1 5 "/& ""& ?hneider 17A7$ Eightman ;7 Au*ins AA Phytohormones and related com'ounds 5 a com'rehensi e treatise&5 Amsterdam= Qlse ier, North 2olland Biomedical Press, 1#18& 5 P& "# 5 1!/& "-& Cefeli D7 Natural gro(th inhi)itors and 'hytohormones& 5 2aague= Uunh Pu)l&, 1#18& 5 "#$ P& "$& 8orffling C7 9as 2ormonsystem der 'flan.en& 4 Stuttgard; Ne( Work= Reorg %hieme Verlag, 1#8"& 5 -!$ P& "/& Cende A7$ :eevaart F7 A7 87 %he fi e dclassicale 'lant hormones AA Plant Cell& 4 1##1& 4 Vol& #& 4 P& 11#1 5 1"1!& "0& Fa6ubows6a A7$ Cowalczy6 ?7 %he au*in con>ugate 15@5indole5-5acetyl5595 glucose is synthesi.ed in immature legume seeds )y IARlc synthase and may )e used for modification of some high molecular (eight com'ounds AA U& Q*'& Bot& 4 "!!$& 4 Vol&//, a -#8& 4 P& 1#1 4 8!1& "1& Aedden ;7$ "hillips A7 Mani'ulation of hormone )iosynthetic genes in transgenic 'lants AA Curr& @'in& Biotechnol& 5 "!!!& 4 Vol&11& 5 P& 1-!51-1& "8&;iccadenti %7$ ?estili ?7$ "andolfini 7$ 'irillo '7$ !otino 47 57$ ?pena A7 Renetic engineering of 'arthenocar'ic fruit de elo'ment in tomato AA Mol& Breeding& 4 1###& 4 Vol& /& 4 P& $0- 5 $1!& "#& !omano '7$ Aein @7$ Clee A7 Inacti ation of au*in in to)acco transformed (ith the indoleacetic acid5lysine synthetase gene of "seudomonas savastonoi AA Renes and 9e elo'& 4 1##1& 4 Vol&/& 4 P& $-8 4 $$0& -!& +artel +7 Au*in )iosynthesis AA Annu& ?e & Plant& Physiol& Plant Mol& Biol& 4 1##1& 4 Vol& $8& 4 P& /1500&
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-1& %ormanly F7$ ?lovin F7 "7$ 'ohen F7 87 ?ethinking au*in )iosynthesis and meta)olism AA Plant Physiol& 4 1##/& 4 Vol&1!1& 4 P& -"- 5 -"#& -"& @Gller A7$ Eeiler 17E7 Indolic costituents and indole5-5acetic acid )iosinthesis in the (ild5ty'e and a try'to'han au*otro'h mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana AA Planta& 4 "!!!& 4 Vol& "11& 4 P& 8// 4 80-& --& !e6oslavs6aya %7I7$ +andurs6i !7?7 Indole as a 'recursor of indole5-5acetic acid in :ea mays AA Phytochemistry& 4 1##$& 4 Vol& -/& 4 P& #!/ 4 #!#& -$& 8olan 57 Pointing roots in the right direction= the role of au*in trans'ort in res'onse to gra ity AA Ren& and 9e elo'& 4 1##8& 4 Vol&1", a 1$& 4 P& "!#1 5 "!#/& -/& +artel +7$ ;in6 47 !7 9ifferential regulation of au*in5'roducing nitrilase gene family in Arabidopsis thaliana AA Proc& Nat& Acad& Sci& USA& 4 1##$& 4 Vol& #1& 4 P& 00$# 5 00/-& -0& ?chmidt !7 '7$ @Gller A7$ Aain !7$ +artling 87$ Eeiler 17 E7 %ransgenic to)acco 'lants e*'ressing the Arabidopsis thaliana nitrilase II en.yme AA Plant U& 4 1##0& 4 Vol& #& 4 P& 08- 5 0#1& -1& 4rsis ?7$ ?auerteig ?7$ %euhaus C7$ Albrecht @7$ !ossiter F7$ @Gller 57F7 Physiological analysis of transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana 'lants e*'ressing one nitrilase isoform in sense or antisense direction AA Plant Physiol& 4 1##8& 4 Vol&1/-& 4 P& $$0 5 $/0& -8&+a6 ?7$ ;eyereisen !7 %he in ol ement of t(o P$/! en.ymes, CWP8-B1 and CWP8-A1, in au*in homeostasis and glucosinolate )iosynthesis AA Plant Physiol& 4 "!!1& 4 Vol& 1"1& 4 P& 1!8 5 118& -#& +a6 ?7$ a2 ;717$ ;eldmann C7A7$ 4albraith 87A7$ ;eyereisen !7 CWP8-B1, a cytochrome P$/! at the meta)olic )ranch'oint in au*in and indole glucosinolate )iosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana AA Plant Cell& 4 "!!1& 4 Vol& 1-& 4 P& 1!1 4 111& $!& 8elarue @7$ "rinsen 17$ 9nc6elen A7D7$ 'aboche @7$ +ellini '7 ?ur= mutations of Arabidopsis thaliana define a ne( locus in ol ed in the control of au*in homeostasis AA Plant U& 4 1##8& 4 Vol& 1$& 4 P& 0!- 4 011& $1& 'ollett '717$ Aarberd %7"7$ 5eyser 97 2ormonal interactions in the control of Arabidopsis hy'ocotyl elongation AA Plant Physiol& 4 "!!!& 4 Vol&1"$& 4 P& //- 4 /01& $"& @izutani @7$ Eard 17$ 9hta 87 Cytochrome P$/! gene su'erfamily in Arabidopsis thaliana= isolation of c9NAs, differential e*'ression, and ?FGP ma''ing of multi'le cytochromes P$/! AA Plant Mol& Biol& 4 1##8& 4 Vol& -1& 4 P& -# 4 /"& $-& !eymond "7$ Eeber A7$ 8amond @7$ ;armer 1717 9ifferential gene e*'ression in res'onds to mechanical (ounding and insect feeding in Arabidopsis AA Plant Cell& 4 "!!!& 4 Vol& 1"& 4 P& 1!1 4 11#& $$& <lmasov 7$ Aagen 47$ 4uilfoyle 7F7 9imeri.ation and 9NA )inding of au*in res'onse factors AA Plant U& 4 1###& 4 Vol& 1#& 4 P& -!# 4 -1#&

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$/& Au F7 ?egulation of 'ero*isome )iogenesis and function AA MSU59@Q Plant ?esearch Ga)oratory& %hirty5Qighth Annual ?e'ort& USA& 4 Ne( Work, "!!-& 5 P& 1# 4 "0& $0& :olman +7C7$ ?ilva I787$ +artel +7 %he Ara)ido'sis p2a# mutant is defecti e in an A%P5)inding cassette trans'orter5like 'rotein re<uired for 'ero*isomal fatty acid 5o*idation AA Plant Physiol& 4 "!!1& 4 Vol& 1"1& 4 P& 1"00 4 1"18& $1& del !io 57A7$ 'orpas ;7F7$ ?andalio 57@7$ "alma F7@7$ 4omez @7$ +arroso F7+7 ?eacti e o*igen s'ecies, antio*idant systems and nitric o*ide in 'ero*isomes AA U& Q*'& Bot& 4 "!!"& 4 Vol& /-& 4 P& 1"// 4 1"1"& $8& 9lsen 57F7 %he sur'rising com'le*ity of 'ero*isome )iogenesis AA Plant Mol& Biol& 4 1##8& 4 Vol& -8& 4 P& 10- 4 18#& $#& 5udwig-@Gller F7 Indole5-5)utyric acid in 'lant gro(th and de elo'ment AA Plant Rro(th ?egul& 4 "!!!& 4 Vol& -"& 4 P& "1# 4 "-!& /!& !ottensteiner A7$ ?tein C7$ ?onnenhol 17$ 1rdmann !7 Conser ed function of 'e*11' and the no el 'e*"/' and 'e*"1' in 'ero*isome )iogenesis AA Mol& Biol&Cell& 4 "!!-& 4 Vol& 1$& 4 P& $-10 4 $-"8& /1& :olman +7C7$ (oder A7$ +artel +7 Renetic analysis of indole5-5)utyric acid res'onses in Arabidopsis thaliana re eals four mutant classes AA Renetics& 4 "!!!& 4 Vol& 1/0& 4 P& 1-"- 4 1--1& /"& 8avies 74717$ 'oleman F79787 %he Arabidopsis thaliana A%P5)inding cassette 'roteins= an emerging su'erfamily AA Plant Cell Qn iron& 4 "!!!& 4 Vol& "-& 4 P& $-1 4 $$-& /-& ?wartzman 1717$ Diswanathan @7%7$ horner F7 %he "A5# gene 'roduct is a 'ero*isomal A%P5)inding cassette trans'orter in the yeast ?accharomyces cerevisiae AA U& Cell Biol& 4 1##0& 4 Vol& 1-"& 5 P& /$# 4 /0-& /$& Aolzinger A7$ @ayerhofer "7$ +erger F7$ 5ichtner "7$ Cammerer ?7$ !oscher A7A7 Full length c9NA cloning, 'romoter se<uence, and genomic organi.ation of the human adrenoleukodystro'hy related 6A58!7 gene functionally redundant to the gene res'onsi)le for N5linked adrenoleukodystro'hy AA Biochem& and Bio'hys& ?es& Communs& 4 1###& 4 Vol& "/8& 4 P& $-0 4 $$"& //& Dan Deen A7E7 %o(ards the molecular mechanism of 'rokaryotic and eukaryotic multidrug trans'orters AA Semin& Cell 9e elo'& Biol& 4 "!!1& 4 Vol& 1"& 4 P& "-# 4 "$/& /0& ?ubramani ?7 Com'onents in ol ed in 'ero*isome im'ort, )iogenesis, 'roliferation, turno er, and mo ement AA Physiol& ?e & 4 1##8& 4 Vol& 18& 4 P& 111 4 188& /1& 1astmond "7F7$ Aoo6s @7A7$ Eilliams 87$ 5ange "7$ +echtold %7$ ?arrobert '7$ %ussaume 57$ 4raham I7A7 Promoter tra''ing of a no el medium5chain acyl5 CoA o*idase, (hich is induced transcri'tionally during Arabidopsis seed germination AA U& Biol& Chem& 4 "!!!& 4 Vol& "1/& 4 P& -$-1/ 4 -$-81& /8& !ichmond 7A7$ +leec6er A7+7 A defect in 5o*idation causes a)normal inflorescence de elo'ment in Arabidopsis AA Plant Cell& 4 1###& 4 Vol& 11& 4 P& 1#11 4 1#"-&

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/#& Aayashi @7$ oriyama C7$ Condo @7$ %ishimura @7 ",$5 9ichloro'heno*y)utyric acid5resistant mutants of Arabidopsis ha e defects in glyo*ysomal fatty acid 5o*idation AA Plant Cell& 5 1##8& 4 Vol& 1!& 4 P& 18- 4 1#/& 0!& Aayashi @7$ %ito C7$ oriyama-Cato C7$ Condo @7$ (amaya 7$ %ishimura @7 AtPe*1$' maintains 'ero*isomal functions )y determining 'rotein targeting to three kinds of 'lant 'ero*isomes AA QMB@ U& 4 "!!!& 4 Vol& 1#& 4 P& /1!1 5 /11!& 01& ?ytni6 C7@7$ @usaten6o 57I7$ Dasu6 %7"7$ Dedenicheva %7"7$ 4eneralova D7@7$ @artin 4747$ %esterova A7%7 2ormonal com'le* of 'lants and mushrooms& 4 Kie , "!!-& 4 180 '& 0"& ?lovin F7"7$ +andurs6i !7?7$ 'ohen F787 Au*in AA Biochemistry and molecular )iology of 'lant hormones A Qds& P&U&U& 2ooykaas, M&A& 2all, K&?& Gi))enga& 4 Amsterdam= Qlse ier Science BV, 1###& 4 P& 11/ 4 1$!& 0-& Aall "7F7 Indole5-5acetyl5myo5inositol in kernels of 9ryza sativa AA Phytochemistry& 4 1#8!& 4 Vol& 1#& 4 P& "1"1 4 "1"-& 0$& 8omagals6i E7$ ?chulze A7$ +andurs6i !7?7 Isolation and characteri.ation of ester of indole5-5acetic acid from the li<uid endos'erm of the horse chestnut 6Aesculus species7 AA Plant Physiol& 4 1#81& 4 Vol& 8$& 4 P& 11!1 4 111-& 0/& +iale6 C7$ 'ohen F787 Isolation and 'artial characteri.ation of the ma>or amide5linked con>ugate of indole5-5acetic acid from "haseolus vulgaris G& AA Plant Physiol& 4 1#80& 4 Vol& 8!& 4 P& ## 4 1!$& 00& Ealz A7$ "ar6 s7$ ?lovin F7"7$ 5udwig-@Gller F7$ @omono6i (7?7$ 'ohen F787 A gene encoding a 'rotein modified )y the 'hytohormone indoleacetic acid AA Proc& Nat& Acad& Sci& USA& 4 "!!"& 4 Vol& ##& 4 P& 1118 4 11"-& 01& 1pstein 17$ +aldi +747$ 'ohen F787 Identification of indole5-acetylglutamate from seeds of 4lycine ma2 G& AA Plant Physiol& 4 1#80& 4 Vol& 1"& 5 P& "/0 4 "/8& 08& @ichalczu6 57$ +andurs6i !7?7 Qn.ymic synthesis of 15@5indol5-5ylacetyl55 95glucose and indol5-5ylacetyl5myo5inositol AA Biochem& U& 4 1#8"& 4 "!1& 4 P& "1- 4 "81& 0#& Cesy F7@7$ +andurs6i !7?7 Partial 'urification and characteri.ation of indol5-5 ylacetyl5595glucose= myo5inositol indol5-5ylacetyltransferase 6indoleacetic acid5inositol synthase7 AA Plant Physiol& 4 1##!& 4 Vol& #$& 4 P& 1/#8 4 10!$& 1!& Cowalczy6 ?7$ Fa6ubows6a A7$ :ielins6a 17$ +andurs6i !7?7 Bifunctional indole5-5acetyl transferase catalyses synthesis and hydrolysis of indole5-5acetyl5 myo5inositol in immature endos'erm of :ea mays AA Physiol& Plantar& 4 "!!-& 4 Vol& 11#& 4 P&10/ 4 11#& 11& 8avies !7 7$ 4oetz 87 A7$ 5asswell F7$ Anderson @7 %7$ +artel +7 IA!3 encodes an au*in con>ugate hydrolase from Arabidopsis AA Plant Cell& 4 1###& 4 Vol& 11& 4 P& -0/ 5 -10& 1"& Clee A7 F7$ !omano '7 "7 %he roles of 'hytohormones in de elo'ment as studied in transgenic 'lants AA Crit& ?e & Plant Sci& 4 1##$& 4 Vol& 1-& 4 P& -11 5 -"$&

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1-& Clee F7 A7 %he effects of o er'roduction of t(o Agrobacterium tumefaciens %59NA au*in )iosynthetic gene 'roducts in transgenic 'etunia 'lants AA Renes and 9e elo'& 4 1#81& 4 Vol&1& 4 P& 80 5 #0& 1$& 'osgrove 87F7 ?ela*ation in a high5stress en ironment= %he molecular )ases of e*tensi)le cell (alls and cell enlargement AA Plant Cell& 4 1##1& 4 Vol& #& 4 P& 1!-1 4 1!$1& 1/& Ito @7 Factors controlling cyclin B e*'ression AA Plant& Mol& Biol& 4 "!!!& 4 Vol& $-, a /A0& 4 P& 011 5 0#!& 10& ?etiady (7 (7$ ?c6ine @7$ Aariguchi %7$ (amamoto 7$ Couchi A7$ ?hinmyo A & %o)acco mitotic cyclins= cloning, characteri.ation, gene e*'ression and functional assay AA Plant U& 4 1##/& 4 Vol& 8& 4 P& #$# 5 #/1& 11& Aata ?7$ Couchi A7$ ?uzu6a F7$ Ishii 7 Isolation and characteri.ation of c9NA clones for 'lant cyclins AA QMB@ U& 4 1##1& 4 Vol& 1!& 4 P& "081 5 "088& 18& 4olstyen !7$ ?tandart %7$ @ac6ie ?7$ 'olman A7$ +low F7$ !uderman F7$ Eu @7$ Aunt & %he role of cyclin synthesis, modification and destruction in the control of cell di ision AA U& Cell Sci& 4 1#8#& 4 Vol& 1"& 4 P& 11 5 #1& 1#& Couchi A7$ ?e6ine A7$ Aata ?7 9istinct classes of mitotic cyclins are differentially e*'ressed in the soy)ean shoot a'e* during the cell cycle AA Plant Cell& 4 1##/& 4 Vol& 1& 4 P& 11$- 5 11//& 8!& %igg 17 A7 Cyclin5de'endent 'rotein kinases= key regulators of the eukaryotic cell cycle AA Bioessays& 4 1##/& 4 Vol& 11& 4 P& $11 5 $8!& 81& !enaudin F7 "7$ 8oonan F7 A7$ ;reeman 87$ Aashimoto F7$ Airt A7$ InzH 87$ Facobs 7 Plant cyclins= a unified nomenclature for 'lant A5, B5 and 95ty'e cyclins )ased on se<uence organi.ation AA Plant& Mol& Biol& 4 1##0& 4 Vol& -"& 4 P& 1!!- 5 1!18& 8"& ?Iar6a ?7$ ;itch @7$ ?chaerer ?7$ @oloney @7 Classification and e*'ression of a family of cyclin gene homologues in +rassica napus AA Plant Mol& Biol& 4 1##/& 4 Vol& "1& 4 P& "0- 5 "1/& 8-& Jin 57 07$ "erennes '7$ !ichard C7$ +ouvier-8urand @7$ rHhin '7$ InzH 87$ +ergouniou2 '7 R" and early M5s'ecific e*'ression of the % '('# cyclin gene in %icotina tabacum cells AA Plant Mol& Biol& 4 1##0& 4 Vol& -"& 4 P& 1!#- 5 11!1& 8$& ?tals A7$ 'asteels "7$ Dan @ontagu @7$ InzH 87 ?egulation of cyclin5 de'endent kinases in Arabidopsis thaliana AA Plant Mol& Biol& 4 "!!!& 4 Vol& $-, a /A0& 4 P& /8- 5 /#-& 8/& Ito @7$ Iwase @7$ Codama A7$ 5avisse "7$ Comanine A7$ %ishihama !7$ @achido (7$ Eatanabe A7 A no el cis5acting element in 'romoters of 'lant B5 ty'e cyclin genes acti ates M 'hase4s'ecific transcri'tion AA Plant Cell& 4 1##8& 4 Vol& 1!& 4 P& --1 5 -$1& 80& 8udits 87$ @agyar :7$ 8eK6 @$ @HszKros 7$ @is6olezi "7$ ;ehHr A7$ +rown ?7$ Condorosi 17$ Athanasiadis A7$ "ongor ?7$ +a6L 57$ Coner 47$ 4yLrgyey F7 Cyclin5de'endent and calcium5de'endent kinase families= res'onse of cell di ision cycle to hormone and stress signals AA Plant Cell 9i ision A Qds 9& Francis, 9& 9udits, 9& In.f& 5 Gondon= Portland Press, 1##8& 5 P& "1 5 $/&

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81& @ironov D7$ 8e Deylder 57$ Dan @ontagu @7$ InzH 87 Cyclin5de'endent kinases and cell di ision in 'lants= the ne*us AA Plant Cell& 4 1###& 4 Vol& 11& 4 P& /!# 5 /""& 88& %igg 17 A7 Cyclin5de'endent kinase 1= at the cross5roads of transcri'tion, 9NA re'air and cell cycle control g AA Curr& @'in& Cell& Biol& 4 1##0& 4 Vol& 8& 4 P& -1" 5 -11& 8#& @HszrKros 7$ @is6olczi "7$ Ayaydin ;7$ "ett6L-?zandther A7$ "eres A7$ @agyar :7$ AorvKth 47 D7$ +a6o 57$ ;ehHr A7$ 8udits 87 Multi'le cyclin5 de'endent kinase com'le*es and 'hos'hatases control R "AM 'rogression in alfalfa cells AA Plant Mol& Biol& 4 "!!!& 4 Vol& $-, a /A0& 4 P& /#/ 5 0!/& #!& ?egers 47$ !ouzH "7$ Dan @ontagu @7$ InzH 87 Cyclin5de'endent kinases in 'lants AA Plant cell 'roliferation and its regulation in gro(th and de elo'ment A Qds U& Bryant, U& :iley& 5 Chichester, UK, 1##1& 5 P& 1 5 1#& #1& Foubes F7$ 'hevalier '7$ 8udits 87$ Aeberle-+ors 17$ Inze 87$ <meda @7$ !enaudin F7 "7 C9K5related 'rotein kinases in 'lants AA Plant Mol& Biol& 4 "!!!& 4 Vol& $-, a /A0& 4 P& 0!1 5 0"!& #"& Foubes F7$ 'hevalier '7 Qndoredu'lication in higher 'lants AA Plant Mol& Biol& 4 "!!!& 4 Vol& $-, a /A0& 4 P& 1-/ 5 1$/& #-& rehin '7$ "lanchars ?7$ 4lab %7$ "erennes '7$ reglar F7$ +ergouniou2 '7 Cell cycle regulation of 'lant gro(th regulators= in ol ement of au*in and cytokinin in the re5entry of "etunia 'roto'lasts into the cell cycle AA Planta& 4 1##8& 4 Vol& "!0& 4 P& "1/ 5 ""$& #$& ?egers 47$ 4adisseur 7$ +ergouniou2 '7$ 1ngller F7$ FasMmard A7$ Dan @ontagu @7$ InzH 87 %he Arabidopsis cyclin5de'endent kinase gene cdc=b At is 'referentially e*'ressed during S and R" 'hases of the cell cycle AA Plant U& 4 1##0& 4 Vol& 1!& 4 P& 0!1 5 01"& #/& :hang C7$ 5etham 87 ?7$ Fohn "7'757 Cytokinin controls the cell cycle at mitosis )y stimulating tyrosine de'hos'horylation and acti ation of P -$ cdc"5like 21 histone kinase AA Planta& 4 1##0& 4 Vol& "!!& 4 P& " 5 1"& #0& Eheatley ?7 "7$ Ainchcliff 17 A7$ 4lotzer @7$ Ayman A7 A7$ ?luder 47$ Eang (7 I7 C9K1 inacti ation regulates ana'hase s'indle dynamics and cytokinesis in vivo AA U& Cell Biol& 4 1##1& 4 Vol& 1-8& 4 P& -8/ 5 -#-& #1& Aush F7 @7$ Eu 57$ Fohn "7 '7 57$ Aepler 57 A7$ Aepler "7 C7 Plant mitosis 'romoting factors disassem)les the microtu)ule 're'ro'hase )and and accelerates 'ro'hase 'rogression in radescantia AA Cell Biol& Int& 4 1##0& 4 Vol& "!& 4 P& "1/ 5 "81& #8& +inarova "7$ 8olezel F7$ 8raber "7$ Aeberle-+ors 17$ ?trnad @7$ +ogre 57 %reatment of Dicia faba root ti' cells (ith s'ecific inhi)itors to cyclin5de'endent kinases leads to a)normal s'indle formation AA Plant U& 5 1##8 )& 4 Vol& 10& 4 P& 0#1 5 1!1& ##& 'olasanti F7$ 'ho ?7 97$ Eic6 ?7$ ?undaresan D7 Gocali.ation of the functional '-$cdc" homologue of mai.e in root ti' and stomatal com'le* cells= association (ith 'redicted di ision sites AA Plant Cell& 4 1##-& 4 Vol& /& 4 P& 11!1 5 1111&

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1!!7 Asada 7$ Curiyama !7$ ?hibao6a A7 %K?P1"/, a kinesin5related 'rotein in ol ed in the centrosome5inde'endent organi.ation of the cytokinetic a''aratus in to)acco BW5" cells AA U& Cell Sci& 4 1##1& 4 Vol& 11!& 4 P& 11# 5 18#& 1!1& @easday D7$ @oore 57$ !etna6aran !7$ 5ee F7$ 8onoviel @7$ %eiman A7 @7$ Andrews +7 A family of cyclin5like 'roteins that interacts (ith Pho8/ cyclin5 de'endent kinase AA Moll& Cell Biol& 4 1##1& 4 Vol& 11& 4 P& 1"1" 5 1""-& 1!"& 8urfel 7$ ;eiler A7 ?7$ 4ruissem E7 ?etino)lastoma5related 'roteins in 'lants= homologues or orthologues of their meta.oan counter'artsg AA Plant Mol& Biol& 4 "!!!& 4 Vol& $-& 4 P& 0-/ 5 0$"& 1!-& +elmont 57$ @itchison 7 Identification of a 'rotein that interacts (ith tu)ulin dimers and increases the catastro'he rates of microtu)ules AA Cell& 5 1##0& 4 Vol& 8$& 5 P& 0"- 5 0-1& 1!$& 5iu +7$ 'yr !7$ "alevitz +7 A7 A kinesin5like 'rotein, KatA', in the cell of Arabidopsis and other 'lants AA Plant Cell& 5 1##0& 4 Vol& 8& 5 P& 11# 5 1-"& 1!/& Dos F7 E7$ ?afadi ;7$ !eddy A7 ?7$ Aepler "7 C7 Kinesin5like calmodulin5 )inding 'rotein is differentially in ol ed in cell di ision AA Plant Cell& 5 "!!!& 4 Vol& 1"& 5 P& #1# 5 ##!& 1!0& Asada 7$ 'ollings 87 Molecular motors in higher 'lants AA %rends Plant Sci& 5 1##1& 4 Vol& "& 5 P& "# 5 -1& 1!1& :immerman E7$ ?par6s '7 A7$ 8o2sey ?7 F7 Amor'hous no longer= the centrosome comes into focus AA Curr& @'in& Cell Biol& 5 1###& 4 Vol& 11& 5 P& 1"" 5 1"8& 1!8& 8ictenberg F7 +7$ :immerman E7$ ?par6s '7 A7$ (oung A7$ Didair '7$ :heng (7$ 'arrington E7$ ;ay ;7 ?7$ 8o2sey ?7 F7 Pericentrin and 5tu)ulin form a 'rotein com'le* and are organised into a no el lattice at the centrosome AA U& Cell Biol& 5 1##8& 4 Vol& 1$1& 5 P& 10- 5 11$& 1!#& 8urso %7 A7$ 'yr !7 F7 A calmodulin5sensiti e interaction )et(een microtu)ules and a higher 'lant homologue of 'rotein translation elongation factor QF5 AA Plant Cell& 5 1##$& 4 Vol& 0& 5 P& 8#- 5 #!/& 11!& Dantard @7$ 'owling !7$ 8elichere '7 Cell cycle regulation of the microtu)ular cytoskeleton AA Plant Mol& Biol& 5 "!!!& 4 Vol& $-& 5 P& 0#1 5 1!-& 111& 'ai 47$ !omagnoli ?7$ @oscatelli A7$ 'resti @7 Q idence for microtu)ule5 )ased organelle trans'ort in the 'ollen tu)e AA Cell Biology of Plant and Fungal %i' Rro(th A Qds& A& Reitmann, M& Cresti&5 Amsterdam= I@S Press, "!!1& 5 P& 1 5 1"& 11"& @oscatelli A7$ 'ai 47$ 'resti @7 9ynein related 'oly'e'tides during 'ollen tu)e gro(th AA Cell Biology of Plant and Fungal %i' Rro(th A Qds A& Reitmann, M& Cresti& 5 Amsterdam= I@S Press, "!!1& 5 P& 1- 5 "0& 11-& Didali 57$ Aoldaway-'lar6e @7$ Aepler "7C7 %he calciumAcytoskeleton connection in 'ollen tu)e gro(th AA Cell Biology of Plant and Fungal %i' Rro(th A Qds A& Reitmann, M& Cresti& 5 Amsterdam= I@S Press, "!!1& 5 P& "1 5 -/&

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11$& Aeath +7$ ?6alamera 87 ?egulation of ti' mor'hogenesis )y the cytoskeleton and calcium ions AA Cell Biology of Plant and Fungal %i' Rro(th A Qds& A& Reitmann, M& Cresti& 5 Amsterdam= I@S Press, "!!1& 5 P& -1 5 /-& 11/& (o6ota 17$ @uto ?7$ ?himmen 7 Inhi)itory regulation of higher5'lant myosin )y Ca"T ions AA Plant Physiol& 5 1###& 4 Vol& 11#& 5 P& "-1 5 "$!& 110& (o6ota 17$ @uto ?7$ ?himmen 7 Ca"T5calmodulin su'resses the F5actin )inding acti ity of a 1-/ k9a actin5)undling 'rotein isolated from lily 'ollen tu)es AA Plant Physiol& 5 "!!!& 4 Vol& 1"-& 5 P& 0$/ 5 0/$& 111& @endentrall @7 87$ Aodge A7 17 ?egulation of cdc "8 cyclin5de'endent 'rotein kinase acti ity during the cell cycle of the yeast ?accharomyces 'erevisiae AA Micro)iol& Mol& Biol& ?e & 4 1##8& 4 Vol& 0"& 4 P& 11#1 5 1"$-& 118& 4overse A7$ de Almeida 1ngler F7$ Derhees F7$ Dan der Crol ?7$ Aelder F7$ 'heysen 47 Cell cycle acti ation )y 'lant 'arasitic nematodes AA Plant& Mol& Biol& 4 "!!!& 4 Vol& $-, a /A0& 4 P& 1$1 5101& 11#& assan F7 "7$ FaMuenoud @7$ 5eopold "7$ ?chultz ?7 F7$ %igg 17 A7 Identification of human cyclin5de'endent kinase 8, a 'utati e 'roteine kinase 'artner for cyclin C AA Proc& Nat& Acad& Sci& USA& 4 1##/& 4 Vol& #"& 4 P& 8811 5 881/& 1"!& +urssens ?7$ Dan @ontagu @7$ InzH 87 %he cell cycle in Arabidopsis AA Plant Physiol& Biochem& 4 1##8& 4 Vol& -0& 4 P& # 5 1#& 1"1& Fohn "7 '7$ :hang C7$ 8ong '7$ 8iederich 57$ Eightman ;7 '-$cdc" related 'roteins in control of cell cycle 'rogression, the s(itch )et(een di ision and differentiation in tissue de elo'ment and stimulation of di ision )y au*in and cytokinin AA Aust& U& Plant Physiol& 4 1##-& 4 Vol& "!& 4 P& /!- 5 /"0& 1""& Eang A7$ Ji J7$ ?chorr "7$ 'utler A7 F7$ 'rosby E7 57$ ;ow6e 57 '7 ICK1, a cyclin5de'endent 'rotein kinase inhi)itor from Arabidopsis thaliana interacts (ith )oth Cdc"a and Cyc 9- and its e*'ression is induced )y a)scisic acid AA Plant U& 4 1##8& 4 Vol& 1/& 4 P& /!1 5 /1!& 1"-& !eding "7$ ?houl 97$ InzH 87$ Dan @ontagu @7$ Dan 9rc6elen A7 Ge els of endogenous cytokinins, indole5-5acetic acid and a)scisic acid during the cell cycle of synchroni.ed to)acco BW5" cells AA FQBS Gett& 4 1##0& 4 Vol& -#1& 4 P& 11/ 5 18!& 1"$& 8oerner "7$ Forgensen F7 17$ (ou !7$ ?teppuhn F7$ 5amb '7 Control of root gro(th and de elo'ment )y cyclin e*'ression AA Nature& 4 1##0& 4 Vol& -8!& 4 P& /"! 5 /"-& 1"/& 'hung ?7 C7$ "arish !7 E& Studies on the 'romoter of Arabidopsis thaliana cdc=a gene AA FQBS Gett& 4 1##/& 4 Vol& -0"& 4 P&"1/ 5 "1#& 1"0& +Ngre 57$ @es6iene I7$ Aeberle-+ors 17$ Airf A7 Stressing the role of MAP kinases in mitogenic stimulation AA Plant& Mol& Biol& 4 "!!!& 4 Vol& $-, a /A0& 4 P& 1!/ 5 118& 1"1& CGltz 8& Phylogenetic and functional classification of mitogen5 and stress5 acti ated 'rotein kinases AA U& Mol& Q ol& 4 1##8& 4 Vol& $0& 4 P& /11 5 /88& 1"8& Airt A7 MAP kinases in 'lant signal transduction AA ?esults Pro)l& Cell& 9iffer& 4 "!!!& 4 Vol& "1& 4 P& 1 5 #&
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1"#& CGltz 87 Phylogenetic and functional classification of mitogen5 and stress5 acti ated 'rotein kinases AA U& Mol& Q ol& 4 1##8& 4 Vol& $0& 4 P& /11 5 /88& 1-!& @izoguchi 7$ 4otoh (7$ %ishida 17$ (amaguchi-?hinoza6i C7$ Aayashida %7$ Iwasa6i 7$ Camada A7$ ?hinoza6i C7 Characteri.ation of t(o c9NAs that encode MAP kinase homologues in Arabidopsis thaliana and analysis of the 'ossi)le role of au*in in acti ating such kinase acti ities in cultured cells AA Plant U& 4 1##$& 4 Vol& /& 4 P& 111 5 1""& 1-1& @orris "7 '7$ 4uerrier 87$ 5eung F7$ 4iraudat F7 Cloning and characteri.ation of @1C#, an Arabidopsis gene encoding a homologue of MAP kinase kinase AA Plant Mol& Biol& 4 1##1& 4 Vol& -/& 4 P& 1!/1 5 1!0$& 1-"& Fona6 '7$ Ciegerl ?7$ 5igterin6 E7$ +ar6er "7 F7$ Aus6isson %7 ?7$ Airt A7 Stress signalling in 'lants= a MAP kinase 'ath(ay is acti ated )y cold and drought AA Proc& Nat& Acad& Sci& USA& 41##0& 4 Vol& #-& 4 P& 11"1$ 5 11"1#& 1--& Aunter 7 Signalling= "!!! and )eyond AA Cell& 4 "!!!& 4 Vol& 1!!& 5 P& 11- 5 1"1& 1-$& 8ecroocM-;errant D7$ 8ecroocM ?7$ Dan Eent F7$ ?chmidt 17$ Creis @7 A homolog of the @A"B1!C family of 'rotein kinase genes is e*'ressed in egetati e and in female re'roducti e organs of "etunia hybrida AA Plant& Mol& Biol& 4 1##/& 4 Vol& "1& 4 P& --# 5 -/!& 1-/& !omeis 7$ "iedras "7$ :hang ?7 J7$ Clessig 87 ;7$ Airt A7$ Fones F7 ?a'id A r #5 and cf5#5de'endent acti ation of MAP kinases in to)acco cell cultures and lea es= con ergence of resistance gene, elicitor, (ound, and salicylate res'onses AA Plant Cell& 4 1###& 4 Vol& 11& 4 P& "1-5"81& 1-0& 5igterin6 E7$ Cro3 7$ zur %ieden <7$ Airt A7$ ?chell 87 ?ece'tor5mediated acti ation of MAP kinase in 'athogen defence of 'lants AA Science& 5 1##1& 4 Vol& "10& 5 P& "!/$ 5 "!/1& 1-1& Covtun (7$ 'hiu E7 57$ ena 47$ ?heen F7 Functional analysis of o*idati e stress5acti ated MAPK cascade in 'lants AA Proc& Nat& Acad& Sci& USA& 5 "!!!& 4 Vol& #1& 5 P& "#$! 5 "#$/& 1-8& ?eo ?7$ 96amoto @7$ ?eto A7$ Ishizu6a C7$ ?ano A7$ 9hashi (7 %o)acco MAP kinase= a 'ossi)le mediator in (ound signal transduction 'ath(ays AA Science& 5 1##/& 4 Vol& "1!& 5 P& 1#88 5 1##"& 1-#& %ishida 17$ 4oton (7 Mitogen5acti ated 'rotein kinase and cytoskeleton in mitogenic signal transduction AA Int& ?e &Cytol& 5 1##"& 4 Vol& 1-8& 5 P& "11 5 "-8& 1$!& +gre 57$ 'alderini 97$ @es6iene I7$ +inarova "7 ?egulation of the cell di ision and the cytoskeleton )y mitogen5acti ated 'totein kinases in higher 'lants AA ?esults Pro)l& Cell& 9iffer& 5 "!!!&5 Vol& "1& 5 P& #/ 5 111& 1$1& !esz6a A7 A77$ ?eger !7$ 8iltz '7 87$ Crebs 17 47$ ;icher 17 A7 Association of mitogen5acti ated 'rotein kinase (ith the microtu)ule cytoskeleton AA Proc& Nat& Acad& Sci& USA& 5 1##/& 4 Vol& #"& 5 P& 8881 5 888/& 1$"& @achida (7$ %ishihama !7$ Cita6ura ?7 Progress in studies of 'lant homologs of mitogen5acti ated 'rotein 6MAP7 kinase and 'otential u'stream com'onents in kinase cascades AA Crit& ?e & Plant Sci& 5 1##1& 4 Vol& 10&5 P& $81 5 $#0&
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1$-& 4arrington 7 "7$ Fohnson 47 57 @rgani.ation and regulation of mitogen5 acti ated 'rotein kinase signaling 'ath(ays AA Curr& @'in& Biol& 5 1###& 4 Vol& 11& 5 P& "11 5 "18& 1$$& Aamal A7$ Fouannic A7 ?7$ 5eprince @7$ Creis @7$ Aenry (7 Molecular characterisation and e*'ression of an Arabidopsis thaliana G& MAP kinase kinase c9NA, AtMAP"Ka AA Plant Sci& 5 1###&5 Vol& 1$!& 5 P& $# 5 0$& 1$/& Ichimura C7$ @izoguchi 7$ Aayashida %7$ ?e6i @7$ ?chinoza6i C7 Molecular cloning and characteri.ation of three c9NAs encoding 'utati e mitoge5acti ated 'rotein kinase kinases 6MAPKKs7 in Arabidopsis thaliana AA 9NA ?es& 5 1##8 a& 4 Vol& /& 5 P& -$1 5 -$8& 1$0& Fouannic ?7$ Aamal A7$ 5eprince A7 ?7$ regear F7 E7$ Creis @7$ Aenry (7 Characterisation of no el 'lant genes encoding MQKKAS%Q11 and ?AF5related 'rotein kinases AA Rene& 5 1###& 4 Vol& ""#& 5 P& 111 5 181& 1$1& 5eprince A7 ?7$ Fouannic ?7$ Aamal A7$ Creis @7$ Aenry (7 Molecular characterisation of 'lant c9NAs BnMAP$K1 and BnMAP$K" )elonging to the RCKASPS1 su)family of MAP kinase kinase kinase kinase AA Biochim& et Bio'hys& Acta& 5 1###& 4 Vol& 1$$$& 5 P& 1 5 1-& 1$8& !ommel '7$ Aafen 17 ?as, a ersatile cellular s(itch AA Curr& Biol& 5 1##8& 4 Vol& 8& 5 P& $1" 5 $18& 1$#& <lmasov 7$ Aagen 47$ 4uilfoyle 7 47 A?F1, a trancri'tion factor that )inds to au*in res'onse elements AA Science &5 1##1& 4 Vol& "10& 5 P& 180/ 5 1808& 1/!& @oc6aitist C7$ Aowell ?7 A7 Au*in induces mitogenic 'rotein kinase 6MAPK7 acti ation in roots of Arabidopsis seedlings AA Plant U& 5 "!!!&5 Vol& "$, a 0& 5 P& 18/ 5 1#0& 1/1& Cieber F7 I7$ !othenberg @7$ !oman '7$ ;eldmann C7 A7$ 1c6er F7 A7 ' !# , a negati e regulator of the ethylene res'onse 'ath(ay in Arabidopsis, encodes a mem)er of the ?af family of 'rotein kinases AA Cell& 4 1##-& 4 Vol& 1"& 4 P& $"1 5 $$1& 1/"& Fesus @7 @7$ 'arbonell F7 %ransient e*'ression of a 'ea MAP kinase gene induced )y gi))erellic acid and 0 5 )en.yladenine in un'olinated 'ea o aries AA Plant Mol& Biol& 5 "!!!& 4 Vol& $$& 5 P& 111 5 180& 1/-& ?olano !7$ 1c6er F7 "7 Qthylene gas= 'erce'tion, signalling and res'onse AA Curr& @'in& Plant Biol& 5 1##8& 4 Vol& 1& 5 P& -#- 5 -#8& 1/$& Cnetch @7 57 E7$ Eang @7$ ?naar-Fagals6a +7 17$ Aeimovaara-8i36stra ?7 A)scisic acid induces mitogen5acti ated 'rotein kinase acti ation in )arley aleurone 'roto'lasts AA Plant Cell& 5 1##0& 4 Vol& 8& 5 P&1!01 5 1!01& 1//& "atton 17 17$ Eillems A7 !7$ yers @7 Com)inatoriel control in u)i<uitin5 de'endent 'roteolysis= dont Sk' the F5)o* hy'othesis AA %rends Renet& 5 1##8& 4 Vol& 1$& 5 P& "-0 5 "$-& 1/0& 4ray E7 @7$ del "ozo F7 '7$ Eal6er 57$ Aobbie 57$ !isseeuw 17$ +an6s 7$ 'rosby E7 57$ (ang @7$ @a A7$ 1stelle @7 Identification of a SCF u)i<uitin5ligase com'le* re<uired for au*in res'onse in Arabidopsis thaliana AA Renes and 9e elo'& 4 1###& 4 Vol& 1-& 4 P& 1018 5 10#1&

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1/1& !ogers ?7$ Eells !7$ !echsteiner @7 Amino acid se<uences common to ra'idly degraded 'roteins= the PQS% hy'othesis AA Science& 5 1#80& 5 Vol& "$-& 5 P& -0$ 5 -08& 1/8& Aobbie 57$ 1stelle @7 %he a2r- au*in5resistant mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana define a gene im'ortant for root gra itro'ism and lateral root initiation AA Plant U& 5 1##/& 4 Vol& 1& 5 P& "11 5 ""!& 1/#& %a6ashima @7$ Airano C7$ %a6ashima ?7$ +anno A7$ %ishihama !7$ @achida (7 %he e*'ression 'attern of the gene for NPK1 'rotein kinase related to mitogen5 acti ated 'rotein kinases kinase kinase 6MAPKKK7 in a to)acco 'lant= correlatioon (ith cell 'roliferation AA Plant Cell Physiol& 5 1##8& 4 Vol& -#& 5 P& 0#! 5 1!!& 10!& %ishihama !7$ @achida (7 %he MAP kinase cascade that includes MAPKKK5related 'rotein kinase NPK1 controls a mitotic 'rocess in 'lant cells AA ?esults Pro)l& Cell 9iffer& 5 "!!!& 4 Vol& "1& 5 P& 11# 5 1-!& 101& @onroe-Augustus @7$ :olman +7C7$ +artel +7 IB?/, a dual5s'ecifity 'hos'hatase5like 'rotein modulating au*in and a)scisic acid res'onsi eness in Arabidopsis AA Plant Cell& 4 "!!-& 4 Vol& 1/& 4 P& "#1# 4 "##1& 10"& ;aroog A7$ "lotni6ova 97$ 'haturvedi 47$ (an ?7$ :eng 57$ :hang J7$ :hou @7@7 Solution structure of the MAPK 'hos'hatase PAC51 catalytic domain= insights into su)strate5induced en.ymatic acti ation of MKP AA Structure& 4 "!!-& 5 Vol& 11& 4 P& 1// 4 10$& 10-& ?howalter A7@7 Structure and function of 'lant cell (all 'roteins AA Plant Cell& 5 1##-& 4 Vol& /, a 1& 5 P& # 5 "-& 10$& "auly @7$ Albersheim "7$ 8arvill A7 and (or6 E7?7 Molecular domains of the cellulose A *yloglucan net(ork in the cell (alls of higher 'lants AA Plant U& 5 1###& 4 Vol& "!, a 0& 5 P& 0"# 5 0-#& 10/& Eillats E747 7$ ?teele-Cing '747$ @arcus ?717 and Cno2 F7"7 Side chains of 'ectic 'olysaccharides are regulated in relation to cell 'roliferation and cell differentiation AA Plant U& 5 1###& 4 Vol& "!, a 0& 5 P& 01# 5 0"8& 100& 5evy ?7$ ?taehelin A7 Synthesis, assem)ly and function of 'lant cell (all macromolecules AA Curr& @'in& Cell Biol& 5 1##"& 4 Vol& $& 5 P& 8/0 5 80"& 101& Aadfield C7 A7$ +ennett A7 +7 Polygalacturonases= many genes in search of a function AA Plant Physiol& 5 1##8& 5 Vol&111, a "&5 P&--1 5 -$-& 108& Aeyn A7 %7 F7 Molecular )asis of au*in5regulated e*tension gro(th and role of de*tranase AA Proc& Nat& Acad& Sci& USA& 5 1#81& 4 Vol&18, a 11& 5 P& 00!8 5 001"& 10#& "oter I7$ ;ry ?7 '7 Nyloglucan endotransgycosylase acti ity in 'ea internodes AA Plant Physiol&5 1##-& 4 Vol& 1!-& 5 P& "-/ 5 "$1& 11!& 8elmer 87 "7 Cellulose )iosynthesis AA Annu& ?e & Plant Physiol& 5 1#81& 5 Vol& -8& 5 P& "/# 5 "#!& 111& 8elmer 87 "7$ ?olomon %7$ !ead ?7 @7 9irect Photola)eling (ith +P-", U9P5 glucose for identification of a su)unit of cotton fi)er callose synthase AA Plant Physiol& 5 1##1& 5 Vol& #/& 5 P& //0 5 /0-&

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11"& 'yr !7 F7 Microtu)ules in 'lant morfogenesis= role of the cortical array AA Annu& ?e & Cell& Biol& 5 1##$& 4 Vol& 1!& 5 P& 1/- 5 8!& 11-& Aussey "7 F7$ ?ilflow '7 87 %u)ulin gene e*'ression in higher 'lants AA %he cytoskeletal )asis of 'lant gro(th and form A Qd& S& :& Gloyd& 5 San 9iego= Acad& Press, 1##1& 5 P& 1/ 5 "8& 11$& +lume (a7$ ?merten6o A7$ 9stapets %7 %7$ Di6lic6y D7$ 8raber "7 Post5 translational modifications of 'lant tu)ulin AA Cell Biol& Int& 5 1##8& 4 Vol& "1, a 1"& 5 P& #18 5 #"!& 11/& 'yr !7 F7 CalciumAcalmodulin affects microtu)ule sta)ility in lysed 'roto'lasts AA U& Cell Sci& 5 1##15 Vol& 1!!& 5 P& -11511& 110& 4iddings 7 A7$ ?taehelin 57 A7 Microtu)ule5mediated control of microfi)ril de'osition= a re5e*amination of the hy'othesis AA %he cytoskeletal )asis of 'lant gro(th and form A Qd& C& :& Gloyd& 5 San 9iego= Acad& Press, 1##1& 5 P& 8/ 5 1!!& 111& 5ee (7$ Cende A7 Q*'ression of 5e*'ansins is correlated (ith internodal elongation in dee'(ater rice AA Plant Physiol& 4 "!!1& 4 Vol& 1"1& 5 P& 0$/ 4 0/$& 118& 'atala '7$ !ose F7 C7 '7$ +ennett A7 +7 Au*in5regulated genes encoding cell (all5modifying 'roteins are e*'ressed during early tomato fruit gro(th AA Plant Physiol& 5 "!!!& 4 Vol& 1""& 5 P& /"1 5 /-$& 11#& 'aderas 87$ @uster @7$ Dogler A7$ @andel 7$ !ose F7 C7 '7$ @cJueen@ason$ Cuhlemeier '7 Gimited correlation )et(een e*'ansin gene e*'ression and elongation gro(th rate AA Plant Physiol&5 "!!!& 4 Vol& 1"-& 5 1-## 5 1$1$& 18!& 'arpita %7'7$ 8efernes @7$ ;indlay C7$ Eells +7$ ?houe 87$ 'atchpole 47$ Eilson !7A7$ @c'ann @7 Cell (all architecture of the elongating mai.e coleo'tile AA Plant Physiol& 4 "!!1& 4 Vol& 1"1& 4 P& //1 4 /0/& 181& 'atala '7$ !ose F7C7?7$ (or6 E7?7$ Albersheim "7$ 8arvill A747$ +ennett A7+7 Characteri.ation of a tomato *yloglucan endotransglycosylase gene that is do(n5 regulated )y au*in in etiolated hy'ocotyls AA Plant Physiol& 4 "!!1& 4 Vol& 1"1& 4 P& 118! 4 11#"& 18"& 'atala '7$ !ose F7C7'7$ +ennett A7+7 Au*in5regulated genes encoding cell (all modifying 'roteins are e*'ressed during early tomato fruit gro(th AA Plant Physiol& 4 "!!!& 4 Vol& 1""& 4 P& /"1 4 /-$& 18-& ?chGnmann "7A787$ ?mith !7'7$ 5ang D7$ @attews "7!7$ 'handler "7@7 Q*'ression of NQ%5related genes and its relation to elongation in lea es of )arley 6Aordeum vulgare G&7 AA Plant Cell Qn iron& 4 1##1& 4 Vol& "!& 4 P& 1$-# 5 1$/!& 18$& :ure6 87@7$ 'louse ?787 Molecular cloning and characterisation of a )rassinosteroid5regulated gene from elongating soy)ean 64lycine ma2 G&7 e'ycotyls AA Plant Physiol& 4 1##$& 4 Vol& 1!$& 4 P& 101 4 11!& 18/& +arrachina '7$ 5orences 17"& Nyloglucan endotransglycosylase acti ity in 'ine hy'ocotyls= intracellular locali.ation and relationshi' (ith endogenous gro(th AA Plant Physiol& 4 1##8& 4 Vol& 1!"& 4 P& // 4 0!& 180& ?chrNder !7$ At6inson !747$ 5angen6Omper 47$ !edgwell !7F7 Biochemical and molecular characteri.ation of *yloglucan endotransglycosylase from ri'e ki(ifruit AA Planta& 4 1##8& 4 Vol& "!$& 4 P& "$" 4 "/1&

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181& Arrowsmith 87A7$ de ?ilva F7 Characteri.ation of t(o tomato fruit5e*'ressed c9NAs encoding *yloglucan endotransglycosylases AA Plant Mol& Biol& 4 1##/& 4 Vol& "8& 4 P& -#1 4 $!-& 188& Co6a '7D7$ 'erny !717$ 4ardner !747$ %oguchi 7$ ;u3io6a ?7$ a6atsuto ?7$ (oshida ?7$ 'louse ?787 A 'utati e role for the tomato genes 8<@"( and '<!53 in )rassinosteroid )iosynthesis and res'onse AA Plant Physiol& 4 "!!!& 4 Vol& 1""& 4 P& 8/ 4 #8& 18#& 'ampbell "7$ +raam F7 Nyloglucan endotransglycosylases= di ersity of genes, en.ymes and 'otential (all5modifying functions AA %rends Plant Sci& 4 1###)& 4 Vol& $& 4 P& -01 5 -00& 1#!& Cota6e 7$ %a6agawa %7$ a6eda C7$ ?a6urai %7 Au*in5induced elongation gro(th and e*'ressions of cell (all5)ound e*o5 and endo55glucanases in Barley coleo'tiles AA Plant and Cell Physiol& 4 "!!!& 4 Vol& $1, a 11& 4 P& 1"1" 5 1"18& 1#1& @PlhP3 @7$ <lvs6ov "7$ 8egan ;787 Characteri.ation of a functional solu)le form of a +rassica napus mem)rane5anchored endo51,$55glucanase heterologously e*'ressed in "ichia pastoris AA Plant Physiol& 4 "!!1& 4 Vol& 1"1& 4 P& 01$ 4 08$& 1#"& Cim F7+7$ 9le6 A7 7$ 'arpita %7'7 Plasma mem)rane and cell (all e*o5 595 glucanases in de elo'ing mai.e coleo'tiles AA Plant Physiol& 4 "!!!& 4 Vol& 1"-& 4 P& $11 4 $8/& 1#-& (uan ?7$ Eu (7$ 'osgrove 87F7 A fungal endoglucanase (ith 'lant cell (all e*tension acti ity AA Plant Physiol& 4 "!!1& 4 Vol& 1"1& 4 P& -"$ 4 ---& 1#$& @onsavi-Carbassi +7$ 4olden6ova I7D7$ 8arbin3an %7?7$ Cobets %7?7$ Dasylev6o D7 7$ "irus3an 17?7 Qffecti e secretion of )acterial 5glucanase in intercellular s'ace of transgenic 'lants of to)acco %icotiana tabacum AA Mol& Renet& 4 1##8& 4 Vol& -$, a $& 5 h& $1/ 4 $1#& 1#/& Cyung-Aoan F7$ 4osgrove 87 F7$ Fones A7 @7 Su)cellular locali.ation of e*'ansin m?NA in *ylem cells AA Plant Physiol& 5 "!!!& 4 Vol& 1"-, a -& 5 P& $05 $1!& 1#0& 'osgrove 87F7 Goosening of 'lant cell (alls )y e*'ansins AA Nature& 4 "!!!a& 4 Vol& $!1& 5 P& -"1 4 -"0& 1#1& Ehitney ?717$ 4idley @7F7$ @cJueen-@ason ?& Pro)ing e*'ansin action using celluloseAhemicellulose com'osites AA Plant U& 4 "!!!& 4 Vol& ""& 4 P& -"1 4 --$& 1#8& Cim A7F7$ riplett +7A7 Cotton fi)er gro(th in 'lanta and in vitro& Models for 'lant cell elongation and cell (all )iogenesis AA Plant Physiol& 4 "!!1& 4 Vol& 1"1& 4 P& 1-01 4 1-00& 1##& 5ane 87!7$ Eiedemeier A7$ "eng 57$ ANfte A7$ Dernhettes ?7$ 8esprez 7$ Aocart '7A7$ +irch !7F7$ +as6in 7I7$ +urn F717 %em'erature sensiti e alleles of !?E= link the C9!!I4A% endo51,$55glucanase to cellulose synthesis and cytokinesis in Arabidopsis thaliana AA Plant Physiol& 4 "!!1& 4 Vol& 1"0& 4 P& "18 4 "88& "!!& :uo F7$ %iu J7E7$ %ishizawa %7$ Eu (7$ Cost +7$ 'hua %7A7 C9!!I4A%, an Arabidopsis endo51,$55glucanase, locali.es to the cell 'late )y 'olarised
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targeting and is essential for cytokinesis AA Plant Cell& 4 "!!!& 4 Vol& 1"& 4 P& 11-1 4 11/"& "!1& @PlhP3 @7$ FPrgensen +7$ <lvs6ov "7$ +or6hardt +7 %(o Arabidopsis thaliana genes, C9!= and C9!3, (hich encode mem)rane5anchored endo51,$55 glucanases are differentially e*'ressed in de elo'ing leaf trichomes and their su''ort cells AA Plant Mol& Biol& 4 "!!1)& 4 Vol& $0& 4 P& "0- 4 "1/& "!"& +rummell 87A7$ 'atala '7$ 5ashbroo6 '7'7$ +ennett A7+7 A mem)rane5 anchored Q5ty'e endo51,$55glucanases is locali.ed on Rolgi and 'lasma memranes of higher 'lants AA Proc& Nat& Acad& Sci& USA& 4 1##1& 4 Vol& #$& 4 P&$1#$ 4 $1##& "!-& "eng 57$ Aocart '7A7$ !edmond F7E7$ Eilliamson !717 Fractionation of car)ohydrates in Arabidopsis root cell (alls sho(s that three radial s(elling loci are s'ecifically in ol ed in cellulose 'roduction AA Planta& 4 "!!!& 4 Vol& "11& 4 P& $!0 4 $1$& "!$& ;ai6 A7$ "rice %7F7$ !ai6hel %7D7$ Ceegstra C7 An Arabidopsis gene encoding an 5*ylosyltransferase in ol ed in *yloglucan )iosynthesis AA Proc& Nat& Acad& Sci& USA& 4 "!!"& 4 Vol& ##& 4 P& 11#1 4 18!"& "!/& 8hugga C7?7$ +arreiro !7$ Ehitten +7$ ?tecca C7$ Aazebroe6 F7$ !andhawa 47?7$ 8olan @7$ Cinney A7F7$ omes 87$ %ichols ?7$ Anderson "7 Ruar seed 5 mannan synthase is a mem)er of the cellulose synthase su'er gene family AA Science& 4 "!!$& 4 Vol& -!-& 4 P& -0- 4 -00& "!0& Ceegstra C7$ Ealton F7$ Eil6erson '7 Cell (all meta)olism AA MSU59@Q Plant ?esearch Ga)oratory& %hirty5Qighth Annu& ?e't& USA& 4 Ne( Work, "!!-& 5 P& 1!1 4 1!#& "!1& ?arria !7$ Eagner 7A7$ 9%eill @7A7$ ;ai6 A7$ Eil6erson '747$ Ceegstra C7$ !ai6hel %7D7 Characteri.ation of a family of Arabidopsis genes related to *yloglucan fucosyltransferase AA Plant Physiol& 4 "!!1& 4 Vol& 1"1& 4 P& 1/#/ 4 10!0& "!8& "errin !7@7$ Fia :7$ Eagner 7A7$ 9%eill @7A7$ ?arria !7$ (or6 E7?7$ !ai6hel %7D7$ Ceegstra C7 Analysis of *yloglucan fucosylation in Arabidopsis AA Plant Physiol& 4 "!!-& 4 Vol& 1-"& 4 108 4 118& "!#& ;ai6 A7$ +ar-"eled @7$ 8e!ocher A717$ :eng E7$ "errin !7@7$ Eil6erson '7$ !ai6hel %7D7$ Ceegstra C7 Biochemical characteri.ation and molecular cloning of an 51,"5fucosyltransferase that cataly.es the last ste' of cell (all *yloglucan )iosynthesis in 'ea AA U& Biol& Chem& 4 "!!!& 4 Vol& "1/& 4 P& 1/!8" 4 1/!8#& "1!& 1dwards @717$ 8ic6son '7A7$ 'hengappa ?7$ ?idebottom '7$ 4idley @7F7$ !eid F7?7 Molecular characteri.ation of a mem)rane5)ound galactosyltransferase of 'lant cell (all matri* 'olysaccharide )iosynthesis AA Plant U& 4 1###& 4 Vol& 1#& 4 P& 0#1 4 0#1& "11& @adson @7$ 8unand '7$ 5i 07$ Derma !7$ Danzin 47;7$ 'aplan F7$ ?houe 87A7$ 'arpita %7'7$ !eiter E787 %he @<!3 gene of Arabidopsis thaliana encodes a *yloglucan galactosyltransferase that is e olutionarily related to animal e*ostosins AA Plant Cell& 4 "!!-& 4 Vol& 1/& 4 P& 100" 4 101!&

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"1"& Ceegstra C7$ !ai6hel %7 Plant glycosyltransferases AA Curr& @'in& Plant Biol& 4 "!!1& 4 Vol& $& 4 P& "1# 4 ""$& "1-& Ealton F787$ !ay "7@7 Inhi)ition )y light of gro(th and Rolgi5locali.ed glucan synthetase acti ity in the mai.e mesocotyl AA Planta& 4 1#8"a& 4 Vol& 1/0& 4 P& -!# 4 -1-& "1$& Ealton F787$ !ay "7@7 Au*in controls Rolgi5locali.ed glucan synthetase in the mai.e mesocotyl AA Planta& 4 1#8")& 4 Vol& 1/0& 4 P& -!" 4 -!8& "1/& Ahn F7 A7$ 'hoi (7$ Cwon (7 @7$ Cim ?7 47$ 'hoi (7 87$ 5ee F7 ?7 A no el e*tensin gene encoding a hydro*y'roline5rich glyco'rotein re<uires sucrose for its (ound5induci)le e*'ression in transgenic 'lants AA Plant Cell& 5 1##0&5 Vol& 8&5 P&1$11 5 1$#!& "10& Fac6son "7A7"7$ 4alinha '7I7!7$ "ereira '7?7$ ;ortunato A7$ ?oares %7'7$ Amancio ?7+7J7$ "into !icardo '7"7 ?a'id de'osition of e*tensin during the elicitation of gra'e ine callus cultures is s'ecifically cataly.ed )y a $!5kilodalton 'ero*idase AA Plant Physiol& 4 "!!1& 4 Vol& 1"1& 4 P& 1!0/ 4 1!10& "11& @agliano 7@7A7$ 'asal F7F7 In vitro cross5linking of e*tensin 'recursors )y mustard e*tracellular isoforms of 'ero*idase that res'ond either to 'hytochrome or to (ounding AA U& Q*'& Bot& 4 1##8& 4 Vol& $#& 4 P& 1$#1 4 1$##& "18& +risson 57;7$ enha6en !7$ 5amb '7 Function of o*idati e cross5linking of cell (all structural 'roteins in 'lant disease resistance AA Plant cell& 4 1##$& 4 Vol& 0& 4 P& 11!- 4 111"& "1#& Crasnobaeva %7%7$ +oroden6o 57I7$ 4orden6ov A7D7$ Caliberna3a :7D7$ 4us6ov A7D7$ :ysnevs6a3a 47(a7$ Ismaylov ?7;7 %he IAA influence on the isoen.yme s'ectrum of 'ero*yda.es in kidney )ean grafts AA %hes& ?e'& IV Internat& Conf& CPlant Rro(th and 9e elo'ment ?egulatorsD& 5 Mosco(= %he Mosco( State Agronomic Uni & Pu)l&, 1##1& 5 P& 1!1 5 1!"& ""!& Cefeli D7I7 "lant 4rowth !egulators AA Plant Physiology on ser ice of the food 'rogram of USS?& 4 Mosco(= Pnan>e, 1#88& 4 P& 18 5 -1&

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/i8. 1. %he scheme for the indole5-5acetic acid 6IAA7 )iosynthesis from try'to'han +-8,= the en.yme 6mem)er of cytochrome P$/! 6monoo*igenase7 family7 encoded )y '(")*+ gene is cataly.er of synthesis indole5-5acetaldo*ime 4 the general 'redecessor of IAA and their con>ugates 4 indole glucosinolates, in the synthesis of (hich is in ol ed en.yme 6mem)er of cytochrome P $/! family7 encoded )y '(",3+# gene&

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/i8. 2. A suggested model for PNA1 'rotein function in Ara)ido'sis +$0,& PNA1 'rotein, homological for human and yeast 'roteins, is locali.ed in the 'ero*isomal mem)rane and trans'orts acyl5CoA esters of FA 6FA5CoA7, indole5 -5)utyric acid 6IBA5h3K7 and also ",$5dichloro'heno*y)utyric acid 6",$59B5 h3K7 into the 'ero*isomes (here they are cata)olised to succinate, IAA, and ",$5 9 res'ecti ely& Mutant 'lants resistant t3 the action of IBA and ",$59B are defecti e in acyl5CoA o*idase 6ac237, multifunctional 'rotein 6aim#7 and thiolase 6ped#7 that is a direct e idence of these en.ymes in ol ement in IBA and ",$59B H5o*idation&

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/i8. #. Schematic re'resentation of the structure of a *yloglucan ty'ical of that found in the cell (alls of many dicots, and the en.ymes needed to synthesi.e it +"!0,= glucan synthases in ol ing in the glucan 6Rlc7 )iosynthesis, 5 fucosyltransferases, 5galactosyltransferases and 5*ylosyltransferases, >oining olygosaccharide molecules 4 fucose 6Fuc7, galactose 6Ral7 and *ylose 6Nyl7 accordingly to glucan )ack)one synthesi.ed de novo&

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