Wireless Personal Area N t Networks k (WPAN (WPANs) )

Sheng-Shih g Wang g Dept. of Information Management Minghsin University of Science and Technology
( )

Agenda ge da

WPANs Overview ZigBee Technology Overview IEEE 802.15.4 PHY IEEE 802.15.4 MAC ZigBee NWK

WPAN - 2

Agenda ge da

WPANs Overview ZigBee Technology Overview IEEE 802.15.4 PHY IEEE 802.15.4 MAC ZigBee NWK

WPAN - 3

New Trend of Wireless Technology gy

Most wireless industry y focus on increasing g high g data throughput A set of applications requiring simple wireless connectivity, relaxed throughput, very low power, short h t di distance t and d inexpensive i i

Industrial Agricultural Vehicular Medical etc

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Wireless e ess Markets a ets

TEXT GRAPHICS INTERNET LONG HI-FI AUDIO STREAMING VIDEO DIGITAL VIDEO MULTI-CHANNEL VIDEO

>

802.11b 802.11a/HL2 80 a/ & 80 802.11g g Bluetooth 2

LAN

<

RAN NGE

SHORT

ZigBee

Bluetooth1

PAN

LOW

<

DATA RATE

>

HIGH

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802.3 3 802.4 4 802.5 5 802.6 6 802.11 1

TG1 T TG2 T TG3 T TG4 T TG5 T

802.15

802.16 6 802.17 7

IEEE Project oject 80 802 Sta Standard da d

Data Li D ink Lay yer
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IEEE 80 802.15 5 Working o g Group G oup

IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Standards Committee

802.1 Higher Layer LAN Protocols Working Group

...

802.11 Wireless Local Area Networks Working Group

...

802.15 Wireless Personal Area Networks Working Group

802.16 Broadband Wireless MAN Working Group

802.17 Resilient Packet Ring Working Group

TG1 WPAN/Bl t th WPAN/Bluetooth Task Group

TG2 C Coexistence i t Task Group

TG3 WPAN Hi High hR Rate t Task Group

TG4 WPAN L Low R Rate t Task Group

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WPAN Spec

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Agenda ge da

WPANs Overview ZigBee Technology Overview IEEE 802.15.4 PHY IEEE 802.15.4 MAC ZigBee NWK

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Why y is s ZigBee g ee Needed? eeded

Unique q needs of sensors and control systems y

Dont need high bandwidth Low cost Low latency Very low energy consumption for long battery lives Large number b of fd devices i

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Features eatu es

Extremely y low cost Ease of installation Simple protocol

Approximate 1/4 of Bluetooths or 802.11s code

Short range g operation p Very low power consumption High g density y of nodes p per network Reliable data transfer

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Stack Architecture Stac c tectu e

ZigBee Alliance

250+ companies 250

Promoters, participants, and adopters

Define upper layers of protocol stack: from NWK to APL layer, layer including application profiles

IEEE 802.15.4 WG

Define lower lo er layers la ers of protocol stack: MAC and PHY

S Source: ZigBee Zi B Specification S ifi ti

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Applications pp cat o s
monitors it sensors automation control TV VCR DVD/CD remote

INDUSTRIAL & COMMERCIAL

CONSUMER ELECTRONICS

monitors diagnostics sensors

ZigBee
PERSONAL HEALTH CARE

LOW DATA-RATE RADIO DEVICES

PC & PERIPHERALS

mouse keyboard joystick

consoles portables educational

TOYS & GAMES

HOME AUTOMATION

security HVAC lighting closures

S Source: ZigBee Zi B Alliance Alli Inc. I

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Home o e Automation uto at o

Source: ZigBee Alliance Inc. WPAN - 14

Typical yp ca Traffic a c Types ypes

Periodic data

Application defined rate (e.g., sensors) Beacon system Application/external stimulus defined rate (e.g., light switch) it h) Beaconless system or device disconnection Allocation of time slots (e.g., mouse) Guaranteed time slot (GTS)

Intermittent data

Repetitive low latency data

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Co po e ts Components

Coordinator ( (ZigBee g router) )

Provide synchronization services through the transmission of beacons Main controller of a PAN A network t kh has exactly tl one PAN coordinator di t Any entity w/ IEEE 802 802.15.4 15 4 MAC and PHY interface

PAN coordinator (ZigBee coordinator)

Device (ZigBee end device)

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Device e ce Types ypes

Two different device types yp

Full Function Device (FFD) Reduced Function Device (RFD) Contain the complete set of MAC services Coordinator or device Contain a reduced set of the MAC services Device

FFD

RFD

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FFD vs. s RFD

Full function device (FFD) ( )

Any topology Network coordinator capable T lk to Talks t any other th d device i

Reduced function device (RFD)

Limited to star topology Cannot become a network coordinator Talks only to a network coordinator Very simple implementation

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Network et o Topologies opo og es

Star Topology Peer-to-Peer Topology

PAN Coordinator

Full Function Device Reduced Function Device Communication Flow

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Network et o Topologies opo og es (co (contd) t d)

Cluster Tree Topology
CID 5

PAN Coordinator

Cl t Head Cluster H d

CID 4

PAN Coordinator CID 1 CID 2

CID 3 Cluster ID 0

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ZigBee g ee Network et o Model ode

ZigBee g Coordinator ( (FFD) ) ZigBee Router (FFD) ZigBee End Device (RFD or FFD) Star Link Mesh Link

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General Ge ea C Characteristics a acte st cs

Dual PHY

2.4GHz and 868/915 MHz 250 kbps (@2.4 GHz), 40 kbps (@ 915 MHz), and 20 kbps (@868 MHz)

Data rates

Low duty-cycle L d l (< ( 0.1%) 0 1%) Energy efficient (the most important factor) Short h distance d

Typically operating in the Personal Operating Space (POS) of 10 meters

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General Ge ea C Characteristics a acte st cs (co (contd) t d)

Multiple p Topologies p g

Star topology and peer-to-peer topology CSMA-CA MAC protocol PAN coordinator periodically allocates guaranteed time slots (GTS) to low latency devices 16-bit short address 64 bit extended address 64-bit

Contention-based media access

Superframe structure (optional)

D Dynamic i device d i addressing dd i

Fully hand-shaked protocol for transfer reliability

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Addressing dd ess g Method et od

Each independent p PAN will select a unique q PAN identifier 64-bit extended address

All devices have unique extended addresses For direct communication in the PAN Allocated by the PAN coordinator when the device associates

16-bit short address

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Addressing dd ess g Method et od (contd) (co t d)

Star topology p gy

Network + device identifier Source/destination identifier Source/destination cluster tree + device identifier

Peer-to-peer p topology p gy

Cluster tree topology

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Agenda ge da

WPANs Overview ZigBee Technology Overview IEEE 802.15.4 PHY IEEE 802.15.4 MAC ZigBee NWK

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PHY Tasks as s

Activation and deactivation of the radio transceiver Energy detection within the current channel Link quality indication for received packets Clear channel assessment for CSMA-CA Channel frequency selection Data transmission and reception

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PHY Specification Spec cat o

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PHY Spec Specification cat o (co (contd) t d)

Two mandatory y PHYs

868 MHz/915 MHz DSSS + BPSK PHY (11 channels) 2450 MHz DSSS + O-QPSK PHY (16 channels) Channel numbering

1 channel (20Kb/s) in 868 MHz band 10 channels h l (40Kb/s) (40Kb/ ) within i hi 906-924 906 924 MHz MH band b d 16 channels (250Kb/s) in 2.405GHz band

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PHY Spec Specification cat o (co (contd) t d)

Two optional p PHYs

868 MHz/915 MHz DSSS + ASK PHY (11 channels) 868 MHz/915 MHz DSSS + O-QPSK PHY (11 channels) Channel numbering

1 channel (20Kb/s) in 868 MHz band 10 channels h l (40Kb/s) (40Kb/ ) within i hi 906-924 906 924 MHz MH band b d

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Channel C a e Pages ages

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PHY PDU U Format o at ( (PPDU) U)

Synchronization y header ( (SHR) )

Non-ASK

Preamble: 4 octets

32 binary zeros used for synchronization 10100111

Start of Frame Delimiter (SFD): 1 octet

ASK

Preamble (3.75, 5 octets) Start of Packet Delimiter (0 (0.625, 625 2 2.5 5 octets)

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PHY PDU U Format o at (contd) (co t d)

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PHY PDU U Format o at (contd) (co t d)

PHY header (PHR) ( )

PHY Header (8 bits)

aMaxPHYPacketSize

127

PHY payload l d

PSDU (0 to 127 bytes) Data field

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Receiver ece e Energy e gy Detection etect o ( (RED) )

Part of a channel selection algorithm g The ED time shall be equal to 8 symbol periods Report: an 8 8-bit bit integer ranging from 0x00 to 0xff

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Link Qua Quality ty Indication d cat o ( (LQI) Q)

A characterization of the strength g and/or / q quality y of a received packet Implemented using receiver ED, a signal-to-noise ratio estimation, or a combination of these methods Report: an 8-bit integer ranging from 0x00 to 0xff At least 8 unique values of LQ shall be used

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Clear C ea Channel C a e Assessment ssess e t (CC (CCA) )

CCA Mode 1: Energy gy above threshold

Energy detected is above the ED threshold Signal detected is below the ED threshold

CCA Mode 2: Carrier sense only y

CCA Mode 3: Carrier sense with energy above threshold

(Energy detected is above the ED threshold) AND/OR (Signal detected is below the ED threshold)

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Agenda ge da

WPANs Overview ZigBee Technology Overview IEEE 802.15.4 PHY IEEE 802.15.4 MAC ZigBee NWK

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MAC C Functionalities u ct o a t es

Beacon Management g

Beacon generation (for coordinators) Beacon synchronization

Channel access (slotted or unslotted CSMA-CA) Guaranteed time slot management (QoS) Acknowledgement frame delivery Security y mechanisms ( (AES) )

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Superframe Supe a e St Structure uctu e

Optional p use Superframe format is defined by the PAN coordinator The superframe

Bounded by network beacons Sent by the coordinator Divided into 16 equally sized slots

The h beacon b frame f is i transmitted i d in i the h first fi slot l of f each superframe

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Superframe Supe a e St Structure uctu e (co (contd) t d)

If a coordinator does not wish to use a superframe p structure it may turn off the beacon transmissions

Names as non beacon-enable network Use Unslotted CSMA-CA

The beacons are used to synchronize the attached d i devices, to t identify id tif the th PAN, PAN and dt to describe d ib the th structure of the superframes Any device wishing to communicate during the contention access period (CAP) between two beacons shall compete p with other devices using ga slotted CSMA-CA mechanism

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Superframe Supe a e St Structure uctu e (co (contd) t d)

The superframe p can have an active and an inactive portion The PAN coordinator may dedicate portions of the active superframe to some devices/applications

These portions are called guaranteed time slots (GTSs) Th GTSs The GTS comprise i the h contention i free f period i d (CFP)

The PAN coordinator may allocate up to 7 of these GTSs Frame Beacons Frame Beacons
Contention Access Period (CAP)
time
Contention Access Period (CAP)
Contention Free Period (CFP)

time

Superframe structure w/o guaranteed time slots

Superframe structure w/ guaranteed time slots

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Superframe Supe a e St Structure uctu e (co (contd) t d)

macBeaconOrder (BO) and macSuperframeOrder (SO)

macBeaconOrder - The interval at which the coordinator shall

transmit its beacon frames ( (0 ~ 14) ) macSuperframeOrder - The length of the active portion of the superframe, which includes the beacon frame (0 ~ macBeaconOrder)

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Superframe Supe a e St Structure uctu e (co (contd) t d)

The values of BO and the beacon interval ( (BI) ) are related as follows: BI = aBaseSuperframeDuration p 2BO symbols, y , if 0 BO 14 The values of SO and the superframe duration (SD) are related as follows: SD = aBaseSuperframeDuration 2SO symbols, if 0 SO BO 14
Note: If BO =15, the coordinator will not transmit beacon and the value of SO shall be ignored. (non beacon-enable network)

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Superframe Supe a e St Structure uctu e (co (contd) t d)

If SO = 15, , the superframe p will not be active after the beacon The active portion of each superframe shall be divided into aNumSuperframeSlots equally spaced slots of duration 2SO aBaseSlotDuration

aBaseSlotDuration B Sl tD ti = 2SO 60 symbols b l (variable) ( i bl ) aNumSuperframeSlots = 16 (fixed) aBaseSuperframeDuration = aNumSuperframeSlots aBaseSlotDuration = 16 2SO 60 symbols (variable)

The CAP shall be at least aMinCAPLength g ( (440) ) symbols

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CSMA-CA CS C Mechanism ec a s

Unslotted CSMA-CA

A device waits for a random period without carrier sense

O backoff One b k ff period d = 20 symbols b l (aUnitBackoffPeriod k ff d)

Step 1: random backoff Step 2: check channel status

Idle transmit its data Busy wait for another random period before retry

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CSMA-CA CS C Mechanism ec a s

Slotted CSMA-CA

It is similar to the unslotted CSMA-CA but follows the backoff slot boundary The backoff slots are aligned with the start of the beacon transmission Each device shall maintain three variables

NB (no. of backoff also known as retry count) (4) CW (contention window size, perform PHY CCA)

Initialization: CW=2

BE (backoff exponent)

BE is related to how many y backoff p periods a device shall wait

before attempting to assess a channel macMinBE : 0~3 (default: 3) aMaxBE : 5

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CSMA-CA CS C Algorithm go t (contd) (co t d)

For each transmission, , the MAC delay y for a random number of backoff periods in the range [0, 2BE - 1] If the number of backoff periods is greater than the remaining number of backoff periods in the CAP, the MAC shall pause the backoff countdown at the end of the CAP and resume it at the start of the CAP in the next superframe As backoff time is up up, the PHY performs a clear channel assessment (CCA) twice since CW = 2

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CSMA-CA CS C Algorithm go t (contd) (co t d)

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Data ata Transfer a s e Model ode

Device Coordinator Coordinator Device Device (coordinator) Device (coordinator)

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Device Coordinator

Beacon-enable network

Device finds the beacon to synchronize to the superframe structure, then uses slotted CSMA-CA to transmit its data Device transmits its data using unslotted CSMA CSMA-CA CA
coordinator network device
Beacon

Non beacon-enable network

coordinator
Data

network device

Data A k Acknowledgement l d Acknowledgement

(if requested) (if requested)

In a beacon-enable network

In a non beacon-enable network

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Coordinator Device

Beacon-enable network

The coordinator indicates in the beacon that the data is pending Device periodically listens to the beacon and transmits a MAC command request using slotted CSMA-CA if necessary

coordinator

network device

Beacon pending list Data Request Acknowledgement Data Acknowledgement

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Coordinator Device (contd) ( )

Non beacon-enable network

A device transmits a MAC command d request t using i unslotted CSMA-CA If the coordinator has its pending data, the coordinator transmits data frame using unslotted CSMA-CA Otherwise, , coordinator transmits a data frame with zero length payload

coordinator

network device

Data Request Acknowledgement Data Acknowledgement

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Peer-to-Peer ee to ee Data ata Transfer a se

In order to do this effectively, y, the devices wishing g to communicate will either need to be receiving constantly or they will need to synchronize with each h other th

In the former case, the device can simply transmit its data using unslotted CSMA CSMA-CA CA In the latter case, other measures need to be taken in order to achieve synchronization

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Channel C a e Scan Sca

Four channel scans

Active scan (FFD) Passive scan (FFD & RFD) Orphan scan (FFD & RFD) Energy detection scan (FFD)

Channels are scanned in order from the lowest channel number to the highest. F th For the d duration ti of f th the scan, th the d device i shall h ll suspend beacon transmissions All devices shall be capable of performing passive and orphan scans across a specified list of channels

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Active ct e C Channel a e Sca Scan

An active scan allows an FFD to locate any y existing g coordinator transmitting beacon frames within its POS This is used by PAN coordinator to select a PAN identifier prior to starting a new PAN, or it could be used by a device prior to association

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Passive ass e C Channel a e Scan Sca

Ap passive scan allows a device to locate any y coordinator transmitting beacon frames within its POS Passive channel scan could be used by a device prior to association

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ED a and d Orphan O p a Channel C a e Scan Sca

ED channel scan

FFD obtains the peak energy in each requested channel A prospective PAN coordinator selects a channel for a new PAN

O h channel Orphan h l scan

Allows a device to attempt to relocate its coordinator following a loss of synchronization

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Starting Sta t g a PAN

A PAN is started by y an FFD after

Successful active channel scan Suitable PAN identifier selection

The algorithm for selecting a suitable PAN identifier is not specified in the IEEE 802.15.4 standard The FFD sets macShortAddress to a value less than 0xffff

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Beacon eaco Ge Generation e at o

A device transmits beacon frames only y if macShortAddress 0xffff The FFD may either begin beacon transmission as the PAN coordinator of a new PAN or as a device on a previously established PAN All beacon b frames f shall h ll be b transmitted t itt d at t th the beginning of each superframe at an interval

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Device e ce Discovery sco e y

An FFD may y indicate its p presence on a PAN to other devices by transmitting beacon frames for discovering other devices

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Association ssoc at o

A device first p performs active or p passive channel scan, and then selects a suitable PAN An unassociated device sends an associate request command frame to the PAN coordinator and waits the returned acknowledgement frame

The coordinator Th di t makes k a decision d i i within ithi aResponseWaitTime symbols

The device receives an association response command frame with status code from coordinator

Success : contain a short address to the device Failure : sufficient resources are not available

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Disassociation sassoc at o

Initiated by y the coordinator

The coordinator sends the disassociation notification command frame to the device The receiving device confirms its receipt by sending an acknowledgment frame The device sends a disassociation notification command frame to its coordinator The coordinator confirms its receipt by sending an acknowledgment frame E Even if the th acknowledgment k l d t is i not t received, i d the th device should consider itself disassociated

Initiated by the device

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Frame a e Transmission a s ss o

Usage g of Source Address ( (SA) ) field and Destination Address (DA) field

SA field is not present, the originator is PAN coordinator DA field is not present, the recipient is PAN coordinator MAC shall compare the destination and source PAN identifiers

Both SA and DA addresses are present

Identical

Intra PAN subfield shall be set to 1 Source PAN identifier shall be omitted Intra PAN subfield shall be set to 0 Both destination and source PAN identifier fields shall be included

Different

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Acknowledgment g Request q Mechanism

Acknowledgement g request q (AR) ( ) subfield set to 0 Beacon frame Acknowledgment g frame Any broadcast frame
Originator MAC Recipient MAC Recipient next higher layer

Originator next higher layer

MCPS DATA request (AR = 1) MCPS-DATA.request

Data (AR = 1)

Acknowledgement MCPS-DATA.confirm MCPS-DATA.indication

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Retransmissions et a s ss o s

If direct transmission fails, the device retransmits the frame and d waiting iti for f the th ACK, up to a maximum of

Originator next higher layer

Originator MAC

Recipient MAC

Recipient next higher layer

MCPS-DATA.request

Data

Acknowledgement Success MCPS-DATA.confirm

MCPS-DATA.indication

MCPS-DATA.request

aMaxFrameRetries
times.

Data Retry data frame transmission up to aMaxFrameRetries times

MCPS-DATA.confirm MCPS-DATA.request

Fail after retry

Data Ack Retry data frame transmission up to aMaxFrameRetries times

MCPS-DATA.indication

MCPS-DATA.confirm

Fail after retry

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Message essage Seque Sequence ce C Chart at

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Extracting t act g Pending e d g Data ata

The beacon includes the p pending g address lists

The maximal number of addresses in pending list is

If the coordinator has enough g time to determine whether the device has a frame pending and is still able to send the ACK frame within macAckWaitDuration symbols, symbols it sets the actual frame pending subfield of the ACK frame macAckWaitDuration is dependent on the PHY

120 symbols, if 0 channel 10 (868/915MHz) 54 symbols, if 11 channel 26 (2.4GHz)

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GTS G S Allocation ocat o a and d Management a age e t

GTS is allocated by y the PAN coordinator Data frame transmitted in a GTS uses short address The PAN coordinator may allocate up to seven GTSs at the same time GTSs are allocated on a first-come-first-served basis For each GTS, the PAN coordinator records

starting slot, length (in superframe slots), direction, and associated device address starting t ti slot, l t l length, th and d di direction ti

For each allocated GTS, the device records

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GTS G S Allocation ocat o

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GTS G S Deallocation ea ocat o

If a loss of synchronization y occurs due to the loss of the beacon, the device shall consider all of its GTSs deallocated

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GTS G S Deallocation ea ocat o

GTS deallocation may y be initiated by y the PAN coordinator due to the expiration of the GTS On receipt of a beacon frame, the device shall immediately stop using the GTS

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GTS G S Reallocation ea ocat o

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GTS G S Expiration p at o

The PAN coordinator attempts p to detect when a device has stopped using a GTS using the following rules

For a transmit GTS (uplink), the PAN coordinator does not receive data frames from the device at least every 2*n superframes 2 For receive GTSs (downlink), the PAN coordinator does not receive ACK frames from the device at least every 2*n superframes f
(8-macBeaconOrder) n = 2(8 n=1

The value of n is defined as follows:

0 macBeaconOrder 8 9 macBeaconOrder 14

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General Ge e a Frame a e St Structure uctu e

802.15.4-2006 amendment

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Frame a e Co Control t o Field ed

Frame type yp

Beacon (000) Data (001) Acknowledgment (010) MAC command (011) Encrypted (1) N E No Encryption ti (0)

Security enabled subfield

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Frame a e Co Control t o Field e d (co (contd) t d)

Frame p pending g subfield

Device sending the frame has more data to send (1) No more data (0) Need ACK (1) Bypass ACK(0)

Acknowledgment request subfield

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Frame a e Co Control t o Field e d (co (contd) t d)

PAN ID compression p subfield

Both DA and SA are present, and the frame should contain only destination PAN identifier field (1) Both DA and SA are present, and the frame shall contain both destination and source PAN identifier fields (0)

Destination addressing mode subfield Source addressing mode subfield

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Sequence Seque ce Number u be Field ed

The sequence q number field is 8-bits in length g Beacon frame

Specify p y beacon sequence q number (BSN) ( ) Specify data sequence number (DSN)

Data, acknowledgment or MAC command frame

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PAN Identifier de t e Field ed

16-bit in length g Destination PAN ID

A value of 0xffff in this field shall represent p the broadcast PAN identifier which shall be accepted as a valid PAN identifier by all devices currently listening to the channel Appear in the MAC frame only if

Source PAN ID

Source addressing mode subfield = 1 PAN compression subfield = 0

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Address dd ess Fields e ds

Either 16- or 64-bits in length, g , according g to the value specified in the source/destination addressing mode subfield of the frame control field

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Individual d dua Frame a e Format o at

Beacon frame format

Data frame format

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Individual d dua Frame a e Format o at (contd) (co t d)

Acknowledgement frame format

MAC command frame format

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MAC C Command Co a d Frame a e Format o at

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Secu ty Security

Security y implementation p in the MAC sublayer y

Maintain an access control list (ACL) Use symmetric cryptography to protect transmitted frames The higher layers determine when security is to be used at the MAC sublayer, sublayer provide all keying material, material Key management, device authentication and freshness protection

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Security Secu ty Modes odes

Unsecured mode ACL mode

Access control (p (protect STA from being g attacked, , needs ACL) Data encryption (protect data from being resolved) Frame integrity (protect data from being modified) Sequential freshness (protect data from being replayed)

Secured mode

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Agenda ge da

WPANs Overview ZigBee Technology Overview IEEE 802.15.4 PHY IEEE 802.15.4 MAC ZigBee NWK

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NWK Responsibilities espo s b t es

Coordinator, , Router and Device Join and leave network Apply security to frames Route frame to destination Discovery and maintenance of routes Discovery of one-hop neighbors and storing of the neighbor g information

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NWK Layer aye Reference e e e ce Model ode

NWK layer y p provides NWK data service and NWK management service

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NLDE vs. s NLME

Network layer y data entity y( (NLDE) )

Generation of the network level PDU (NPDU) Topology specific routing Configure g a new device Start a network Join and leave a network Addressing Neighbor discovery Route discovery Reception control

Network layer management entity (NLME)

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Functionality u ct o a ty Description esc pt o

All ZigBee g devices Join a network Leave a network ZigBee routers and end devices shall provide the support of portability within a network

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Functionality u ct o a ty Description esc pt o (co (contd) t d)

Additional functionalities p provided by y ZigBee g coordinators and routers Permit devices to join the network Permit devices to leave the network

Participate in decentralized assignment of logical network t k addresses dd Maintain a list of neighboring devices

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Establish stab s A New e Network et o

ZigBee Coordinator APL ZigBee Coordinator NWK NLME-NETWORKFORMATION.request ZigBee Coordinator MAC MLMESCAN.request Perform energy detection scan MLMESCAN.request MLMESCAN.confirm Select channel, PAN ID and logical address MLMESET.confirm MLMESTART.request START t MLMESTART.confirm MLMESET SET.request t Perform active scan

MLMESCAN.confirm

NLME-NETWORKFORMATION.confirm

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Permit e t Devices e ces to Jo Join A Network et o

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Join A Network through Association --- Child Procedure P d

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Join A Network through Association --- Parent Procedure

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Join A Network Jo et o Directly ect y

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Jo o Join or Re-join e jo through t oug O Orphaning p a g --- Child Procedure

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Jo or Join o Re-join e jo through t oug O Orphaning p a g --- Parent Procedure

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Neighbor e g bo Table ab e

PAN identifier Extended address Network address Device type Relationship

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Neighbor e g bo Tables ab es (Optional) (Opt o a )

RxOnWhenIdle Extended address (any neighbor) Beacon Order Depth Permit joining Transmit Failure Potential parent Average LQI Logical Channel Incoming beacon frame timestamp Beacon transmission time offset
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Address dd ess Assignment ss g e t

Cskip(d) the size of the address sub-block Cm: the maximum number of children a parent may have Lm: the maximum depth in the network Rm: the maximum number of routers a parent may have as children depth (d)

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Address dd ess Assignment ss g e t Example a pe

The Cskip(d) values for an example network having nwkMaxChildren (Cm) =4 nwkMaxRouters (Rm) =4 nwkMaxDepth (Lm) =3

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Address dd ess Assignment ss g e t Example a pe

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Leave ea e A Network et o --- C Child d Initiate t ate

Child Procedure

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Leave ea e A Network et o --- C Child d Initiate t ate

Parent Procedure

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Leave ea e A Network et o --- Parent a e t Initiate t ate

Parent Procedure
Parent APL Parent NWK Parent MAC

NLMELEAVE.request (Deviceaddress) Check address and remove if it exist

NLMEDISASSOCIATE.request Disassociation procedure

NLMEDISASSOCIATE.confirm NLMELEAVE.confirm

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Leave ea e A Network et o --- Parent a e t Initiate t ate

Chile Procedure
Child APL Child NWK Child MAC

MLME MLMEDISASSOCIATE.indication

Compare address NLMELEAVE.indication

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Routing out g

Link cost

Routing g cost

C{P} = C{[ Di , Di +1 ]}
i =1

L 1

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Routing out g Tables ab es (Distance ( sta ce Vector) ecto )

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Routing out g Tables ab es (Distance ( sta ce Vector) ecto )

Route status field

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ZeeBee NWK Frame F Format t

General Ge e a NPDU U Frame a e Format o at

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Data ata Frame a e Format o at

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NWK Co Command a d Frame a e Format o at

Command Frame Identifier 0x01 0x02 0x03 0x04 0x05 0x06 0x07 0x00, 0x08 0xff

Command Name Route request Route reply Route error Leave Route Record Rejoin request Rejoin response Reserved

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Route oute Request equest Co Command a d

Route request q command frame format

Command options field

Sequence number for route request

Accumulate routing cost

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Route oute Reply ep y Co Command a d

Route reply p y command frame format

Command options field

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Route oute Error o Co Command a d

Route error command frame format

Error code field

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Leave ea e Co Command a d

Leave command frame format

Command options field

Bit #5 is set: device that is leaving from its current parent will rejoin the network Bit #6 is sit: sit request eq est fo for anothe another de device ice to lea leave e the net network ok Bit #7 is set: the children of the device that is leaving the network will also be removed

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Route oute Record eco d Co Command a d

Route record command frame format

Relay count field

The number of relays in the relay list field A list of the 2-byte short addresses of the nodes that have relayed the packet
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Relay e ay list st field ed

Rejoin ejo Request equest Co Command a d

Rejoin j request q command frame format

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Capability Capab ty Information o at o Field ed

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Capability Capab ty Information o at o Field ed

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Rejoin ejo Response espo se Co Command a d

Rejoin j response p command frame format

Short address field

The new short address assigned g to the rejoining j g device One of the nonreserved association status values specified in IEEE 802.15.4 standard

Rejoin status field

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References e e e ces

IEEE 802.15.4 WPAN Task Group p 4 (TG4) ( ) website: http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/15/pub/TG4b.html IEEE Standard for Information TechnologyTelecommunications and d information i f ti exchange h between b t systems t L Local l and d metropolitan area networks Specific requirements Part 15.4: Wireless Medium Access Control ( (MAC) ) and Physical y Layer y (PHY) ( ) Specifications for Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs), Sept. 2006. ZigBee Alliance ll website: b h http://www.zigbee.org // b ZigBee Specification (Document 053474r13), Dec. 2006.

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Th k you ! Thank

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