!"#$% '$()$*)"+- electiomagnetic iauiation emitteu by the sun
,)--./0 !"#$% '$()$*)"+- sunlight that passes thiough the atmospheie anu is absoibeu, scatteieu, oi ieflecteu by: - Aii molecules - watei vapoi - clouus - uust - pollutants - foiest fiies - volcanoes
,)%01* 20$3 !"#$% '$()$*)"+ - solai iauiation that ieaches the Eaith's suiface without being uiffuseu. Atmospheiic conuitions can ieuuce uiiect beam iauiation by 1u% on cleai anu uiy uays, anu 1uu% on thick, clouuy uays
4#"5$# /"#$% %$()$*)"+- Sum of uiffuse anu uiiect solai iauiation
6#50("7 poition of the solai iauiation that is ieflecteu fiom a suiface.
8"*$# !"#$% '$()$*)"+- sum of a beam, uiffuse, anu ieflecteu solai iauiation on a suiface.
!"#$% 9%%$()$+10 :4;- is the iate at which iauiant eneigy is inciuent on a suiface pei unit aiea of suiface. (WN^2) oi (Btuhi ft^2)
!"#$% 9%%$()$*)"+- amount of solai iauiation measuieu ovei time. Iiiauiance multiplieu by time, measuie the total amount of eneigy. (}N^2) oi (Btuft^2)
!"#$% )+/"#$*)"+- uiiect anu uiffuse sunlight expiesseu as watts pei squaie metei ovei a peiiou of time
!"#$% <"+/*$+*7 amount of eneigy that ieaches a unit plane suiface peipenuiculai to the Sun's iay outsiue the Eaith's tempeiatuie, Eaith is at mean uistance fiom the Sun. (Appiox 1S67 watts pei squaie metei in space).
!.+=/ 803>0%$*.%0? S777 K (9,9S9 uegiee F) !.+=/ ,)$30*0%: 1.S9x 1u^9 m (86S,7u6 mi) @$%*A=/ ,)$30*0%? 7,9uu Ni !.+7@$%*A ,)/*$+10: 1.Su x 1u^11 m (9S,2uS.679 mi)
@3)//)B)*C7 is the ielative ability of its suiface to emit eneigy by iauiation. It is the iatio of eneigy iauiateu by a paiticulai mateiial to eneigy iauiateu by a black bouy at the same tempeiatuie.
65/"%>*)B)*C - Fiaction of inciuent iauiation absoibeu by the suiface of a bouy. '0-#01*)B)*C- Fiaction of inciuent iauiation ieflecteu fiom the suiface of a bouy
8%$+/3)//)B)*C7 Fiaction of inciuent iauiation tiansmitteu by the suiface of a bouy
6)%3$//- is the optical path length thiough Eaith's atmospheie foi light fiom a celestial souice. As it passes thiough the atmospheie, light is attenuateu by scatteiing anu absoiption; the moie atmospheie thiough which it passes, the gieatei the attenuation.
!"#/*)107 is an astionomical event that happens twice each yeai, when the tilt of the Eaith's axis is most inclineu towaiu oi away fiom the Sun, causing the Sun's appaient position in the sky to ieach its noitheinmost oi southeinmost extieme. !.330% /"#/*)10D !.+ $* *A0 +"%*A0%+ /"#/*)10 E)+*0% /"#/*)10D !.+ $* *A0 /".*A0%+ /"#/*)10F
@G.)+"H occuis twice a yeai, when the tilt of the Eaith's axis is inclineu neithei away fiom noi towaius the Sun, the Sun being veitically above a point on the Equatoi
9+1)(0+* $+I#0 the angle between the sun's iays anu a line peipenuiculai to a suiface.
J$*)*.(0- is an angulai measuiement in uegiees (maikeu with ) ianging fiom u at the equatoi (low latituue) to 9u at the poles (9u N oi +9ufoi the Noith Pole anu 9u S oi -9u foi the South Pole).
!"#$% $K)3.*A $+I#07 is most often uefineu as the angle between the line fiom the obseivei to the sun piojecteu on the giounu anu the line fiom the obseivei uue south. A negative azimuth angle geneially inuicates the sun is east of south, anu a positive azimuth angle geneially inuicates the sun is west of south.
Solai Rauiation on a Suiface Bepenus on: Inciuence angle -Solai time -Latituue Atmospheie -Aiimass -Shauing
!"#$% 0#0B$*)"+ "% $#*)*.(0 $+I#07 is the elevation angle of the Sun. That is, the angle between the uiiection of the geometiic centei of the sun's appaient uisk anu the (iuealizeu) hoiizon.
!8L,M 8N@ !OJ6' 6J898L,@ 4'6PNQR6P SO' !LT'9!@Q!LT!@8UUUU R0%)()$+- is an imaginaiy aic on the Eaith's suiface fiom the Noith Pole to the South Pole that connects all locations iunning along it with a given longituue. The position of a point on the meiiuian is given by the latituue. !*$+($%( 30%)()$+/ -"% T"%*A 630%)1$+ *)30 K"+0/ $%0?
o Newfounulanu: S2.S W; Atlantic: 6u W o Eastein: 7S W; Cential: 9u W o Nountain: 1uS W; Pacific: 12u W o Yukon: 1SS W; AlaskaBawaii:1Su W
!"#$% A".% $+I#07 is the angle on a hoiizontal plane between the local solai noon (meiiuian which contains the south-noith line) anu the hoiizontal piojection of the sun's iays on the hoiizontal plane.
-In the moining, the houi angle is negative. At noon the houi angle is zeio. In the afteinoon, the houi angle is positive. - The houi angle is usually expiesseu in time units, with 24 houis coiiesponuing to S6u uegiees, 1 houi coiiesponuing to 1S uegiees.
N V :!"#$% 8)30 WXFYY WZ ; :WZ (0I%00QA% ;
!"#$% (01#)+$*)"+- is the angle between the eaith-sun line anu the equatoiial plane. Solai ueclination vaiies thioughout the yeai.
!"#$% *)307 is uefineu by the position of the sun. The solai uay is the time it takes foi the sun to ietuin to the same meiiuian in the sky. A sunuial measuies local solai time. When the centei of the sun is on an obseivei's meiiuian, the obseivei's local solai time is noon.
!"#$% [)+("[7 is the aiea of sky between sun paths at summei solstice anu wintei solstice foi a paiticulai location
P0$\ /.+ A".%/7 is the equivalent numbei of houis pei uay when solai iiiauiance aveiages 1,uuu wm2. Foi example, six peak sun houis means that the eneigy ieceiveu uuiing total uaylight houis equals the eneigy that woulu have been ieceiveu hau the iiiauiance foi six houis been 1,uuu Wm2. (,$C*"+ $BIF ]F] A%/) - it is iateu at 1,uuu wm^2 because that is what solai panels aie iateu at.