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Chapter 12
Blood & Cardiovascular
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Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
arteriole
venule
b. Capillary
Figure 12.1a, b, c
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The Arteries
The largest artery in the human body is the aorta.
Approximately 25mm wide Carries O2-rich blood from heart to other parts of body
The Capillaries
Join arterioles to venules
Play important role in homeostasis exchange of substances across thin walls
Oxygen and nutrients diffuse out Wastes and carbon dioxide diffuse into Water may also leave capillaries Excess fluid picked up by lymphatic system
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artery
arteriole
Figure 12.2
The Veins
Veins take blood from capillary beds to the heart. Damage to valves, due to aging or disease, may lead to blood pooling in the veins.
Varicose veins, hemorrhoids are caused by veins enlarging as blood pools and becomes visible at skin surface
process of clotting
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Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
fibrin threads
b . Blood clot
4,400
Blood Clotting
Damage to capillary begins cascade of clotting Clot is composed of network of fibrin threads and trapped cells (40+ factors) As damage heals, plasmin breaks down the clot
Figure 12.6b
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left subclavian artery left com m on carotid artery brachiocephalic artery superior vena cava aorta left pulm onary artery pulm onary trunk left pulm onary veins right pulm onary artery right pulm onary veins right coronary artery inferior vena cava left atrium left cardiac vein right atrium right coronary artery left ventricle right ventricle b. right cardiac vein left cardiac vein superior vena cava aorta pulm onary trunk left coronary artery
a.
Figure 12.10
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2. Left atrium
Two ventricles thick-walled; pump blood to lungs and body 3. Right ventricle 4. Left ventricle (Septum separates the right and left sides)
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left subclavian artery left com m on carotid artery brachiocephalic artery superior vena cava aorta left pulm onary artery pulm onary trunk left pulm onary veins right pulm onary artery right pulm onary veins
sem ilunar valve left atrium right atrium atrio ventricular (bicuspid) valve atrio ventricular (tricuspid) vave chordae tendineae papillary m uscles right ventricle septum left ventricle inferior venacava
Figure 12.11a
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Figure 12.11b
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Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis
Plaque is the accumulation of soft masses of fatty materials, such as cholesterol, beneath inner lining of arteries . Plaque interferes with blood flow by protruding into the artery lumen. Plaques can cause clots to form by allowing platelets to accumulate.
If clot breaks loose it becomes an embolus
If clot remains stationary it is a thrombus
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Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
coronary artery
atherosclerotic plaque
Figure 12B
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Hypertension
Hypertension is high blood pressure
Usually caused by a narrowing of the arteries Age, body size, athletic conditioning can influence normal variations in blood pressure Under age 45, a pressure above 130/90mm Hg is considered abnormally high
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Atherosclerosis and hypertension can weaken the walls of vessels, leading to an aneurysm.
Bursting of blood vessels can be fatal, especially if it occurs in large arteries.
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