Q18.10 - In classless adressing, we know the first and the last...

If the first and the last addresses are known, the block is fully defined. We can first find the number of addresses in the block (N) and the find the prefix length (n) N n (last address) - (first address) ! " #$ - log$N

%lock& (first address)'n

P18.8 - in classless addressing, what is the (alue.. )tep " of # *he prefix can be found as n a. n b. n #$ - log$ " #$ $$ #$ - log$N&

#$ - log$ "+$, +

c. n #$ - log$$#$

Q19.12 - What are the source and destination I- addresses in a datagram... *he source I- address is the I- address of the router interface from which the original Idatagram is recei(ed. *he destination I- address is the I- address of the original source host that sent the original datagram. In other words, the reporting router in this case acts as a source host. *his pro(es that a router needs an I- address for each of its interfaces. P19.6 - Which fields of the I-(,... *he following fields can be changed from one router to another& a. ./0N& if there is option change b. *otal length& If fragmented or options change c. 1lags& If fragmented d. 1ragmentation 2ffset& If fragmented e. *ime-to-/i(e& decremented at each router f. .eader 3hecksum& Need to change because of other changes Q20.12 - In a (ery small 4s using 2)-1...

If the 4) is small, it is normally recommended to consider ir as only one area (the backbone area) to reduce the o(erhead of information exchange between areas. Q23.6 - In a network, the si5e of the send windows... We check each protocol one by one& a. *he protocol cannot be the )tp-and-Wait because the si5e of the send window should be " b. *he protocol can be 6o-%ack-N with the send window si5e of $+ and the recei(e window si5e of " packet c. *he protocol can be )electi(e-7epeat with the send window si5e of $+ and the recei(e window si5e of "+ P23.24- In a network using the )electi(e87epeat... *he following shoes the situation

a. *he sender has sent packets 9$ to 99: the recei(er is expecting only packet 9, in this set (packets 9$ and 9# ha(e already been recei(ed nd acknowledged). *his means there is only one pending packet, packet 9,. b. *he recei(er has sent 43;s 9$, 9#, 9< and 99, but the sender has recei(ed only 43k 9<. *his means 43;s 9$, 9# ans 99 are pending. Q24.6 - 3an you explain why we... *here are two parties in(ol(ed in a two-way communication. *3- allows each party to stop sending while the other party is still sending data. *his means we need at least two 1IN segments (or data segments in which the 1IN bit is set). )ince each 1IN segment should be acknowledged, we normally need four segments for connection termination. )ometimes the second 1IN segment can be combined with the 43; segment to reduce the number of segments to three. P24.14 - *3p is sending data at " megabyte per second.. *he largest number in the se=uence number field is $>? - ". If we start as @+++, it takes A($>?-")-@+++B'".+++.+++ ,$C< seconds. Q25.8 - 4 source socket address..

*he I- address identifies the source computer: the port number identifies the source process.