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Book of Knowledge
7 - Galilei

MODULE 3

ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS

All substances are homogeneous. Some mixtures are also homogeneous. Being so, it difficult to distinguish mixtures and substances based on appearance. However, there are ways to tell if a sample is a mixture or a substance. The temperature of a liquid mixture varies during boiling but for a liquid substance, it does not. A solid mixtures has portions that do not melt but a solid substance melts completely within a short time.

In this module, you will find out that substances may be further classified into two: compounds and elements. You will start with the primary characteristic that distinguishes them.

How are elements different from compounds? How are they similar?

Compounds Like mixtures, compounds are also made up of two or more components. In module 2, you separated the components of seawater through distillation. One of the products obtained was distilled water. Also, you have identified distilled water as a substance.

Electrolysis decomposed water, a compound, into hydrogen and oxygen. Hydrogen and oxygen are elements.

Elements
There are 118 elements. Each element has different set of properties. No two elements have the same set of properties. 118 is quite a big number! Thanks to the works of our early scientists, they were able to systematically organize all of the 118 elements in what we call periodic table of elements or sometimes simply referred as periodic table. Scientists agreed to give symbols for each element. This is very helpful especially to those elements with long names. Instead of writing the full names, a one-letter or two-letter symbol may be used. You can find these symbols in the periodic table too. It is written inside the same box for that element.

Elements Present in the Food we Eat

Whether it is a natural food like a banana or those processed like banana chips, biscuits, milk, and juice. These are mostly nutrients which the human body needs in order to function well. Some of these are calcium, magnesium, zinc, and selenium. The Nutrition Facts is a list of the different nutrients provided by the food product with their corresponding percentage share on the daily recommended dietary allowance. On the other hand, ingredients give you list of the materials that have been added to make the food product. These materials are the sources of the nutrients. These are the ones that are taken in by the body. Ferrous is derived from the Latin name of iron.

Minerals -the elements include are combination with other elements and the resulting compounds are referred to as minerals. A product label that lists sodium as nutrient does not mean that you will be eating the element sodium. It means that the composition of one of the ingredients include sodium. In the case of the soy sauce, the ingredient is monosodium glutamate. It is very rare and most of the time dangerous if you take in the element itself.

Periodic Table of Elements

The periodic table is a tabular arrangement of the chemical elements, organized on the basis of their atomic numbers,electron configurations (electron shell model), and recurring chemical properties. Elements are presented in order of increasing atomic number (the number of protons in the nucleus). The standard form of the table consists of a grid of elements laid out in 18 columns and 7 rows, with a double row of elements below that.

Period
A period is a horizontal row in the periodic table. Although groups generally have more significant periodic trends, there are regions where horizontal trends are more significant than vertical group trends, such as the f-block, where the lanthanides and actinides form two substantial horizontal series of elements.

Blocks
The different regions of the periodic table are sometimes referred to as blocks in recognition of the sequence in which the electron shells of the elements are filled. Each block is named according to the subshell in which the "last" electron notionally resides.

Categories
The elements can be conveniently classified according to their shared physical and chemical properties into the major categories of metals, metalloids and nonmetals. Metals are generally located to the left and bottom of the periodic table. They are ordinarily shiny, highly conducting solids which form alloys with one another and salt-like ionic compounds with nonmetals. Nonmetals are located to the right and top. They are mostly coloured or colourless insulating gases that form covalent compounds with one another. In between metals and nonmetals are metalloids, which have intermediate or mixed properties.

Dmitri Mendeleev
Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev was a Russian chemist and inventor. He formulated the Periodic Law, created his own version of the periodic table of elements, and used it to correct the properties of some already discovered elements and also to predict the properties of elements yet to be discovered.

Table 2. Some elements essential to life*

Element Source Function Deficiency Condition

Macrominerals Calcium Milk, cheese, (Ca) canned fish with bones, sesame seeds, green leafy vegetables

Essential to formation and maintenance of bones and teeth; regulates nerve transmission, muscle contraction, and blood clotting

Magnesium (Mg)

Nuts, legumes, cereal grains, dark green vegetables, seafood and chocolate

Potassium (K)

Selenium (Se) Sodium

Catalyst in the synthesis of energy-carrier molecules; involved in the synthesis of proteins and relaxation of muscles Orange juice, Maintains regular bananas, dried heartbeat, water fruits, potatoes balance and cell integrity; needed in nerve transmission, carbohydrate and protein metabolism Liver, meat, Part of enzymes; grain antioxidant vegetables Meat, table Regulates amount

Rickets in children; diseases of the bones in adults such as softening of the bones and decrease in bone mass Fluid loss due to too much alcohol in take; heart failure due to spasms

Sudden death during fasting, poor nerve function, irregular heart beat Keshan Disease (heart disease) Headache,

(Na)

salt, saltprocessed food

of body fluid; involved in nerve transmission

physical weakness, thirst, poor memory, appetite loss

Sulfur (S) Zinc (Zn)

Some proteins Component of biomolecules and ions Liver, Part of insulin and shellfish, meat some 154 enzymes

Anemia, stunted growth

Microminerals or Trace elements Chromium Liver; animal Needed for glucose (Cr) and plant utilization tissues Copper Liver, kidney, Helps in the (Cu) egg yolk, formation of whole grains hemoglobin; part of 11 enzymes Flourine Sea food, Strengthens bone (F) fluorinated and tooth structure drinking water Iron Liver, meat, Component of (Fe) green leafy hemoglobin and vegetables, myoglobin whole grains, cocoa beans Iodine Sea food, Part of thyroxin, (I) iodized salts regulates rate of energy use Manganese Liver, kidney, Confactor for a (Mn) wheat germ, number of enzymes legumes, nuts

Loss of insulin efficiency with age Rare

Dental decay

Anemia, tiredness and apathy

Goiter

Weight loss, occasional dermatitis

 Elements - Elements are substances that cannot be separated into simpler substances. Salt is made up of the elements sodium and chloride. Water is made up of the elements hydrogen and oxygen. Compounds - A compound is a substance formed when two or more Substances cannot be separated without breaking chemical bonds, whereas mixtures are composed of substances not chemically bonded together. Elements are chemically joined. Water, salt, and sugar are examples of compounds. When the elements are joined, the atoms lose their individual properties and have different properties from the elements they are composed of. A chemical formula is used a quick way to show the composition of compounds. Letters, numbers, and symbols are used to represent elements and the number of elements in each compound. Matter - Matter is everything around you. Matter is anything made of atoms and molecules. Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. If you are new to the idea of mass, it is the amount of stuff in an object. Mixture - Mixtures are absolutely everywhere you look. Most things in nature are mixtures. Look at rocks, the ocean, or even the atmosphere. They are all mixtures, and mixtures are about physical properties, not chemical ones. That statement means the individual molecules enjoy being near each other, but their fundamental

chemical structure does not change when they enter the mixture. If the chemical structure changed, it would be called a reaction.

Substances - Substances cannot be separated without breaking chemical bonds, whereas mixtures are composed of substances not chemically bonded together.

Elements
A chemical element is a pure chemical substance consisting of a single type of atom distinguished by its atomic number, which is the number of protons in its atomic nucleus. Elements are divided into metals, metalloids, and non-metals. Familiar examples of elements are carbon, oxygen(nonmetals), silicon, arsenic (metalloids), aluminium, iron, copper, gold, mercury, and lead (metals). The lightest chemical elements, including hydrogen, helium and smaller amounts of lithium, beryllium and boron, are thought to have been produced by various cosmic processes during the Big Bang and cosmic-ray spallation. Production of heavier elements, from carbon to the very heaviest elements, proceeded by stellar nucleosynthesis, and these were made available for later solar system and planetary formation byplanetary nebulae and supernovae, which blast these elements into space. The high abundance of oxygen, silicon, and iron on Earth reflects their common production in such stars. While most elements are generally stable, a small amount of natural transformation of one element to another also occurs in the decay of radioactive elements as well as other natural nuclear processes.

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Compound
A chemical compound is a pure chemical substance consisting of two or more different chemical elements that can be separated into simpler substances by chemical reactions. Chemical compounds have a unique and defined chemical structure; they consist of a fixed ratio of atoms that are held together in a defined spatial arrangement by chemical bonds. Chemical compounds can be molecular compounds held together by covalent bonds, salts held together by ionic bonds, intermetallic compounds held together by metallic bonds, or complexes held together bycoordinate covalent bonds. Pure chemical elements are not considered chemical compounds, even if they consist of molecules that contain only multiple atoms of a single element (such as H2, S8, etc.), which are called diatomic molecules or polyatomic molecules.

Matter
Matter is a loosely defined term in science (see definitions below). The term often refers to a substance (often a particle) that has rest mass. Matter is also used loosely as a general term for the substance that makes up all observable physical objects. All objects we see with the naked eye are composed of atoms. This atomic matter is in turn made up of interacting subatomic particles usually anucleus of protons and neutrons, and a cloud of

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orbiting electrons. Typically, science considers these composite particles matter because they have both rest mass and volume. By contrast, massless particles, such as photons, are not considered matter, because they have neither rest mass nor volume. However, not all particles with rest mass have a classical volume, since fundamental particles such as quarks and leptons (sometimes equated with matter) are considered "point particles" with no effective size or volume. Nevertheless, quarks and leptons together make up "ordinary matter," and their interactions contribute to the effective volume of the composite particles that make up ordinary matter.

Mixtures
In chemistry, a mixture is a material system made up of two or more different substances which are mixed but are not combined chemically. A mixture refers to the physical combination of two or more substances on which the identities are retained and are mixed in the form of solutions, suspensions, and colloids. Mixtures are the one product of a mechanical blending or mixing of chemical substances like elements and compounds, without chemical bonding or other chemical change, so that each ingredient substance retains its own chemical properties and makeup. Despite that there are no chemical changes to its constituents, the physical properties of a mixture, such as its melting point, may differ from those of the components. Some mixtures can be separated into their components by physical (mechanical or thermal) means. Azeotropes can be considered as a kind of mixture which usually pose considerable difficulties regarding the separation processes required to obtain their constituents (physical or chemical processes or, even a blend of them).

Substance
In chemistry, a chemical substance is a form of matter that has constant chemical composition and characteristic properties. It cannot be

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separated into components by physical separation methods, i.e. without breaking chemical bonds. It can be solid, liquid, gas, or plasma. Chemical substances are often called 'pure' to set them apart from mixtures. A common example of a chemical substance is pure water; it has the same properties and the same ratio of hydrogen to oxygen whether it is isolated from a river or made in a laboratory. Other chemical substances commonly encountered in pure form are diamond (carbon), gold, table salt (sodium chloride) and refined sugar (sucrose). However, simple or seemingly pure substances found in nature can in fact be mixtures of chemical substances. For example, tap water may contain small amounts of dissolved sodium chloride and compounds containing iron, calcium and many other chemical substances. Chemical substances exist as solids, liquids, gases, or plasma and may change between these phases of matter with changes in temperature orpressure. Chemical reactions convert one chemical substance into another. Forms of energy, such as light and heat, are not considered to be matter, and thus they are not "substances" in this regard.

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