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EIGRP Features

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Cisco proprietary Advance distance-vector routing protocol Diffusing update algorithm (DUAL) Administrative distance is 90-internal, 170-external Classless Support FLSM, VLSM, CIDR, Auto and Manual summary Metric = composite metric (32 bits) - Bandwidth, load, delay, reliability & MTU Updates are sent as multicast(224.0.0.10) or unicast

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EIGRP Features

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Technologies

Incremental / triggered update Fast convergence Max hops = 224 (default is 100 hops) Load balancing on 4 equal cost paths (Default) Max 16 paths (equal or unequal cost paths) It supports multiple routed protocols (IP, IPX, Apple Talk) EIGRP uses protocol no 88 Important Note: IGRP protocol has been discontinued from IOS ver 12.3 and above
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Key Technologies of EIGRP Neighbor discovery

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EIGRP sends hello messages to discover neighbors Reliable Transport Protocol (RTP) Guaranteed delivery of updates to its neighbor DUAL Algorithm It selects the best path and also remembers the alternate path if any exists Protocol Dependent Modules (PDM) EIGRP supports IPv4, IPv6, IPX, Apple Talk For each protocol it has independent module Separate hello message, neighbor and topology table for each of the above protocols
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EIGRP Database Neighbor table

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List of directly connected routers running EIGRP in same autonomous system Topology Table List of all routes learned from its directly connected neighbors Routing table List of best paths towards each destination

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EIGRP Database

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Neighbor Table of Router A Neighbor B C Interface S0 S1

1000 S0
S

B 1000

Topology Table of Router A Network NH B 10.0.0.0/8 C 1500 2500 AD 1000 FD 2000

A S1 1000

10.0.0.0/8

Routing Table of Router A Network 10.0.0.0/8 Next Hop B FD 2000

1500 C

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EIGRP Metrics are Backward-Compatible with IGRP

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EIGRP metric calculation EIGRP Metric

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= [K1 * BW + ((K2 * BW) / (256 load)) + K3 * delay] Formula with default K values (K1 = 1, K2 = 0, K3 = 1, K4 = 0, K5 = 0) If K5 not equal to 0 Metric = IGRP Metric * [K5 / (reliability + K4)] EIGRP Metric BW = (107/lowest Bandwidth in kbps)*256 Delay = (sum of total delay/10)*256

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EIGRP Metrics Calculation Example

Delay = 20000 s BW = 2000 K Delay = 20000 s BW = 256 K

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Technologies

S1

S0

S1

S0

B
E0

C
Delay = 1000 s BW = 10000 K

192.168.2.0/24 Delay is the sum of all the delays of the links along the paths: Delay = [delay in tens of microseconds] x 256 Bandwidth is the lowest bandwidth of the links along the paths: Bandwidth = [10,000,000 / (bandwidth in kbps)] x 256 A 192.168.2.0 Least bandwidth 256 kbps + Total delay 41,000 [[41000/10] x 256]

Composite Metric = [[10000000/256] x 256]

= 10000000 + 1049600 = 11049600

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EIGRP Packets

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Technologies

1. Hello 2. Update 3. Query 4. Reply 5. ACK

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Initial Route Discovery

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Technologies

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Configuring EIGRP

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To enable EIGRP as the IP routing protocol. Router(config)# router eigrp <AS No.>

Identifies attached networks participating in EIGRP. Router(config-router)# network network-id [wildcard-mask]

Defining the interfaces bandwidth for the purposes of sending routing update traffic Router(config-if)# bandwidth <kilobits>

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Diffusing Update Algorithm - DUAL

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Neighbor Table of Router A Neighbor B C Interface S0 S1

1000 S0
S FS

B 1000

Topology Table of Router A Network NH B 10.0.0.0/8 C 1500 2500 AD 1000 FD 2000

A S1 1000

10.0.0.0/8

Routing Table of Router A Network 10.0.0.0/8 Next Hop B FD 2000

1500 C

Feasible Successor = Second best AD < FD Successor

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DUAL

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Neighbor Table of Router A Neighbor B C Interface S0 S1

1000 S0
S FS S

B 1000

Topology Table of Router A Network NH B 10.0.0.0/8 C 1500 2500 AD 1000 FD 2000

A S1 1000

10.0.0.0/8

Routing Table of Router A Network 10.0.0.0/8 Next Hop B C FD 2000 2500

1500 C

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DUAL

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Neighbor Table of Router A Neighbor B C Interface S0 S1

1000 S0
S

B 1000

Topology Table of Router A Network NH B 10.0.0.0/8 C 3000 4500 AD 1000 FD 2000

A S1 1500

10.0.0.0/8 2000

Routing Table of Router A Network 10.0.0.0/8 Next Hop B FD 2000

Feasible Successor = Second best AD < FD of Successor

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DUAL

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Neighbor Table of Router A Neighbor B C Interface S0 S1

1000 S0
S S

B 1000

Topology Table of Router A Network NH B 10.0.0.0/8 C 3000 4500 AD 1000 FD 2000

A S1 1500

10.0.0.0/8 2000

Routing Table of Router A Network 10.0.0.0/8 Next Hop B C FD 2000 4500

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DUAL Stuck In Active

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Neighbor Table of Router A Neighbor B C Interface S0 S1

1000 S0
S

B 1000

Topology Table of Router A Network NH B 10.0.0.0/8 C 3000 4500 AD 1000 FD 2000

A S1 1500

10.0.0.0/8 2000

Routing Table of Router A Network 10.0.0.0/8 Next Hop B FD 2000

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Summarization

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Auto summary EIGRP does auto summary at major logical network boundary Manual summary EIGRP supports manual summary per interface basis Summary will be continued till the last specific route goes down Summary metric will be the best metric from specific route Router of the summary route will create a summary route pointing to null interface
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Summarization with Null Interface

10.10.1.0/24

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Technologies

A
10.10.2.0/24

Internet

S0 S1 S2

S4

S3

Routing table of D
Networks Int S0 S1 S2 null S4

C
10.10.3.0/24

10.10.1.0/24 10.10.2.0/24 10.10.3.0/24 10.10.0.0/22 0.0.0.0/0

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Configuring Route Summarization

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Turns off automatic summarization for the EIGRP process Router(config-router)# no auto-summary

Creates a summary address that this interface will generate. Router(config-if)# ip summary-address eigrp <as-number> <address> <subnet mask>

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EIGRP Load Balancing

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Routes with lowest equal metric are installed in the routing table (equal-cost load balancing) There can be up to sixteen entries in the routing table for the same destination: The number of entries is configurable The default is four Variance is configured for unequal cost load balancing Variance is the multiplier to FD of successor Default is 1(equal cost load balancing)

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EIGRP Unequal-Cost Load Balancing

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Allows the router to include routes with a metric smaller than the multiplier value times the metric of successor Router(config-router)# variance <multiplier>

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Variance Example

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Neighbor Table of Router A Neighbor B C D Interface S0 S1 S2

1000 S0 1000
S FS

B 1000 3500 D 10.0.0.0/8

Topology Table of Router A Network NH B 10.0.0.0/8 C D AD 1000 1500 3500 FD 2000 2500 4500

A S1

S2

1000
Routing Table of Router A Network 10.0.0.0/8 10.0.0.0/8 Next Hop B C FD 2000 2500

1500 C

? Variance = 2

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Router Authentication

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Many routing protocols support authentication Router authenticates the source of each routing update Simple password authentication is supported by: IS-IS OSPF RIPv2 MD5 authentication is supported by: OSPF BGP EIGRP

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