1. Callister 6.

47 Estimate the Brinell and Rockwell hardness for the following: (a) The naval brass for which the stress-strain behavior is shown in Figure 6.12. (b) The steel alloy for which the stress-strain behavior is shown in Figure 6.21.

2. Callister 7.23 (a) From the plot of yield strength versus (grain diameter)-1/2 for a 70 Cu-30 Zn cartridge brass, Figure 7.15, determine values for the constants ! 0 and k y in Equation 7.7. (b) Now predict the yield strength of this alloy when the average grain diameter is 2.0 " 10 !3 mm .

3. Callister 7.29 Two previously undeformed specimens of the same metal are to be plastically deformed by reducing their cross-sectional areas. One has circular cross section, and the other is rectangular; during deformation the circular cross section is to remain as such. Their original and deformed dimensions are as follows: Circular (diameter, mm) Original dimensions Deformed dimensions 18.0 15.9 Rectangular (mm) 20 ! 50 13.7 ! 55.1

Which of these specimens will be the hardest after plastic deformation, and why?

4. Callister 8.5 A specimen of a 4340 steel alloy with a plane strain fracture toughness of 54.8 MPa m (50ksi in ) is exposed to a stress of 1030 MPa (150,000 psi). Will this specimen experience fracture if it is known that the largest surface crack is 0.5mm (0.02in.) long? Why or why not? Assume that the parameter Y has a value of 1.0.

5. Callister 8.6 Some aircraft component is fabricated from an aluminum alloy that has a plane strain fracture toughness of 40 MPa m (36.4 ksi in ). It has been determined that fracture results at a stress of 300 MPa (43,500 psi) when the maximum (or critical) internal crack length is 4.0 mm (0.16in.). For this same component and alloy, will fracture occur at a stress level of 260 MPa (38,000 psi) when the maximum internal crack length is 6.0 mm (0.24 in.)? Why or why not?

6. Core 8.20

Work hardening: yield strength increases after plastic deformation due to the creation of new dislocations and to increasing numbers of dislocation entanglements. Solid solution strengthening: ! y increases because substitution or interstitial alloying elements distort the crystal lattice and thus hinder dislocation motion. Precipitation hardening: 2nd phase particles dispersed throughout a material hinder dislocation motion. Grain boundary strengthening: because of adjacent grains are misaligned with respect to each other, increased stress is needed to move dislocations across grain boundaries. Reducing the grain size thus imposes more impediments to dislocation motion and consequently increases ! y .

7. Core 8.28

There must be one or more defects such as surface scratches or internal cracks that exceed the critical flaw size such that brittle fracture is catalyzed at a stress below the maximum possible.

8. Core 8.31

9. Core 8.21