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10/4/13

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ulrecL CurrenL lundamenLals
LL101
CurrenL and Charge
Cne elecLron carrles a charge of 1.6 \ 10
-19
c.
A ow raLe of 1 c per s ls a currenL of 1 A.
1he formal relauon of currenL Lo Lhe ow of
charge ls
Pere, O
1
ls Lhe LoLal charge LhaL ows ln a
ume t
1
.
!
I =
dQ
dt
Q
1
= i t ( )dt
0
t
1
"
CurrenL and Charge
As an analogy, charge ls llke waLer aLoms and
currenL ls llke waLer owlng Lhrough a plpe.
CurrenL and Charge
WaLer ls lncompresslble and does noL geL
used up ln a plpe.
lf a plpe has a [uncuon, Lhe raLe of waLer
enLerlng Lhe [uncuon ls Lhe same as Lhe raLe
of waLer exlung Lhe [uncuon.
CurrenL and Charge
1he lndesLrucublllLy of elecLrlc currenL ls
expressed qulLe nlcely by klrchho's CurrenL
Law (kCL).
1he sum of all currenLs enLerlng a node ls
equal Lo Lhe sum of all currenLs exlung a
node".
lf we asslgn arblLrarlly a negauve slgn Lo Lhe
currenLs exlung a node and dene Lhem as
enLerlng, we geL anoLher verslon of kCL.
CurrenL and Charge
1he sum of all currenLs enLerlng a node ls
zero".
!
I
n
n=1
N
" = 0
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ConducLors, lnsulaLors,
SemlconducLors, and SuperconducLors
ConducLors are maLerlals Lhrough whlch
elecLrlc currenLs ow relauvely easlly.
Sllver, copper, gold, alumlnum are among Lhe
besL conducLors.
An elecLrlc currenL movlng Lhrough a wlre ls
llke waLer owlng ln a rlver.
ConducLors, lnsulaLors,
SemlconducLors, and SuperconducLors
lnsulaLors are maLerlals whlch do noL conducL
elecLrlclLy.
Ceramlcs, glass, plasuc, rubber, dry paper, alr,
and vacuum are good lnsulaLors.
1he walls of Lhe plpes ln our waLer model are
lnsulaLors.
ConducLors, lnsulaLors,
SemlconducLors, and SuperconducLors
SemlconducLors are maLerlals llke slllcon and
germanlum and are relauvely poor conducLors
unul Lhey are doped wlLh Lrace quanuues of
oLher maLerlals such as arsenlc, phosphorus,
or boron.
ConducLors, lnsulaLors,
SemlconducLors, and SuperconducLors
SuperconducLors are very speclal maLerlals
LhaL, when cooled below Lhelr crlucal
LemperaLure become perfecL conducLors.
1hey have appllcauons ln super magneLs
(medlclne, moLors, LransporLauon)
volLage
ln our waLer model, volLage becomes waLer
pressure.
1he ow of waLer Lhrough a plpe ls relaLed Lo
Lhe pressure dlerence from one end Lo Lhe
oLher.
volLage
1he currenL LhaL ows Lhrough a wlre wlll be
proporuonal Lo Lhe poLenual dlerence beLween
Lhe Lwo ends of Lhe wlre.
A volLage source such as a bauery always has Lwo
Lermlnals. 1he raLed volLage ls measured
beLween Lhese Lwo Lermlnals.
ln order for a currenL Lo ow, a compleLe paLh,
called a clrculL, made wlLh wlres and oLher
elecLrlcal componenLs musL be connecLed
beLween Lhe Lwo Lermlnals.
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volLage
A pump ls used Lo clrculaLe Lhe same waLer.
volLage
1he unlL of Lhe volLage ls Lhe volL.
1he volLage of componenLs connecLed ln
serles add up.
volLage
1hls ls formallzed by klrchho's volLage Law:
As we follow any loop ln a clrculL ln a speclc
dlrecuon, some volLages across componenLs
wlll be negauve, some posluve, buL when we
nlsh Lhe loop, Lhe sum wlll be zero.
!
V
n
= 0
n=1
N
"
volLage
ower
1he raLe aL whlch energy changes ls called
power.
1he unlL of measure for elecLrlcal power ls
Wau.
ower depends on boLh volLage and currenL.
!
P = IV
ower
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Lnergy
When a charge moves Lhrough an elecLrlc
eld, lL converLs energy from one form Lo
anoLher.
A charge movlng Lhrough a bauery converLs
chemlcal energy Lo elecLrlcal energy.
A charge movlng Lhrough an elecLrlcal eld ln
a vacuum converLs poLenual energy Lo klneuc
energy.
Lnergy
1he energy ls glven by,
u ls Lhe energy ln !oules, O ls Lhe charge ln
Coulombs, and v ls Lhe volLage ln volLs.
LlecLrlc uullLy companles blll us ln kW hours.
1kW-h = 3.6 mllllon !oules.
!
U = QV
Lnergy
8emember LhaL
!
P =
dU
dt
P =
d QV ( )
dt
=
dQ
dt
V = IV
I =
dQ
dt
8eslsLance
8eslsLance
1he relauonshlp beLween volLage and currenL
on a reslsLance ls glven by
8 of a wlre ls glven by
!
V = IR
!
R = "
L
A
8eslsLors
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8eslsLors 8eslsLors
lor a waLer model, reslsLance ls analogous Lo
a sponge or a consLrlcuon ln a plpe.
1he reslsLance of Lhe sponge depends on lLs
denslLy, cross secuonal area, and lengLh.
8eslsLors
Serles reslsLors
+ V2 - + V1 -
R1 R2
!
R
tot
=
V
tot
I
=
IR
1
+ IR
2
I
= R
1
+ R
2
8eslsLors
arallel reslsLors
+ V -
R1
R2
I1
I2
Itot
8eslsLors
arallel reslsLors
I
tot
= I
1
+ I
2
V = I
1
R
1
= I
2
R
2
= I
tot
R
tot
I
1
=
V
R
1
, I
2
=
V
R
2
, I
tot
=
V
R
tot

1
R
tot
=
1
R
1
+
1
R
2
volLage ulvlders
Vout
-
+
+
-
V1
R1
R2
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volLage ulvlders
I =
V
1
R
1
+ R
2
V
out
= IR
2
V
out
=V
1
R
2
R
1
+ R
2
1hevenln LqulvalenL ClrculLs
1he volLage dlvlder ls useful when Lhere ls no
load.
lf we connecL anoLher reslsLor across v
oot
, Lhe
volLage wlll change.
Pow do we model such a clrculL?
1he 1hevenln equlvalenL clrculL can represenL
any collecuon of uC volLage sources and
reslsLors wlLh a slngle source and reslsLor.
1hevenln LqulvalenL ClrculLs
uo noL connecL any load Lo Lhe clrculL and nd
Lhe ouLpuL volLage. Call Lhls Lhe open clrculL
volLage, v
Oc
.

ShorL clrculL Lhe ouLpuL node Lo ground. Call
Lhls Lhe shorL clrculL currenL, l
5c
.
v
1b
= v
Oc
.
k
1b
= v
Oc
/l
5c
.

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