SETAPAK HIGH NATIONAL SCHOOL

INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

Introduction to Information and Communications Technology (ICT) and Multimedia (STPM 958/1) 1st Presentation Summary: ICT and Multimedia Fundamentals by Muhammad Shariff Bin Habib Dileruben Puniyamurti Lim Kim Hoong Wong Yik Chun Yap Jia Hui

Prepared for: Mr. Mohd Nor Bin Mat Salleh

June 2012

1st Presentation Summary: ICT and Multimedia Fundamentals

by Yap Jia Hui Wong Yik Chun Lim Kim Hoong Dileruben Puniyamurti Muhammad Shariff Bin Habib

ICT Department Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Tinggi Setapak Kuala Lumpur

June 2012

TABLE OF CONTENTS
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1. Distinguish between data, information and knowledge by 6BS2 (all)

2. Define ICT and multimedia by Lim Kim Hoong.

3. The hardware aspect of computing technology by Wong Yik Chun

4. The software aspect of computing technology by Yap Jia Hui 5. The communication technology by Muhammad Sharif

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6. The information (content) types by Lim Kim Hoong

7. The software development tools by Wong Yik Chun

8. The Internet and World Wide Web by Yap Jia Hui

9. The evolution of ICT convergence by Dileruben

NOTES BY 6BS2 2012~ Edited and Endorsed by Mohd Nor Bin Mat Salleh A) Distinguish of Data, Information and Knowledge. SHARIFF Data is the raw facts which are unorganized and unprocessed which contains information and limitless. While Information is the processed data which can be wrong. Then, the Knowledge is the application of information that we know in our daily life. RUBEN Data is raw. It simply exists and has no significance beyond its existence (in and of itself). It can exist in any form, usable or not. It does not have meaning of itself.Information is data that has been given meaning by way of relational connection. This "meaning" can be useful, but does not have to be.Knowledge is what we know. Knowledge is the appropriate collection of information, such that it's intent is to be useful. WONG Data is the raw fact that is static which is always correct. Information is organized or processed data which having a certain meaning or purpose, but information can be wrong. Knowledge is about what we know through learning and experiencing and helps us to make any decision or solving problem by using practical information in daily life. YAP Data is defined as the typically the results of measurements and can be visualised using graphs or images. Information is defined as an amount of facts that can provide some info in all kind thing such as doing experiment or having a learning during school life. Knowledge can defined as a process or experience that can gain through by some practical and skills for our own understanding. LIM Data is a raw fact or is the thing that haven organize and process and is an evidence can be used at court or always is correct and valid. Example of data such as receipt. Information is a processed and organized data to transfer the information clearly to other people but the information might be wrong. Example of information such as television advertisement. Knowledge can simplify as a skill that use to solve problems and to judge or make a rite decision by all those experience of your whole life. Date: 24.512

B) Define ICT and Multimedia LIM

Date: 25.5.12

ICT is an acronym of Information and communication technologies is define as a uses of digital technology that already exist to store, create, transmit and organization of the information through computer ,cell phone and so on by the type of information such as text, image, audio, animation and video. Multimedia is a integration of multiple forms of media together with different content such as text, graphic, audio, video, animation in computer application. C) Explain the hardware aspect of computing technology: central processing unit(CPU), storage, input and output WONG Date:12.6.12 Central Processing Unit(CPU) Central Processing Unit (CPU) is known as the part of the computer that consists of associated elements such as the arithmetic/logic unit, the control unit, and the register areas. The arithmetic logic unit (ALU), which performs arithmetic and logical operations while control unit is part of the CPU that sequentially (continuously) accesses and decodes program instructions, coordinates the flow of data in and out of ALU, primary storages, secondary storages, and various output devices. Registers are high-speed storage areas that used to hold small units of program instructions and temporarily for execution by CPU. Input Input is any data or instructions entered into the memory of a computer. An input device is any hardware component that allows users to enter data or instructions in form of programs, commands, and user responses into a computer. Several of popular input devices such as keyboard, mouse, stylus, digital pen, microphone, digital camera, and scanner. Output Output is data that has been processed into a useful form. The output is the information if input as a data. Usually output has 4 categories which are text, graphic, audio and video. Examples of output are anything you saw on the screen, print it or hear it through speakers or headsets as information. Output device is any hardware component that conveys (transfers) information to one or more people. Monitor, notebook computers, Tablet PCs, PDAs, and smart phones are examples of output device that allow users to view information such as website, documents, e-mail messages. Storage Storage holds data, instructions, and information for further use. Users store a variety of data and information including correspondence, reports records, digital photographs, music, video, web pages, drawings and multimedia presentations. Storage device is the computer hardware that records items to and from storage media. Writing is process of transferring item from memory to storage medium; reading is process of transferring these items from a storage medium into memory.
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Primary storage is the main memory in a computer. It stores data and programs that can be accessed directly by the processor. This storage is the fastest memory in your computer and is used to store data while it's being used. Main types of primary storage devices are RAM (Random Access Memory) known as volatile memory or temporary memory that requires power to maintain the stored information while ROM (Read-only Memory) which is non-volatile memory (NVM) can retain the stored information permanently even not powered. Secondary Storage called auxiliary storage that not currently in computer's primary storage or memory. Secondary Storage(Permanent storage) as need to retain more data longer and store new forms of digital data such as audio and video, also greater capacity and economy. Examples for secondary storage device are CD, Thumb drive, VCD and Hard Disk. Most common forms for secondary storage included magnetic tapes, magnetic disks, virtual tapes, and optical discs. D) Explain the software aspect of computing technology: system software and application software. Date: 13.6.12 System Software is computer software designed to operate and control the computer hardware and to provide a platform for running application software(Such as Microsoft Window).System Software refers to the files and programs that make up your computer's operating system. The example of system file is libraries of functions, system services, drivers for printers and other hardware, system preferences, and other configuration files. System Software is the software used to control the computer and develop and run applications. . It includes programs such as operating systems, database managers, compilers, Web servers, router operating systems and control programs for other network devices. Operating system (OS) is a set of software that manages computer hardware resources and provides common services for computer programs. Application programs require an operating system to function. Operating System provides basic functionality for the device. The example for different OS like Windows and Linux can be installed on standard PC hardware, Mac OS X can only run on Macintosh computers. Operating System is the collection of software that directs a computer operations, controlling and scheduling the execution of other programs, and managing storage, input/output , and communication resources. Example for OS : Microsoft Window, Linux , Unix and Mac OS X. Utility Program is a system software designed to help analyze, configure, optimize or maintain a computer. Utility Program usually focuses on how the computer infrastructure (including the computer hardware, operating system, application software and data storage) operates. Utility Program are software programs that add functionality to your computer or help your computer perform better. These include antivirus, backup, disk repair, file management, security, and networking programs. Utility program is a program that supports using the computer, an application or a development environment. Utility software is programmed like any other software, except that it plays a supporting role. Example for Utility Program is Antivirus, Diagnostic Utility, Screen Saver, and File Manager.

The difference of OS and Utility Program Operating System Utility Program An operative system contains A Utility Program performs instruction that coordinates all maintenance-type tasks ,usually activities among the computer related to managing a computer , hardware resources. its device or its program. An Operation System is so important ; computers cannot started or used without an operating system . Example : Lunix, Microsoft Windows, Unix &Mac OS X A Utility Program helps managing a computer easily; computer can still be used or started without a Utility program. Example: Antivirus, screen saver , file manager ,diagnostic utility

Application Software is computer software designed to help the user to perform specific tasks. Examples include enterprise software, accounting software, office suites, graphics software and media players. Application Software is subclass of computer software that employs the capabilities of a computer directly to a task that the user wishes to perform. Application Software is a program or group of programs designed for end users. Application software resides above system software and includes database programs, word processors, spreadsheets, etc. Application software may be grouped along with system software or published alone. The type of application software These four programs may be stand-alone or part of an application suite is Word Processing-Create and edit text files. Database (DBMS Software)-Create and edit data records. Spreadsheet-Create and edit rows and columns of numbers for budgets and financials and what it analysis. Presentation Graphics-Create slide shows, do freehand and turn numbers into 2-D to 3-D business graphics. Example of application software Web Browsers, E-mail Client, Media Player , PIM (Personal Information Manager ) and More.

The Difference of System Software and Application Software System Software (Operating System) to manage the resources of the computer, automate its operation and facilitate program development. Application Software designed to perform specific data processing or computational tasks for the user.
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It is generally provided by the computer manufacturer or a specialized programming firm.

These programs are specifically designed to meet end-user requirements. Example: Spreadsheet, Word Processors, Media Player, and Database Application.

Example : Lunix, Microsoft Windows, Unix &Mac OS X

E) Explanation of the communication technology, computer network, wired and wireless communication media and communication protocols. Date: 13.6.12 Communication technology is defined as General Management electronic systems for communicating electronic systems used for communication between individuals or groups. Communication technology facilitates communication between individuals or groups who are not physically present at the same location. Systems such as telephones, telex, fax, radio, television, and video are included, as well as more recent computer-based technologies, including electronic data interchange and e-mail. Computer network is a collection of hardware components and computers interconnected by communication channels that allow sharing of resources and information. Where at least one process in one device is able to send/receive data to/from at least one process residing in a remote device, then the two devices are said to be in a network. Communications protocols define the rules and data formats for exchanging information in a computer network, and provide the basis for network programming. Well-known communications protocols are Ethernet, a hardware and link layer standard that is ubiquitous in local area networks, and the internet protocol suite, which defines a set of protocols for internetworking. Communication media is computer networks that can be classified according to the hardware and associated software technology that is used to interconnect the individual devices in the network, such as electrical cable (HomePNA, power line communication, G.hn), optical fiber, and radio waves (wireless LAN). In the OSI model, these are located at levels 1 and 2. A well-known family of communication media is collectively known as Ethernet. It is defined by IEEE 802 and utilizes various standards and media that enable communication between devices. Wireless LAN technology is designed to connect devices without wiring. These devices use radio waves or infrared signals as a transmission medium. Wired technologies refers to the transmission of data over a wire-based communication technology. Examples include telephone networks, cable television or internet access, and fiber-optic communication. It can be ordered, roughly, from slowest to fastest transmission speed.
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Twisted pair cabling consist of copper wires that are twisted into pairs. Ordinary telephone wires consist of two insulated copper wires twisted into pairs. Computer networking cabling consists of 4 pairs of copper cabling that can be utilized for both voice and data transmission. Twisted pair cabling comes in two forms: unshielded twisted pair (UTP) and shielded twisted-pair (STP). Each form comes in several category ratings, designed for use in various scenarios Coaxial cable is widely used for cable television systems, office buildings, and other work-sites for local area networks. The cables consist of copper or aluminum wire surrounded by an insulating layer (typically a flexible material with a high dielectric constant), which itself is surrounded by a conductive layer. Transmission speed ranges from 200 million bits per second to more than 500 million bits per second. An optical fiber is a glass fiber. It uses pulses of light to transmit data. Some advantages of optical fibers over metal wires are less transmission loss, immunity from electromagnetic radiation, and very fast tramission speed, up to trillions of bits per second. One can use different colors of lights to increase the number of messages being sent over a fiber optic cable. Wireless technologies Terrestrial microwave Terrestrial microwave communication uses Earth-based transmitters and receivers resembling satellite dishes. Terrestrial microwaves are in the low-gigahertz range, which limits all communications to line-of-sight. Relay stations are spaced approximately 48 km (30 mi) apart. Then, Communications satellites The satellites communicate via microwave radio waves, which are not deflected by the Earth's atmosphere. The systems divide the region covered into multiple geographic areas. Besides that, Radio and spread spectrum technologie is a wireless local area network use a high-frequency radio technology similar to digital cellular and a low-frequency radio technology. Infrared communication can transmit signals for small distances, typically no more than 10 meters. In most cases, line-of-sight propagation is used, which limits the physical positioning of communicating devices. While a global area network (GAN) is a network used for supporting mobile across an arbitrary number of wireless LANs, satellite coverage areas, etc. F) explain the information (content) types: text, audio, images animation and video. LIM Date:14.6.12 Text is the original word and form of written or printed either in form of hardware such as book and newspaper or in the form software such as .DOC, RTF, XML and so on. Audio is a captured sound that can be played back by audio system that come with or can be added to computer such as WAV, MIDI, MPEG-1 Audio Layer-3(MP3), Window Media Audio (WMA) and so on. Image is a representation of something or someone or a photograph or an idea you're picturing in your head or the way you or others think of you. For an example of image is moving image and still image.
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Animation is a rapid display of a sequence series of pictures and frames in 2D or 3D to create an illusion of movement. For an example of 2D animation that is Naruto and the example of 3D animation is Chicken Little. Video is the technology of electronically capturing, recording, processing, storing, transmitting and reconstruction of a sequence of an images to scenes in motion. For some example of video that is analog video and digital video.

G) Explain the software development tools: programming languages, mark-up and scripting languages and authoring tools. WONG Date: 14.6.12

Programming languages, an artificial languages which are sets of keywords, symbols, and a system of rules for constructing statements designed to communicate instructions that been translated into code that understand and readable by machine (computers) to be executed. In other words, its vocabulary and set of grammatical rules for instructing a computer to perform specific tasks. It can be used to create program that control the behavior of a machine or express algorithm precisely. Mostly describe in an imperative style as a sequence of commands including words, numbers, and punctuation and come out with 2 components which are syntax (form) and semantics (meaning). [Note that algorithm used for calculation, data processing, and automated reasoning also calculates functions]. Syntax (form) is a set of rules associated with a programming language describes the possible combinations of symbol that form a syntactically correct program. Semantic refers to the meaning of languages. It provides the rules for interpreting the expression of syntax. Semantics describes the processes of computer when executing a program in that specific language. 3 major classes that approach to formal semantics are Denotational Semantics, Operational Semantics and Axiomatic Semantics. Mark-up Language Mark-up language is a language that annotates text so that the computer can manipulate the text. Most markup languages are human readable because the annotations are written in a way to distinguish them from the text. For example, with Hypertext Markup Language(HTML), Extensible Markup Language(XML), and Extensible Hypertext Markup Language(XHTML), the markup tags(embeds processing instructions) are < and >. Annotations act of adding note. American National Standard Dictionary of Information Technology (ANSDIT) defines markup is text added to the data of a document to convey information about the document. Example: tags, processing instruction and hyperlinks. It also states that Markup language is a text-formatting language designed to transform raw text into structured documents, by inserting procedural and descriptive markup into the raw text. In other words, also a
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language designed to describe/transform in space/time data, text, or objects into structured data, text, or objects. Example: SGML , HTML , VRML. Scripting Language Scripting languages is a programming language that supports writing of script, it is also interpreted by another program at runtime rather than compiled by the computer's processor as other programming languages (such as C and C++) are. Scripting language can be embedded within HTML to add functionality (different menu styles, graphic displays, to serve dynamic advertisement) and enhance feature to a Webpage. Besides that, scripting languages can be used to create specialized GUIs (graphical user interfaces) and forms that enhance the convenience of search engines, Web-based e-mail and e-commerce. JavaScript, ASP, JSP, PHP, Perl, Tcl and Python are examples of scripting languages. Authoring Tools Authoring tools (authorware) refers to a program that helps to write hypertext or multimedia applications, it helps to link the objects together such as paragraph of text, illustration or a song. Authors (Authoring Tools User) can produce attractive and useful graphic by define the objects relationship to each other and sequence them in an appropriate (suitable and fitting) order. Besides that, it supports scripting language for more sophisticated (ahead in development) application. Authoring tools are exclusively for applications that present a mixture of textual, graphical, and audio data. Types of authoring tools have card-based, icon-based, timebased, and object-based. Examples for authoring tools are Adobe Authorware, Comil Zamrud and Adobe Flash, Adobe Director. H) Explain the World Wide Web. YAP The Keyword For Internet Internet defines interconnected computer networks to serve billion of users worldwide. Internet carries an extensive range of information and service. Internet connecting a computer to any other computer anywhere in the world via dedicated routers and servers (send and receive all kinds of information such as text, graphics, audio, video, and computer programs.)Internet consists primarily of the collection of billion of interconnected web pages by transferred using HTTP. Beside HTTP, Internet also use FTP to transfer file and SMTP to transfer electronic mail. The Keyword for TCP(Transfer Control Protocol) TCP provides reliable, ordered delivery of a stream of bytes from a program on one computer to another program on another computer.TCP is the protocol that used by major internet application. TCP enables two hosts to establish a connection and exchange streams of data.TCP guarantees delivery of data and also guarantees that packets will be delivered in the same order in which they were sent. The Keyword for IP(Internet Protocol)
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Date: 19.6.12

IP has the task of delivering datagrams from the source host to the destination host. IP defined datagram structures that encapsulate the data to be delivered. It provides packet routing, fragmentation and re-assembly through the data link layer. Beside that, IP provides packet routing, fragmentation and re-assembly through the data link layer. The Keyword for HTTP(Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) HTTP is an application protocol for distributed, collaborative, hypermedia information systems. HHTP is the protocol to exchange or transfer hypertext. HTTP defined how messages are formatted and transmitted, and what actions Web servers and browsers should take in response to various commands. HTTP provides a standard for Web browsers and servers to communicate. The Keyword for FTP(File Transfer Protocol) FTP used to transfer files from one host to another host over a TCP-based network.. FTP allows to transfer files between two computers on the Internet.FTP most commonly used to download a file from a server using the Internet or to upload a file to a server. The Keyword for SMTP(Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) SMTP is an Internet standard for electronic mail (e-mail) transmission across Internet Protocol (IP) networks. SMTP used to send and receive mail messages, user-level client mail applications typically only use SMTP for sending messages to a mail server for relaying. SMTP is a set of commands that authenticate and direct the transfer of electronic mail. The Keyword for W.W.W WWW is a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet.WWW is a system of internet server that support specially formatted documents.(Ex The documents are formatted in a markup language called HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) that supports links to other documents). The keyword for URL(Uniform Resource Locator) URL is a specific character string that constitutes a reference to an Internet resource.URL global address of documents and other resources on the World Wide Web.URL is the route to a file on an Internet server.(Ex. URLs are typed into a Web browser to access Web pages and files, and URLs are embedded within the pages themselves as hypertext links). I) Describe the Evolution of ICT Convergence: Information, Computer, Communication DILERUBAN Date: 20.6.12 Definition Of Computer An electronic device for storing and processing data, typically in binary form, according to instructions given to it in a variable program.
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First Generation Computers The period of first generation computers were from the years of 1946-1958. These computers used vacuum tubes. It's purpose was to act like an amplifier and a switch. The first generation computers were huge, slow, expensive, and often undependable. In 1946 two Americans, Presper Eckert, and John Mauchly built the ENIAC ( Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer) electronic computer. The ENIAC led to other vacuum tube type computers like the EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) and the UNIVAC I (UNIVersal Automatic Computer). The ENIAC gave off so much heat that they had to be cooled by gigantic air conditioners. However even with these huge coolers, vacuum tubes still overheated regularly. It was time for something new. Second Generation Computers Second generation computers lasted from 1959-1964. These computers used transistors which functioned similar to the vacuum tube. The transistor was faster, more reliable, smaller, and much cheaper to build than a vacuum tube. One transistor replaced the equivalent of 40 vacuum tubes. These transistors were made of solid material, some of which is silicon. Therefore they were very cheap to produce. Transistors were found to conduct electricity faster and better than vacuum tubes. They were also much smaller and gave off virtually no heat compared to vacuum tubes. Their use marked a new beginning for the computer.

Third Generation Computers The development of the integrated circuits was the hallmark of the third generation of computers. Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers. Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacted with third generation computers through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an OS, which allowed the device to run many different application at one time with a central program that monitored the memory. Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass audience because they were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors. These computers lasted from 1964-1971. Fourth Generation Computers The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. What in the first generation filled an entire room could now fit in the palm of the hand. The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971, located all the components of the computerfrom the central processing unit and memory to input/output controlson a single chip. In 1981 IBM introduced its first computer for the home user, and in 1984 Apple introduced the Macintosh. Microprocessors also moved out of the realm of desktop computers and into many areas of life as more and more everyday products began to use microprocessors. As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to

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form networks, which eventually led to the development of the Internet. Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices. Fifth Generation Computers Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today. The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality. Quantum computation and molecular and nanotechnology will radically change the face of computers in years to come. The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and selforganization.
The Defination of Communication The imparting or exchanging of information or news. Human communication Human spoken and pictoral languages can be described as a system of symbols (sometimes known as lexemes) and the grammars (rules) by which the symbols are manipulated. The word "language" also refers to common properties of languages. Language learning normally occurs most intensively during human childhood. Most of the thousands of human languages use patterns of sound or gesture for symbols which enable communication with others around them. Nonverbal communication Nonverbal communication describes the process of conveying meaning in the form of non-word messages. Research shows that the majority of our communication is non verbal, also known as body language. Some of non verbal communication includes chronemics, haptics, gesture, body language or posture; facial expression and eye contact, object communication such as clothing, hairstyles, architecture, symbols infographics, and tone of voice as well as through an aggregate of the above. Oral communication Oral communication, while primarily referring to spoken verbal communication, can also employ visual aids and nonverbal elements to support the conveyance of meaning. Oral communication includes speeches, presentations, discussions, and aspects of interpersonal communication. As a type of face-to-face communication, body language and Written communication and its historical development Over time the forms of and ideas about communication have evolved through progression of technology. Advances include communications psychology and media psychology; an emerging field of study. Researchers divide the progression of written communication into three revolutionary stages called "Information Communication Revolutions".During the first stage, written communication first emerged through the use of pictographs. The pictograms were made in stone, hence written communication was not yet mobile.During the second stage, writing began to appear on paper, papyrus, clay, wax, etc. Common alphabets were introduced and allowed for the uniformity of language across large distances. A leap in technology occurred when the Gutenberg printing-press was invented in the 15th century. The third stage is characterised by the transfer of information through controlled waves and electronic signals. Communication is thus a process by which meaning is assigned and conveyed in an attempt to create shared understanding. This process, which requires a vast repertoire of skills in interpersonal processing, listening, observing, speaking, questioning, analyzing, gestures, and evaluating enables collaboration and cooperation. Misunderstandings can be anticipated and solved through formulations, questions and answers, paraphrasing, examples, and stories of strategic talk. Written communication can be clear by planning follow-up talk on critical written communication as part of the normal way of doing business. Minutes spent choice tonality play a significant role, and may have a greater impact upon the listener than informational content. This type of communication also garners immediate feedback.

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talking now will save time later having to clear up misunderstandings later on. Then, take what was heard and

reiterate in your own words, and ask them if thats what they meant.

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