Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Topics
A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. GENERAL DESIGNS SOURCES WAVELENGTH SELECTORS SAMPLE CONTAINERS RADIATION TRANSDUCERS SIGNAL PROCESSORS AND READOUT FIBER OPTICS TYPES OF OPTICAL INSTRUMENT PRINCIPLES OF FOURIER TRANSFORM OPTICAL MEASUREMENTS
B. Sources
General Requirements Adequate power Stability Utility voltage: 115 V ac 115 V ac desired/ appropriate dc voltage
Double polarity single polarity smooth dc signal constant dc signal
Power Supply
Components of a Power Supply and their Effects on the 115-V line voltage
Power Supply
Transformer
Function: decreases or increases the ac voltage Components: induction/ inductor coils
Primary inductor coil Secondary inductor coil
Principle of operation
A varying magnetic field induces a voltage in any conductor in its field. A changing current in the primary winding produces a changing magnetic field flux in the seconday coil, which induces a changing voltage across the secondary coil.
Power Supply
Rectifier
Function: convert double polarity current to single polarity current Components: semiconductor diodes Operational principle: block current in one direction while allowing it to flow in the opposite direction
Power Supply
Filtering
RC circuit C: capacitor R:resistor Capacitor: two conductors separated by an thin layer of dielectric substance/ insulator with no mobile current carrying charged species Capacitor charging by a dc source Q=CxV Q: quantity of charge C: capacitance (farads/F) A one-farad capacitor stores one coulomb of charge per applied volt. Charge and discharge rate
i = I init e t / RC
Power Supply
Voltage regulators
Function: maintain output voltage at constant desired level Component: Zener diode
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Applications
High-resolution spectroscopy Kinetic studies of short lived events (10-9 to 10-12 sec) Low concentrations Raman FT IR
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Components of lasers
Lasing medium
Gas (He-Ne, Argon) Solid (ruby) Solution (dye)
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100% refelecting
< 5-90%reflecting
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Examples of Lasers
Solid State Lasers Ruby (Al2O3 + 0.05% Cr(III)) Nd-YAG Gas Lasers He-Ne (neutral atom) Argon (ion laser) Ar+ CO2 (molecular) N2 Dye Lasers Fluorescent dyes Tunable (20 to 50 nm) Semiconductor Diode Lasers
Light Emitting Diodes (LED)
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