Mark scheme(Trial Kedah 2007)

Section A:

Question 1

Question Description / answer M1 M2

1 (a)(i) Interphase 1 1

1 (a)(ii) X: Cell growth 1 3

Y: Duplication of DNA 1
Z: Preparation of cell for mitosis 1

1(b)(i) Able to draw an animal cell during anaphase

1 2
1

chromatid

Spindle fibre

centriole

Drawing: 1 mark
Label (any 2): 1 mark

1(b)(ii) Able to describe the behaviour of chromosome

in the diagram drawn 1 2
1. The two sister chromatids of each
chromosome separate at the centromere
2. The sister chromatids are pulled apart to 1
the opposite poles by the shortening of
the spindle fibres that connect the
chromosomes to the poles

1© Able to compare phase C (cytokinesis) of an

animal cell and a plant cell
Differences: 1 2
1. In animal cell, cleavage furrow forms
along equatorial plate, dividing the
parent cell into two but in plant cell new
cell wall develops along the equatorial
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plate of parent cell.

Similarities:
1. The parent cell / cytoplasm divides along 1
the equatorial plate

1(d)(i) Able to define the cancerous cell

1
A cencer cell is a cell when it divide by mitosis 1
repeatedly without conrtol and regulation

1(d)(ii) Able to describe how cancer cell is formed. 1 2

1. Cancer cell is form when a cell divide
by mitosis repeatedly without control
and regulation 1
2. It compete with the surrounding normal
cell to obtain nutrient and energy and
then intrude on and separate to other
tissues and make them mulfunction

13
Q2.

2 (a) P - Cervix
Q – Thoracic 3 correct
answers….2m 2 2
(b R - Lumbar 2 correct
) answers …1m
Drawing of side view of thoracic vertebra

2 2
R: Drawing …
……1m 1
(c) L: 2 correct 1
labels… 1m 1

(i) -provides surface for articulation with the ribs

-provides surface for attachment of muscles (in thorax) 1
(any one ) 1
(ii) Role of structure K / spinal cord: 1 2
-as CNS / integrating centre containing interneurones
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and synapse
(d -integrating / coordinating impulses passing through the
) synaps 1
-transmitting impulse from afferent neurone to efferent 1
neurone
( any two ) 1 3
How a verteral collumn is structured to facillitate movement :

- it consists of several vertebrae

(e) - joined together by vertebral discs / intervertebral joints
- make it / the vertebral collumn flexible / capable to bend 1
during movement
1 2
The importance of a corect position of body posture when ----
raising heavy object: 12

- preventing slip disc in the vertebral collumn / injuries to

spinal cord
- (injuries to spinal cord ) may result in partial / total
paralysis

Total

3 (a) X : Gill arch 1

Y : Filament 1 2

(b) (i)

Blood capillaries

lamella

• The diagram shows the lamella and the blood capillaries 1

1 2
• Lamella labelled correctly.
(ii) The process of respiratory gases exchange / exchange of dissolved O2 and 1 1
dissolved CO2.
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(iii) F1 : The wall of lamella is only one-cell thick. 1

P1 : the diffusion of respiratory gases / O2 and CO2 can occur readily / 1
efficiently / easily / faster.

F2 : (lamella) composes / consists of a (rich) blood capillary network. 1

P2 : provide blood supply to transport respiratory gases to and from the 1
lamella.

F3 : A large number of / many lamellae increases the total surface for the 1
exchange of respiratory gases. Any
P3 : Increase the intake of O2 and excretion of CO2 . 1 4 2(F+P)

(c) (i) A rise in water temperature increases the number of mouth opening per 1 1
minute / rate of respiration.

(ii) P1 : (Gold fish is a cold blooded animal), when the water temperature rise, 1
the gold fish’s rate of metabolism increase too.
P2 : oxygen demand increases and bring about / cause the increasing of the 1 2
number of mouth opening per minute / rate of respiration.

Total 12

4.

3 (a) (i) R- placenta 1

S- umbilical cord 1
T- amnion / amniotic fluid 1 3
(ii) The function of :

P – transport waste / excretory substances / urea, CO2 from 1

foetus to placenta / mothers blood
Q - transport nutrients , oxygen from placenta / mother’s 1
blood to foetus / foetal circulatory system
T - absorbs mechanical vibration / shocks // preventing 1 3
injuries to foetus due to mechanical vibration

Importance of the structure R for growth of foetus :

- provide medium for exchange of materials / substances 1

between foetal blood and mother’s blood
- as endocrine organ – producing progesterone and 1 2
oestrogen to sustain / maitain the structure / thickness of
uterine wall / preventing miscarriage
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Drawing of a part of the structure R:

Nutrient,
placenta oxygen

2 2
Capillary of villus
Urea, trophoblast
carbon
dioxide R: Drawing …………1m 1
L: 2 correct labels ……1m
1
Why there is a tendency for the baby to be a drug addict:
1 2
- Chemicals in the drug ( which is taken by the mother) is
diffuseable through the placenta and villus of trophoblast
- (And therefore) may pass into the foetal blood circulation ----
/ tissues 12
- The foetus becomes addicted to the drug when taken
continuosly for a long time (through his / her mother)
(any
two )

Total

Q5.

No Marking criteria marks

5a Able to name P,Q and R
Suggested answer
P: leguminous plant / example of a leguminous plant 1
Q: nitrates 1
R: denitrifying bacteria 1 3

b(i) Able to state the name of the microorganism

Suggested answer 1 1
Rhizobium sp /nitrogen fixing bacteria
(ii) Able to name the natural phenomenon that can convert atmospheric
nitrogen
to substance Q
Suggested answer 1 1
Lightning
c(i)
Able to suggest the type of the microorganism that is involved in process Y.
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Suggested answer 1 1
(ii) saprophytic bacteria / fungi // putrefying bacteria / fungi
Able to explain the role of the microorganism in the nitrogen cycle
Suggested answer 1
1. Saprophytic bacteria / fungi decompose protein in the dead plants
and animals / excretory products of animals 1
2. to ammonium/ simpler nitrogenous compounds/ ammonia which is
eventually converted to nitrates. 1 3
3. This increases the nitrate / nitrogen content of the soil.
d
Able to explain how a deficiency of Q in the soil affects plant growth.
Suggested answer 1
1 Root hairs absorb less Q/nitrates/nitrogen 1
// less Q/nitrates/nitrogen is available to be absorbed by plants. 1
2. Less chlorophyll / protein is synthesized. 1 3
3 Rate of photosynthesis decreases.
4 Plant growth is slow / retarded.

Any 3 correct

Sction B:

6.

Question Description of points / answers M1 M1

1 (a) Milk does not react with the enzyme in the mouth and enters the
stomach through the esophagus.

F1 : Digestive in the stomach 1

P1 : Gastric glands in the walls of the stomach secrete gastric
juice
P2 : Gastric juice which consists of mucus, hydrochloric acid and
the enzymes pepsin and rennin
P3 : Rennin coagulates milk by converting the soluble milk
protein caseinogen into the insoluble casein

Caseinogen enzyme rennin casein

P4 : casein is then hydrolysed by enzyme pepsin to pepton and

polypeptide.

Casein + water enzyme pepsin peptone + polypeptide

( any 2 P ) 2 3

F2 : Digestive in the duodenum 1

P5 : The enzyme trypsin hydrolysed peptone and polypeptide
into peptides
P6 : Fats in the milk is emulsified by the bile to broken down
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into tiny droplets // bile emulsifies fats by breaking up large

globules of fats into small fat droplets in order to increase the
surface area for the action to enzyme lipase
P7 : The enzymes lipase hydrolyses fat into glycerol and fatty
acids
Fats + water enzyme lipase glycerol + Fatty acids

( any 2 P ) 2 3

F3 : Digestive in ileum 1
P8 : The enzyme erepsin ( peptidase ) hydrolyses peptide to 1
amino acids

Peptide + water enzyme erepsin amino acid

P9 : The enzyme lactase hydrolses lactose to glucose and 1

galactose

Lactose + water enzyme lactase glucose + galactose

P10 : The enzyme lipase hydrolyses fats ( emulsified ) to 1

glycerol and fatty acids

Fats + water enzyme lipase glycerol + fatty acids

** The digestion of milk completed in the ileum

Total 10 marks

(b) ( i) Adaptation of the villi for absorption of digested soluble food

substances:

P 1 : The villi have microscopic projection in the epithelial cell 1

called microvilli
P 2 : Both the villi and the microvilli increase the surface area of 1
the ileum for absorption of soluble end product of digestion
P 3 : A dense blood capillary network at each villus 1
P 4 : Enables the food substances absorbed to be carried away
quickly 1
P 5 : The epithelial living of the villus in one-cell thick 1
P6 : Allows soluble food molecules to diffuse quickly into it 1
6 marks
Total

(b) (ii) F 1 : Absorbed by blood capillaries at the villus 1

P 1 : Blood capillaries at the villus absorb galactose(simple

sugar), amino acids,minerals, vitamin by simple diffusion through
the epithelium of the villus
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P 2 : These substances are carried by the hepatic portal vein to

the liver and then distributed to the body cells by the circulatory
systems 2
( any 1 P ) 1
F 2 : Absorbed by lacteal at the villus 1

P 3 : The products of fats digestion such as glycerol and fatty

acids as well as vitamins are absorbed into the lacteal of the villus
P 4 : From the ileum, the thoracic duct carries the contents of the
lacteal into the blood steam via the left shoulder vein ( left
subclavian vein ) and is then distributed into body cells by the 2
circulatory system. 4 marks
( any 1 P ) 1

Total

7.

Section B / Question 7
7 (a) (i) P1 : Lizard is a cold-blooded organism, 1
P2 : When the external temperature drops, the rate of metabolism of the
lizard decreases / become slow. 1
P3 : This / the decreasing in the rate of metabolism will bring about / cause 1 2 Any 2 Ps
the drop in body temperature of the lizard.

(ii) F1 : Human is a warm-blooded organism 1

P1 : Human able to regulate / maintain the body temperature through the 1
process of homeostasis.
F2 : (When the external temperature falls), the erector muscle in the skin 1
contract to raise the hair.
P2 : A layer of air will be trapped by the hairs and act as an insulator 1
to prevent the loss of heat from the body.
F3 : Vasoconstriction occur / blood capillaries in the dermis of the skin 1
constrict.
P3 : Less blood flow near to the surface of the skin, less heat loss from the 1
skin.
F4 : The adrenal gland is stimulated to secrete adrenaline. 1
P4 : (Adrenaline) bring the effect of raising the body’s metabolism rate to 1
produce / generate more heat.
F5 : Skeletal muscles contract causing the body shiver. 1 Any
P5 : Shivering generates heat to raise the body’s temperature. 1 8 4 (F+P)

(b) Individual X

P1 : During the running of the 100 m race, more energy required by the 1
body.
P2 : Demand of oxygen was insufficient.. 1
P3 : Anaerobic respiration took place. 1
P4 : Lactic acid was produced and accumulated in the body. 1
P5 : Oxygen debt occur / more oxygen is needed to break down the lactic 1
acid.
P6 : The heart pump faster to supply oxygen to the muscle / body cells. 1 5 Any 5 Ps
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Individual Y

P1 : Under the frightened / scared condition, body able to produce a 1

‘fight or flight’ response.
P2 : The receptor / eye send the impulse to brain. 1
P3 : The brain interpreted the information and send impulse to the adrenal 1
glands.
P4 : (Adrenal glands) secrete adrenaline. 1
P5 : Adrenaline able to increase the rate of the heartbeat / blood flow. 1
P6 : To transport / carry more oxygen and glucose to the muscle cells. 1
P7 : More energy will be produced / generated to fight / face the situation. 1 5 Any 5 Ps

8.

Question Description of points / answers M1 M2

8 (a) The phenomena that created the problems:
F1: air pollution 1
P1- industries / factories release acidic gases / SO2, CO2,
nitrogen oxide into atmosphere
P2- react with water vapour / dissolves in rain water forming
acid / sulphuric acid, carbonic acid, nitric acid
P3- forming acid rain / acid rain enters the soil / reduces pH
of soil / causes soil to be more acidic
P4- and destroys the root hairs / soil microorganisms /
putrifying bacteria and fungi
P5- the soil is no longer fertile for crop plants / agriculture
P6- acid rain is corrosive to metals / metal frames of
windows and doors / motor vehicles
( any 5 P ) 5 6
1
F2: Eutrification
P7- excessive fertilizer/ animals organic wastes from
agricultural lands / farming area flows into nearby river when
it rains
P8- the presence of more minerals / organic substances
promotes algal growth / growth of aquatic plants in the river /
algal bloom
P9- Decaefication of dead plants in the river reduces
dissolved oxygen / increases carbon dioxide in water 3 4
P10- which results in the increase of water BOD of the river
/ water pollution in the river
( any 3 P )
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8 (b) Justification of development of infrastructures, 1

urbanization and industrial practices on :
Disadvantages : 1
1
i) biodiversity of plants and animals
- deforestration and forest burning
- results in mass destruction of plants and animals
spesies 1
- some spesies may become distinc in the 1
ecosystem/ region 1
1 Max.2
ii) effect on wheather globally

- (deforestration and forest burning)

- releases CO2 / green house gases and water
vapour into air
- keeps / traps heat / infra red rays in the earth’s 1
atmosphere
- causes global warming 1 Max.2

iii) quality of air

- more of hydrocarbon gases and acidic gases / 1
smoke / dust particles suspended in the air 1
- but less oxygen

1 2
Advantages : 1
1
Mobility of peoples and transports
- faster and rapid / efficient
- faster delivey of goods / industrial products 1 Max.1
1
Reduce the rate of unemployment
- more job opportunities
- increases manpower / economy of the family
- less unemployment / social disasters / problems Max.2

Modern infrastructures and public facilities :

- better living for the citizens
- promote healthy life styles / prosperity // fostering Max.1
goodwill among the citizens

Tota 20
l
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9.

No Marking criteria marks

9(a) Able to explain why there is a variation of blood groups in the offspring
1. The ABO blood group in humans is controlled by three alleles IA, , IB
and Io. 1
2 Alleles IA and IB are codominant but allele Io is recessive. 1
3 Ahmad is heterozygous for blood group A // Genotype of Ahmad is IA, IO, 1
4 Amalina is heterozygous for blood group B // Genotype of Amalina is IB, 1
IO 1
5 Ahmad produces two types of sperms, one containing allele IA and the
other 1
containing allele IO .
6 Amalina produces ovum containing allele IO or allele IB
7 When the sperm containing allele IO fertilizes with the ovum containing 1
allele IO
the offspring produced will have the genotype IO IO 1
8 and the phenotype is blood group O.
9 Three of the children who have the blood group O are produced this 1
way and
they have the genotype IOIO 1
10 When the sperm containing the IA allele fertilizes with the ovum
containing 1
allele IB then the offspring produced will have the genotype IA IB
11 and the phenotype is blood group AB.
12 One of the children who have the blood group AB is produced this way 1
and
has the genotype IA, IB. 1
Any 10 correct points
10
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Parents Ahmad x Amalina

Genotype IA IO IB IO √ PT
3,4

PT 5., 6
Gametes√

IA IO IB IO
Fertilisation

Offspring
Genotype IAIB IOIO √ PT7.10
Phenotype blood group AB blood group B √ Pt 8,
11

If answer using diagram only maximum 7 marks

Marking criteria marks

9b Able to explain the effect of genetic engineering on man and the
environment
Suggested answer
Good effects
Agriculture
F1 Genetic engineering used to produce disease resistant/ pest resistant
plants
e.g legumes, peas and beans
P : Less pesticides are used
- less pollution to the environment
- better health for consumers.
P : increase yield of crops
- better livelihood for farmers.
- help to solve problems of insufficient food.
F2 : create crops with better nutrition value e.g tomatoes with higher
vitamin A content
- help to solve problems of malnutrition.
F3: create crops with longer shelf lives e.g tomato
- less food wastage
F4 : genetically modified livestock e. g cows
- produce meat with less fat / more milk.

Medicine
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F5 : genetically modified bacteria produce insulin

P ; for treatment of diabetis mellitus
F6: Genetically modified yeast to produce vaccine for hepatitis
P: for prevention of diseases.
F7: Gene therapy for treatment of genetic disorders/ diseases e.g
muscular dystrophy, rheumatoid arthritis, sickle cell anaemia
P: Defective gene removed and normal gene inserted.

Any 2F and P for agriculture,

any 1F and P for medicine Max : 6m 6

Bad effect
F1 Pest resistant genes may be transferred to weeds
P: may be difficult to control growth of weeds.
F2: Some transgenic crops may have animal genes
P : this may not be acceptable to certain groups for religious reasons.
F3: Genetically modified foods may be harmful to health
P: may activate human genes to cause cancer.
F4: Transgenic organisms may affect the survival of other organisms
in the ecosystem.
P: may cause the imbalance of nature / ecosystem
F5: Gene therapy used for the treatment of genetic disorder has its
limitations.
P : may not be acceptable because of religious and moral values.
: very costly

Any 2F and P 4
Max 4m

Total 10
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