Bluetooth규격

1
Sejong University
Dept. of Info & Comm Eng.
2000. 05. 25
Bluetooth
Bluetooth

*! *! *! *!
*! *! *! *!

Tel : (02) 3408 Tel : (02) 3408- -3736 3736
E E- -mail : mail : songhk songhk@ @sejong sejong.ac. .ac.kr kr
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Sejong University
2000. 05. 25
Contents
BluetoothConcept & Usage Models
Bluetooth Architecture
Physical Channel & Links
Packet & Logical Channel
Channel Control
BluetoothAudio
Bluetooth Addressing
Bluetooth Security
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Bluetooth Concept
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Usage Models (1)
Internet Bridge
Mobile browsing in the sofa, on the go, in the office, in the car
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Usage Models (2)
Instant Postcard
Send instant postcards
and videoclips
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Usage Models (3)
Ultimate Headset
Keep your hands free
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Usage Models (4)
Briefcase Trick
Laptop in briefcase
E-mail alert through phone,
browse E-mails in phone
Phone off
Answer mail on laptop and
send mail from phone or
laptop at arrival
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Usage Models (5)
Synchronizer
Background synchronization
PDAs
Cellular phones
Notebooks
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Usage Models (6)
Wireless Workspace
Wirelessly connected computer peripherals
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Usage Models (7)
Conference Table
Share and exchange data in the meeting room
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Usage Models (8)
Three in One Phone
One phone three functions
Intercom
Cordless
Cellular
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International 2.4 GHz ISM Band
Requirements
Channel bandwidth limited to 1 MHz
Spectrum spreading must be employed
Multiple uncoordinated networks may
exist and cause interference
Microwave ovens also use this band
2.4 GHz IC electronics must run at
high current levels
Bluetooth Solution
1 Mb/s symbol rate exploits
maximum channel bandwidth
Fast frequency hopping and short
data packets avoids interference
CVSD voice coding enables
operation at high bit error rates
Air interface tailored to minimize
current consumption
Relaxed link budget supports low
cost single chip integration
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Bluetooth Architecture
Logical Link Control &
Adaptation Protocol
Segmentation &
Reassembly
Multiplexing
Quality of Service
RF
Baseband
Audio
Link Manager
LMP
LMP
L2CAP
TCP/IP HID RFCOMM
Applications
Data
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
Link Manager Protocol
Setup and Management
of BasebandConnections
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Operates in the 2.4GHz ISM band
Optimised for cell phone-mobile device requirements
Multipoint-to-point connections
Link range
Nominal : 10cm-10m
Extension : 100m
Low power standby mode (park, sniff, hold mode)
Uses FHSS with TDD
Divides the frequency band into a number of hop channels
During a connection, radio transceivers hop from one channel to another in a
pseudo-random fashion
Hopping rate : 1600 hop/sec
Bluetooth Characteristics (1)
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Modulation : GFSK
Voice coding : PCM or CVSD
Error correction : 1/3 FEC code, 2/3 FEC code , ARQ scheme
Data rate : 1Mbps
Supports up to 8 devices in apiconet
Supportsscatternet
Built-in security : authentication and encryption
Non-line-of-sight transmission through walls and briefcases
Supports asynchronous services, easy integration of TCP/IP for
networking
Bluetooth Characteristics (2)
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Bluetooth Network
Piconet Scatternet
How to jump efficiently betweenpiconets?
Delay sensitive applications?
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Physical Channel
RF Channel
Europe, USA : 79 channel
J apan, Spain, France : 23 channel
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Connection Parameters
TDD
Frequency hopping
1600 hops/s
(625 s intervals)
1 Mbit/s gross data rate
TDD
Frequency hopping
1600 hops/s
(625 s intervals)
1 Mbit/s gross data rate
Voice Link
Synchronous
Forward error correction (FEC)
CVSD voice encoding
64kbit/s
Voice Link
Synchronous
Forward error correction (FEC)
CVSD voice encoding
64kbit/s
2.4 GHz, ISM band
79 (or 23) channels
Carrier spacing 1 MHz
Peak TX power 20 dBm
GFSK modulation
2.4 GHz, ISM band
79 (or 23) channels
Carrier spacing 1 MHz
Peak TX power 20 dBm
GFSK modulation
Data Link
Asynchronous
Fast acknowledge
Max. data rates
433.9 kBit/s (symmetric)
723.2 / 57.6 kbit/s (asymmetric)
Data Link
Asynchronous
Fast acknowledge
Max. data rates
433.9 kBit/s (symmetric)
723.2 / 57.6 kbit/s (asymmetric)
625 s
t
t
master
slave
f(2k) f(2k+1) f(2k+2)
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Mixed Link Example
MASTER
SLAVE 1
SLAVE 2
SCO SCO SCO SCO ACL ACL ACL
SCO: synchronous connection-
oriented link
Point to point between master and a
single slave
uses reserved time slots
can be considered as a circuit
switched connection
ACL : asynchronous connectionless
link
Point-to-multipoint between master
and all slaves
uses remaining time slots
packet switched connection
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Packets (1)
General Format
Access Code(72)
Header(54)
Payload(0~2745 bits)
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Packets (2)
Access Code
format(72bits)
Preamble(4)
Sync Word(64)
Trailer(4)
usages
synchronization
DC offset compensation
identification
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Packets (3)
Access Code Types
3 different types
CAC(Channel Access Code, 72 bits)
identifies apiconet (connection state)
DAC(Device Access Code, 68 bits : without trailer)
for page procedures (page, page scan, master/slave response)
IAC(Inquiry Access Code, 68 bits : without trailer)
for inquiry procedures
two IACs
GIAC : discover all the units in range
DIAC : discover only dedicated units in range
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Packets (4)
Sync Word is derived
masters LAP(CAC)
slave unit LAP(DAC)
reserved(GIAC) or dedicated(DIAC) LAP
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Packets (5)
Packet Header
contains LC information and consists of 6 fields
AM_ADDR : 3-bit active member address
TYPE : 4-bit type code
FLOW : 1-bit flow control
ARQN : 1-bit acknowledge indication
SEQN : 1-bit sequence number
HEC : 8-bit header error check
Total header : 18 bits * 3 (1/3 FEC) =54 bits
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Packets (6)
AM_ADDR
each slave is assigned a 3-bit address
7 slaves in apiconet is available
000 : for broadcasting packets
an exception is FHS packet which may use the all-zero member
address but is not a broadcast message
slaves that are disconnected or parked give up their AM_ADDR
TYPE
depends on the physical link type associated with the packet
reveals how many slots the current packet will occupy
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Packets (7)
FLOW
used for flow control over the ACK link
stop indication : 0
when RX buffer is full and not emptied
packets including only link control information(ID, POLL and
NULL packets) or SCO packets can still be received
go indication : 1
when RX buffer is empty
ARQN
unnumbered ARQN is used
ACK(ARQN=1) / NAK(0)
when no return message regarding acknowledge is received, a
NAK is assumed implicitly
ARQN is piggy-backed in the header of the return packet
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Packets (8)
SEQN
inverted for each new transmitted packet
discarded for the same SEQN later packet
has to be added due to a lack of packet numbering in the
unnumbered ARQN
HEC
8 bits generated by the polynomial 647(octal representation)
generator polynomial
D
8
+D
7
+D
5
+D
2
+D+1
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Packets (9)
for initialization
slave UAP is used
for FHS packets sent in master page response state
DCI(default check initialization, =0x00)
for FHS packets sent in inquiry response
master UAP
otherwise
procedure after the initialization
10 information bits are fed into the LFSR
S is set in position 2
8 parity bits are shifted out and appended to information
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Packet Types
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Common Packet Types (1)
ID packet(68 bits)
consists of DAC or IAC
is not defined by TYPE because ID has only access code
is used is paging, inquiry, and response routines
NULL packet(126 bits)
channel access code(72) +packet header(54)
is used to return link information regarding the success of the
previous transmission, or the status of the RX buffer(FLOW)
packet itself does not have to be acknowledged
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Sejong University
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POLL packet(126 bits)
similar to the NULL packet
requires a confirmation from the recipient
can be used by the master in a piconet to poll the slaves
upon reception of a POLL packet, the slave must respond with a
packet
should respond even if they do not have information to send
FHS packet(366 bits)
is used for frequency hop synchronization before the piconet
channel has been established, or when an existing piconet changes
to a new piconet
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Formats
126 bits(Access code+Header)
240 bits(2/3 FEC of [information(144) +CRC(16)])
a special control packet revealingBluetoothdevice address and the
clock of the sender
is retransmitted until ACK or a time-out exceeds
usages
page master response
inquiry response
master-slave switch
DM1(data-medium) packet
control message +regular user data
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Packet Summary (1)
Link Control Packets
ACL Packets
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Packet Summary (2)
SCO Packets
*. Items followed by D relate to data field only
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Error Correction Schemes (1)
3 error correction schemes
1/3 rate FEC
2/3 rate FEC
ARQ scheme for data
1/3 FEC code
3-times repetition
used for
the entire header
voice field in the HV1 packet
2/3 FEC code
(15,10) shortened Hamming code
generator polynomial
D
5
+D
4
+D
2
+1 (=65 in octal notation)
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procedure
all registers are set to 0
10 information bits are fed into the LFSR
S is set in position 2
5 parity bits are shifted out and appended to information
capacity
correct all single errors
detect all double errors in each codeword
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ARQ Scheme
DM, DH and the data field of DV packets are transmitted and
retransmitted until acknowledgement of a successful reception is
returned by the destination or time-out is exceeded
acknowledge is included in the header of the return packet, so-
called piggy-backing
only works on the payload in the packet (only that payload which
has a CRC)
ACK(ARQN=1) / NAK(ARQN=0)
the packet header and the voice payload are not protected by the
ARQ
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Logical Channels
LC
control channel
US
user channel
UI
user channel
UA
user channel
LM
control channel
low level link control information
ARQ, flow control,
payload characterization
packet header
control information
using DM packets
SCO/ACL link
L_CH : 11
synchronous user data
SCO link
L2CAP asynchronous user data
ACL link / SCO DV packet
L_CH
no fragmentation : 10
fragmentation : 10/01
supported by timing start packet
(at higher level)
ACL link / SCO DV packet
L_CH(at baseband)
same as UA
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BluetoothClock
CLKN/CLKE/CLK
CLKN
free running native clock, internal system clock
never adjusted and turned off, resolution is 312.5 s(=3.2kHz)
28bits counter
driven by
crystal oscillator in states with high activity
LPO(low power oscillator) in standby, hold, park state
Clocks (1)
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CLKE
estimated clock
a paging unit makes of the native clock of the recipient
--->speeds up the connection establishment
Clocks (2)
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CLK
master's CLKN
determines the timing and frequency hopping on the channel of a
piconet
the offsets in the slaves must be regularly updated
Clocks (3)
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Connection Procedure (1)
Standby
Waiting to join apiconet
Inquire
Ask about radios to
connect to
Page
Connect to a specific
radio
Connected
Actively on apiconet
(master or slave)
Park/Sniff/Hold
Low-power connected
states
Standby
Inquiry
Scan
Page
Scan
Inquiry Page
Master
Response
Inquiry
Response
Slave
Response
Connection
Unconnected
State
Park/Sniff/Hol d
Acti ve
State
Connecting
State
Low Power
State
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Connection Procedure (2)
Inquiry
Master
Page
Inquiry scan
Inquiry response
Slave
Master response
Page scan
Slave response
Connection
Connecting
state
Low power
state
Park/Sniff/Hold
Park/Sniff/Hold
Acti ve
state
Standby Standby
Connection
Unconnected
state
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Hop Selection
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Inquiry Procedure
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STEP 1 2 3 4 5 6
message Slave ID Slave ID FHS Slave ID
Poll
packet
Response
with any type
Hopping sequence Page
Page
response
Page
Page
response
Channel Channel
Access code and
Clock
Slaves Slaves Slaves Slaves Masters Masters
master Page Page
Master
response
Master
response
Connection Connection
State of
slave Page scan
Slave
response
Slave
response
Slave
response
Connection Connection

Page Procedure
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Sniff Mode
the duty cycle of the slave can be reduced
master can only start transmission in specified time slots
slave has to listen N
sniff attempt
times.
if slave receives a packet in one of the N
sniff attempt
, it should continue
listening as long as it receives AM_ADDR
once it stops receiving packets, it should continue
listening for N
sniff timeout
or remaining of theN
sniff attempt
Connection States (1)
sniff
T
: ;
attempt sniff
N
sniff
D
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Hold Mode
is used when
no need to send data for a relatively long time
to discover or be discovered by other units
to join other piconet
temporarily dont support ACL packets(SCO links will be supported)
prior to entering the hold mode, master and slave agree on the time
duration the slave remains in the hold mode
timer is initialized with the holdTO
when timer is expired, the slave will wake up, synchronize to the traffic
on the channel and wait for further master instructions
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Park Mode
is used when
no need to participate on the piconet channel, but still wants to remain
synchronized to the channel
to connect more than 7 slaves to a single master
slave gives up AM_ADDR
all messages sent to the parked slaves have to be carried by broadcast
packets(AM_ADDR=000)
receives two new address
PM_ADDR(8-bit) : unique
used in the master-initiated unpark procedure
can also be unparked by its 48-bit BD_ADDR
00000000 : reserved, can be only unparked by BD_ADDR
AR_ADDR(8-bit) : not necessarily unique
used in the slave-initiated unpark procedure
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Wakes up at regular intervals to
re-synchronize with the channel
check for broadcast messages
master can park an active slave through LMP
only a single slave at a time
before put into the park mode
assign PM_ADDR or AR_ADDR
when the slave is parked
beacon parameters are given
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Bluetooth Audio (1)
Voice Coding(air interface) : 64 kb/s
Voice Coding Quality(line interface)
64 kb/s log PCM
Log PCM Codec
using A-law, -law compression
compression : ITU-T recommendation G.711
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Bluetooth Audio (2)
CVSD Encoder
delta modulation
syllabic companding(slope overload effect)
input x(k) : 64 ksamples/s linear PCM
CVSD Decoder
Accumulator
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Bluetooth Audio (3)
Procedure
output
where
: compandingfactor
h, : decay factor
{ } ) 1 ( ) ( sgn ) ( = k x k x k b
) ( ) ( k hy k x =
=
otherwise
equal are bits output K last the in bits J if
, 0
, 1
=
= +
=
0 }, ), 1 ( max{
1 }, , ) 1 ( min{
) (
min
max min

k
k
k
<
=
0 ) ( }, ), ( max{
0 ) ( }, ), ( min{
) (
min
max
k y y k y
k y y k y
k y
) ( ) ( ) 1 ( ) ( k k b k x k y + =
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Bluetooth Audio (4)
64 kb/s CVSD Parameters
accumulator decay time constant : 0.5 ms
step size decay time constant : 16 ms
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Bluetooth Addressing (1)
Format of BD_ADDR
composition fields(48 bits)
LAP field : lower address part consisting of 24 bits
UAP field : upper address part consisting of 8 bits
NAP field : non-significant address part consisting of 16 bits
significant part
LAP, UAP
address space
2
32
BD_ADDR
AM_ADDR
PM_ADDR
AR_ADDR
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Access Codes
72(68)-bit access code
packet arrival indication
timing synchronization
offset compensation
configuration
types
IAC
DAC
page, page scan,
page response
LAP of unit BD_ADDR
inquiry operation
one GIAC
63 DIAC
CAC
piconet characterization
LAP of master BD_ADDR
SCO/ACL link
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Synchronization Word Definition
based on (64,30) expurgated block code
Hamming distance, d
min
=14
choosing 24 bits LAP
appending 6 bits
- 001101 if a
23
=0
- 110010 if a
23
=1
- improve autocorrelation
p(D) : PN sequence
p
34
p
63
XOR
p(D)=p
0
+p
1
D++p
62
D
62
- p
0
: LFSR first output
- append 0 to the MSB
p(D) = D
63
p(1/D)
(64,30) BCH block code
generator polynominal
- g(D)=(1+D)g(D)
- g(D) = 157464165547
- g(D)=260534236651
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Synchronization Word Procedure
DC-free four bits
preamble, trailer
+ =
+ =
2
1
3
0
1 ) (
) (
D D F
D D D F
Barker sequence
improve autocorrelation
+ + =
+ + =
4
1
5 3 2
0
1 ) (
) (
D D D B
D D D D B
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Active Member Address(AM_ADDR)
3 bits field
reserved AM_ADDR : all-zero(broadcast)
carried in the packet header
AM_ADDR assignment
connection establishment : FHS payload
unparking : unpark message
Parked Member Address(PM_ADDR)
parked slave unit
8 bits field
all zero PM_ADDR is reserved for parked slaves that only use their
BD_ADDR to be unparked
Access Request Address(AR_ADDR)
assigned to the parked slave units
not necessarily unique
determine the slave-to-master half slot in the access window
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Bluetooth Security (1)
Entities used for maintaining security(at application and link layer)
BD_ADDR
unique for each Bluetooth unit
publicly known
Authentication
key
referred to as link key
fixed 128 bits key size
relatively static
Encryption
key
derived from authentication key
configurable size (8~128 bits)
deal with different requirements
facilitate upgrade
relatively dynamic
RAND
derived from random or
pseudo-random process
change frequently
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Bluetooth Security (2) - Key Generation and Usage
PIN
E
2
Link Key
Encryption Key
E
3
Encryption
Authentication
PIN
E
2
Link Key
Encryption Key
E
3
User Input
(Initialization)
Permanent
Storage
Temporary
Storage
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Bluetooth Security (3) - Authentication
E1
BD_ADDR_B
Link Key Link Key
BD_ADDR_B
SRES_M
SRES_S
= ?
RAND
Verifier(Unit A)
Claimant(Unit B)
E1
LMP_au_rand
LMP_sres
Challenge-Response Scheme
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Bluetooth Security (4) - Encryption
Payload Key
Generator
Payload Key
Key Stream
Generator
+
Link Key
Address
Clock
Rand
Ciphering
Stream
Plain Text
Encrypted Text
Stream Cipher Algorithm
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LMP Functions
Piconet Management
ACL Link Setup
Detach
Master-Slave Switch
SCO Link Setup &
Removal
Low Power Modes
Hold
Sniff
Park
Link Configuration
Power Control
Quality driven use of FEC
Link Supervision Timer
Quality of Service
Polling Interval
Repetition of Broadcasts
Multi-slot Packets
Paging Scheme
Link Information
LMP Version
Supported LMP Features
Name Request
Timing & Clock:
Clock Offset
Slot Offset
Timing Accuracy
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Bluetooth System
B1 Packel Conlrol B1 Packel Conlrol B1 Packel Conlrol B1 Packel Conlrol
Whiteninq Whiteninq Whiteninq Whiteninq
} }} }
dewhiteninq dewhiteninq dewhiteninq dewhiteninq
FEC FEC FEC FEC
HEC HEC HEC HEC
Enoryption Enoryption Enoryption Enoryption
} Oeoryption } Oeoryption } Oeoryption } Oeoryption
CFC CFC CFC CFC
nteraoe nteraoe nteraoe nteraoe
& && &
buerinq buerinq buerinq buerinq
oontroller oontroller oontroller oontroller
8CO 8CO 8CO 8CO
port port port port
Payloa Payloa Payloa Payloa
d dd d
Buer Buer Buer Buer
BT olook BT olook BT olook BT olook
8ystem 8ystem 8ystem 8ystem
BT Paoket BT Paoket BT Paoket BT Paoket
Tx Tx Tx Tx
Fi|tor Fi|tor Fi|tor Fi|tor
Corro|ator Corro|ator Corro|ator Corro|ator
8ymbo| 8ymbo| 8ymbo| 8ymbo|
synonronizor synonronizor synonronizor synonronizor
8eleotion 8eleotion 8eleotion 8eleotion
box box box box
Fadio Control Fadio Control Fadio Control Fadio Control
ACL ACL ACL ACL
port port port port
F|ow F|ow F|ow F|ow
oontro| oontro| oontro| oontro|
LM LM LM LM
protooo| protooo| protooo| protooo|
Loqio Loqio Loqio Loqio
onanno| onanno| onanno| onanno|
MUX. MUX. MUX. MUX.
CV8O CV8O CV8O CV8O
Tx Tx Tx Tx
RF RF RF RF
PA PA PA PA
8}W 8}W 8}W 8}W
AOC AOC AOC AOC R88 R88 R88 R88
8yntnosisor 8yntnosisor 8yntnosisor 8yntnosisor
OC OC OC OC
oomp. oomp. oomp. oomp.
Rx Rx Rx Rx
RF RF RF RF
OAC OAC OAC OAC
LNA LNA LNA LNA
Fadio Fadio Fadio Fadio
Baseband Link Baseband Link Baseband Link Baseband Link
Manaqer Manaqer Manaqer Manaqer
Baseband Link Conlrol Baseband Link Conlrol Baseband Link Conlrol Baseband Link Conlrol
system olook reerenoe system olook reerenoe system olook reerenoe system olook reerenoe
Window Window Window Window
oontrol oontrol oontrol oontrol
Aooess oode Aooess oode Aooess oode Aooess oode
qenerator qenerator qenerator qenerator
BT address BT address BT address BT address
manaqement manaqement manaqement manaqement
ARQ ARQ ARQ ARQ
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