Panitia Biologi SMJK Keat Hwa

Yearly Plan- STPM Biology Form Six (Upper) Term 2 and 3 , 2013

STPM/S(E)964

SECOND TERM (2013) : PHYSIOLOGY

Week/ Date Week 1 & 2 Topic 7 Gas Exchang 7.1 Gaseous exchange in humans Teaching Period Learning Outcomes

12 7

Week 2

7.! reathing cycle 7." Gaseous exchange in plants ! T"ans#$"% &n 'n&(a)s an* P)an%s #.1 $ransport system in mammals

Week 2

Week 2 & week 3

16

Week 4

#.! $ransport system in vascular plants

(a) outline the structure of human respiratory system, including the microscopic structure of the wall of an alveolus; (b) describe the structure of haemoglobin; (c) explain the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood; (d) explain the oxygen dissociation curves of haemoglobin, myoglobin and foetal haemoglobin; (e) explain the ohr effect and relate it to the oxygen dissociation curve. (a) explain the control of breathing mechanism, including the role of chemoreceptor; (b) define tidal volume, vital capacity, total lung capacity, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume and residual volume. (a) describe the structure and functions of stomata; (b) describe the mechanism of opening and closing of stomata based on potassium ion accumulation hypothesis. (a) describe the structure of a mammalian heart; (b) define systole and diastole, and explain the se%uence of events in a cardiac cycle including changes in pressure and volume in aorta, left atrium and left ventricle; (c) describe the initiation and regulation of heart beat; (d) explain hypertension, atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis and myocardial infarction, and state their causes and preventions; (e) describe the lymphatic system in relation to the blood circulatory system; (f) determine the direction of fluid movement at the arterial and venous ends of the capillaries by calculating the differences between osmotic pressure&solute potential and hydrostatic pressure. (a) explain the upta'e of water and mineral ions from the soil by the root hairs involving water potential; (b) describe the apoplast, symplast and vacuolar pathway of water movement through the root tissues; (c) describe the root pressure, cohesion(tension theory and transpiration pull in relation to water movement from the roots to leaves; (d) explain translocation using the mass flow, electro(osmosis, cytoplasmic streaming and peristaltic waves hypotheses; (e) explain the concept of source and sin', and phloem loading and unloading in translocation according to pressure flow hypothesis. (a) describe the organisation of the nervous system in humans; (b) explain the formation of resting and action potentials; 1

Week 5 & 6

+ C$n%"$) an* R g,)a%&$n ).1 *ervous system

22 1+

Panitia Biologi SMJK Keat Hwa

Yearly Plan- STPM Biology Form Six (Upper) Term 2 and 3 , 2013

STPM/S(E)964

Week 8

).! -ormones

Week 9

10 R #"$*,c%&$n. D / )$#( n% an* G"$0%h 1..1 /exual reproduction in humans

13 +

Week 10

1..! /exual reproduction in flowering plants 1.." /eed germination 1..0 Growth curves and patterns of growth

! 1 0

Week 10

Week 11

11 H$( $s%as&s 11.1 1mportance of homeostasis

10 !

(c) describe the characteristics of nerve impulse; (d) describe the structure of synapse, and explain the role of neurotransmitters (acetylcholine and norepinephrine); (e) explain and compare the mechanisms of impulse transmission along the axon and across the synapse; (f) describe the structure of neuromuscular ,unction and sarcomere; (g) explain the role of sarcoplasmic reticulum, calcium ions, myofibril and $ tubules in muscle contraction; (h) explain the mechanism of muscle contraction according to the sliding filament hypothesis; (i) compare the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems; (j) explain the mechanisms of drug action on nervous system and neuromuscular ,unction (cocaine and curare). (a) explain the mechanisms of action of steroid hormone and non(steroid hormones; (b) explain the roles of plant hormones in growth and development; (c) explain the mechanism of phytochrome action and their roles in photoperiodism and flowering; (d) outline the application of plant growth regulators (synthetic auxin, synthetic gibberellins, and synthetic ethylene) in agriculture. (a) outline spermatogenesis and oogenesis; (b) describe the passage and development of sperms from the testis to the oviduct for fertilisation; (c) describe the process of fertilisation and implantation; (d) describe the roles of hormones in menstrual cycle and pregnancy; (e) describe briefly the stages in embryonic development; (f) explain the roles of placenta, chorion, amniotic fluid and allantois in foetal development; (g) explain the process of parturition. (a) outline double fertilisation; (b) describe the embryonic development in seed and formation of fruit. (a) explain the mobilisation of nutrients after imbibition in seed germination; (b) state the external factors affecting germination. (a) explain the types of growth curves (absolute growth curve, absolute growth rate curve and relative growth rate curve); (b) explain with examples the patterns of growth (limited growth in humans, unlimited growth in perennial plant, allometric growth in humans, isometric growth in fish and intermittent growth in insect); (c) explain the processes of ecdysis and metamorphosis in insects, and relate the role of hormones (neurosecretory hormone, ,uvenile hormone and ecdysone) in these processes. (a) explain the importance of homeostasis; (b) describe the homeostatic control system in mammals; (c) explain the physiological and behavioural control in thermoregulation of endotherms. 2

Panitia Biologi SMJK Keat Hwa

Week 11

Yearly Plan- STPM Biology Form Six (Upper) Term 2 and 3 , 2013 0

STPM/S(E)964

11.! 2iver

Week 11

11." 3smoregulation in mammals 11.0 3smoregulation in plants 12 I((,n&%1 1!.1 1mmune system 1!.! 5evelopment of immunity 1!." 6oncept of self and non(self 1!.0 1mmune disorder 13 In2 c%&$,s D&s as s 1".1 1nfectious disease 1".! 5engue 1"." 6holera 1".0 $uberculosis ($ )

"

Week 12

Week 13

10 " "

Week 13

(a) describe the structure of liver, and explain the roles of its components; (b) describe carbohydrate metabolism in the liver (glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis); (c) describe protein metabolism (transamination, deamination and urea formation) in the liver. (a) explain the process of ultrafiltration, reabsorption and secretion in the formation of urine; (b) explain the role of 45- and aldosterone, and the related hormones in regulating water, sodium and potassium ions of urine; (c) explain the regulation of p- of tissue fluid. (a) describe the role of stomata in regulation of water loss, and explain the importance of transpiration; (b) describe the various types of plant adaptations to prevent water loss (halophytes and xerophytes). (a) describe human lymphatic system, and explain its function in relation to immunity; (b) describe antibody (structure and function), antigen, epitope, and the development of and $ cells; (c) describe the roles of macrophages, cells and $ cells. (a) explain cell(mediated and humoral immune responses; (b) outline the antigen(antibody reactions (precipitation, agglutination, neutralisation, complement fixation). (a) explain the concept of self and non(self and relate this to tissue re,ection in organ transplant; (b) explain the mechanism of immune suppression (-17 infection). (a) describe autoimmune disorder (/ystemic 2upus 8rythematosus (/28)). (a) explain what is meant by an infection and an infectious disease; (b) outline the types of infectious agents. (a) describe the causes and symptoms of dengue; (b) explain the transmission of dengue; (c) discuss the roles of social, economical and biological factors in the prevention of dengue. (a) describe the causes and symptoms of cholera; (b) explain the transmission of cholera; (c) discuss the roles of social, economical and biological factors in the prevention of cholera. (a) describe the causes and symptoms of tuberculosis ($ ); (b) explain the transmission of $ ; (c) discuss the roles of social, economical and biological factors in the prevention of $ . (a) describe the causes and symptoms of malaria; (b) explain the transmission of malaria; 3

Week 13 Week 14 Week 15

" 1 13 1 " " "

Week 15

Week 16

Week 16

Week 17

1".9 :alaria

"

Panitia Biologi SMJK Keat Hwa

Yearly Plan- STPM Biology Form Six (Upper) Term 2 and 3 , 2013

STPM/S(E)964

Week 17

1".0 $uberculosis ($ )

"

Week 17

1".9 :alaria

"

(c) discuss the roles of social, economical and biological factors in the prevention of malaria. (a) describe the causes and symptoms of tuberculosis ($ ); (b) explain the transmission of $ ; (c) discuss the roles of social, economical and biological factors in the prevention of $ . (a) describe the causes and symptoms of malaria; (b) explain the transmission of malaria; (c) discuss the roles of social, economical and biological factors in the prevention of malaria.

THIRD TERM 2013: ECOLOGY 'ND GENETICS

Week/ Date Week 21 Topic Teaching Period 1 2 6 Learning Outcomes

13 Tax$n$(1 an* 4&$*&/ "s&%1 10.1 $axonomy 10.! 5iversity of organisms

Week 21

Week 22

10." iodiversity in :alaysia 10.0 $hreats to biodiversity 10.9 6onservation of biodiversity 15 Ec$)$g1 19.1 2evels of ecological organisation 19.! iogeochemical cycles 19." 8nergy flow

Week 22

Week 22 Week 23

2 22 3 3 3

(a) explain the importance of taxonomy in biological sciences; (b) explain the concept of species, and relate how a species is classified into higher categories in a taxonomic hierarchy. (a) describe the morphological characteristics of the following phyla in the respective 'ingdoms; <rotoctista (6hlorophyta and =oomastigina), >ungi (=ygomycota), <lantae ( ryophyta, >ilicinophyta, 6oniferophyta and 4ngiospermophyta) and 4nimalia (<orifera, 6nidaria, <latyhelminthes, :ollusca, 4rthropoda and 6hordata). (a) describe the different levels and examples of biodiversity in :alaysia, namely ecosystem or community diversity, species or taxonomic diversity and genetic diversity; (b) explain the importance of biodiversity in :alaysia. (a) explain the natural and man(made factors that threaten biodiversity in :alaysia; (b) explain the steps and efforts ta'en by various agencies and organisations to address the threats. (a) describe the various measures ta'en to conserve the different levels of biodiversity including in situ and ex situ conservation in :alaysia. (a) explain the concept of hierarchy in an ecosystem and the interaction between the biotic and abiotic components. (a) describe the biogeochemical cycles (carbon, phosphorus and sulphur), and explain their importance. (a) describe the energy flow and the efficiency of energy transfer in terrestrial ecosystem (tropical rain forest) and a%uatic ecosystem (la'e). 4

Week 23 Week 23

Panitia Biologi SMJK Keat Hwa

Week 24

Yearly Plan- STPM Biology Form Six (Upper) Term 2 and 3 , 2013
6

STPM/S(E)964

19.0 <opulation ecology

Week 25 Week 25

19.9 6arrying capacity 19.+ Auantitative ecology

3 4

Week 26

1- S ) c%&$n an* S# c&a%&$n 1+.1 *atural and artificial selection

10 6

Week 26 & 27 Week 27 & 28

1+.! /peciation 17 Inh "&%anc an* G n %&c C$n%"$) 17.1 $ypes of genetic crosses and breeding system 17.! *on(:endelian inheritance

4 3 5

Week 28 & 29

Week 30

17." Genetic mapping

Week 32

17.0 <opulation genetics

(a) explain population growth (/ and ? growth curves), biotic potential, natality, mortality, migration and survivorship; (b) explain the characteristics of populations that show $ype 1, $ype 11 and $ype 111 survivorship curves, and K(strategies and r(strategies. (a) explain what is meant by carrying capacity and sustainable development; (b) explain the factors limiting the population si@e and distribution. (a) describe the use of %uadrat and line transect sampling methods and explain the advantages and disadvantages of using these methods; (b) calculate the various sampling parameters (fre%uency, density, cover and their absolute and relative estimations) and estimate the population si@e of organisms; (c) explain the pattern of distribution of organisms in an ecosystem. (a) describe continuous and discontinuous variations in relation to selection and speciation; (b) explain the modes of natural selection (stabilising, directional and disruptive) and their conse%uences; (c) describe with examples, sexual selection and polymorphism; (d) explain the importance of artificial selection (gene ban', germplasm ban' and sperm ban'). (a) explain the processes of isolation, genetic drift, hybridisation and adaptive radiation; (b) explain the importance of speciation in relation to evolution. (a) explain the :endelian inheritance pertaining to the phenotypic and genotypic ratios; (b) describe the types of crosses (test cross, bac'cross, reciprocal cross and selfing) and explain their importance; (c) describe pure breeding, outbreeding, inbreeding, selective breeding, and explain their importance. (a) explain (i) incomplete dominance (flower colour in snapdragon), (ii) codominance (:* blood group in humans), (iii) multiple alleles (4 3 blood group in humans), and calculate the genotypic and phenotypic ratios; (b) explain lethal genes (sic'le(cell in human&coat colur in mice&chlorophyll production in mai@e), polygenes (height in humans), lin'ed and sex(lin'ed genes (Drosophila eye colour and haemophilia in humans), and epistasis (coat colour in dog and capsule shape in shepherdBs purse plant); (c) explain the pedigree analysis. (a) explain crossing over and distinguish between parental and recombinant genotypes and phenotypes; (b) calculate the distance between two loci, and determine the relative position of a gene on a chromosome based on percentage of crossingover in Drosophila. (a) describe the concept of gene pool, gene&allele fre%uency and genotype fre%uency; 5

Panitia Biologi SMJK Keat Hwa

Yearly Plan- STPM Biology Form Six (Upper) Term 2 and 3 , 2013

STPM/S(E)964

Week 32

17.9 5*4 replication

Week 33

17.+ Gene expression

Week 33 Week 33 & 34

17.7 Fegulation of gene expression 17.# :utation

2 5

Week 35

1! G n T chn$)$g1 1#.1 Fecombinant 5*4 technology

! 8

Week 35

Week 36

1+ 4&$% chn$)$g1 1).1 Foles of iotechnology 1).! 4pplications of

! 1 7

(b) explain -ardy(Ceinberg e%uilibrium (p! D !pq Dq! E 1 and p D q E 1), and calculate the gene&allele and genotype fre%uencies; (c) explain the conditions for -ardy(Ceinberg e%uilibrium to be valid; (d) describe changes in genotype fre%uencies in relation to evolution. (a) explain the experiments to prove 5*4 is the genetic material (4very, :ac2eod and :c6arty experiment and -ershey and 6hase experiment); (b) explain the three models of 5*4 replication, and interpret the experiment of :eselson and /tahl to prove the semi(conservative model of 5*4 replication; (c) explain the mechanism of 5*4 replication, and the role of the en@ymes involved. (a) explain the experiment of eadle and $atum which leads to the establishment of one( geneone( polypeptide hypothesis; (b) interpret the genetic code table, and identify the appropriate anti(codon; (c) explain the characteristics of genetic code; (d) describe transcription and translation. (a) define repressor, inducer, negative control in lac operon and constitutive en@yme; (b) describe the components of lac operon, and explain its mechanism. (a) describe the different types of gene mutation with examples of its conse%uences (substitution G sic'le(cell anaemia, insertion&addition G frameshift mutation, deletion G frameshift mutation and thalassaemia ma,or and inversion); (b) differentiate missense, nonsense and silent& neutral mutations; (c) describe the four structural changes in chromosomes (duplication, deletion, inversion and translocation); (d) describe the changes in chromosome number, including the definition of non(dis,unction; (e) describe the conse%uences of non(dis,unction in relation to meiosis; (f) explain and give examples of different types of aneuploidy (monosomy and trisomy); (g) explain and give examples of different types of euploidy; diploid and polyploid, including autopolyploidy and allopolyploidy. (a) explain recombinant 5*4 technology&genetic engineering; (b) differentiate between genomic and Cdna cloning and genomic and c5*4 libraries; (c) describe the vectors used in cloning and their properties; (d) describe the restriction en@yme (EcoF1 and Sma1), including its nomenclature, recognition site (palindrome), importance and the types of ends generated; (e) explain reverse transcription, insertion, ligation, transformation&transduction, amplification and screening; (f) describe the steps involved in genomic and c5*4 cloning, including the en@ymes involved, and explain human insulin production in E. coli as an example. (a) define biotechnology; (b) outline the roles of biotechnology in our life. (a) describe the application of biotechnology in food and beverages production 6

Panitia Biologi SMJK Keat Hwa biotechnology

Yearly Plan- STPM Biology Form Six (Upper) Term 2 and 3 , 2013

STPM/S(E)964

(fermentationand vitamin(enriched eggs); (b) describe the application of biotechnology in agriculture (hybrid rice, herbicide resistant plants and transgenic fish); (c) describe the application of biotechnology in medicine (human growth hormone, human insulin and gene therapy) and forensic (5*4 finger printing); (d) describe the application of biotechnology in public health (genetic screening, diagnostic 'its and oil(decomposing bacteria).

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