ALKENES OR OLEFINS * General formula of olefins is c"H2n. * Functional grou resent i!

"# $ #%& 'no(n as olefinic or et)*lenic grou . * l+,e formula of olefms R-#H $ #H.. * #ommon name/ Alkylene 0 I1,A# name is Alkene. * 2)e fIrst mem3er of al'ene series is #.H4& #H. $ #H.& 'no(n as et)*lene or et)ene. HH * In 5c $ #% 6i5 # $ # 3on7 7istance is 894A& 6iI5 # $ # f:"n7 energ* is 89; 'cal mole-t HH * 6ill5 $ #-H 3on7 7istance is 8.8OA& $ #-0-H 3on7 energ* is 8<= 'ca8 mole-I& 6i>5 H-#-# an7 H-#-H 3on7 angles are a ro:. 82<?& 6i>5 #.! molecule is lanar. * In #H. $ #H.& 3ot) t)e car3on ato@@lSA are spz )*3ri7i.e7. 8B * A " # _a # % 3on7 conta! one a an7 65.ne :n: 3on70 al'enes are )ig)l* reacti>e0 gi>e electro )ilic a77ition reactions. * Sta3ilit* of an al'ene increases (it) its increasing al'*lation. * Sta3ilit* or7er of al'enes is / R R R H R H 5#$#% " 5#$#6-- " 5#$#% " 5#$#% $// 5#$#H. R R R R H RH 6frans-5 6#is-5 RR H R R

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-'7""'-"" * R...,CH = CHz > CHz = CHz > CHz = CH-X(X = CI, Br or I). * Alkenes generally sho !os"#"on, $ha"n, r"ng-$ha"n an% geo&e#r"$al "so&er"s&. * I-B'#ene (C(Hs) an% )-B'#ene (C(Hs) are !os"#"on "so&ers. * Alkenes (CnH)n) are *'n$#"onal "so&er"$ "#h $y$loalkanes (CnH)n)' e.g., !ro!ene (CH+-CH = CHz, C,-) "s "so&er"$ "#h $y$lo!ro!ane (C,). * I-Alkenes %o ,o# sho geo&e#r"$al "so&er"s& .'# )-Alkenes %e*In"#ely e/h"."# cis-trans "so&er"s&. * Alkenes o* #y!e Cab = Cab, Cab = Cae an% Cab = Cae sho geo&e#r"$al "so&er"s&. * An alkyne $an .e hy%rogena#e% #o an alkene .y using 0"n%lar $a#alys# (1%,ClBa23()' 1% * R-C == C-R 4 Hz ... $"s-Alkene. (0"n%lar catlll*st5 Na CliD NlI9 * R-# $$ #-R E H. . trans-al'ene. * Alkenes $an .e !re!are% .y el"&"na#"on rea$#"ons s'$h as %ehy%rohalogena#"on o* alkyl hal"%es an% #hese el"&"na#"on rea$#"ons *ollo Saytzeff's rnle. * A$$or%"ng to Saytzeff's nIle, #he hy%rogen a#o& "s el"&"na#e% *ro& #ha# *+-$ar.on a#o& h"$h has leas# n'&.er o* hy%rogen atoms. * 2)e reagents generall* use7 for 7e)*7ro)alogenation are alc. KOH or NaNH.F liD NH9. * 2)e reacti>it* of al'*l )ali7es to(ar7s 7e)*7ro)alogenation follo(s t)e or7er/ R-I " R-Gr " R-#I " R-F. 88% !enes f1Ae forme7 3* 7e)*7ration of alco)ols. 2)e common 7e)*7rating agents use7 are HHSO4 conc. PzOs, H9,O4& Al.O9& 2)O.& Hncl.& etc. * Electrol*sis of so7ium or otassium salts of succinic aci7 in concentrate7 aDueous solution gi>es et).*lene !t ano7e. * Alkenes are slig)tl* @e! >D@atile t)an al'!es an7 melting oint as (ell as 3oiling oints of al'enes are slig)tl* )ig3er t)an t)ose of corres on7ing al'anes. * De to t)e resence of al'*l grou 6R5 is R-#H $ #H.& al'enes un7ergo su3stitutionA reactions an7 7ue to t)e resence of " # $ # % 3on7& t)ese s)o(A a77ition reactions. & * Gecause of unsaturation or " # $ # % grou & al'enes are more reacti>e t)an al'anes. Al'enes generall* gi>e electro )ilic a77ition reactions at t)e n-3on7. * Halogens a77 on al'enes gi>ing >icinal 7i)aloal'anes. * A ;B solution of Gr. in ##! is use7 as a test of unsaturationA in organic com oun7s. * Organic com oun7s containing" # $ # % an7For -# $$ #- 3on7 7ecolori.e Gr. in ##!. * Electro )ilic a77ition on al'enes is trans a77ition. * Rea$#"5"#y o* hy%rogen hal"%es to(ar7s an al'ene follo(s t)e or7er H/I " HGr " H#I " HF. * A77ition of hy%rogen )ali7es to an uns*mmetrical. al'ene ta'es lace in accor7ance (it) Iar'o(ni'offAs rule0 an7 a77ition ta'es lace >ia t)e formation of a more sta3le car3onium ion.

* IIi t)e resence of organic ero:i7es& t)e a77ition of H - Gr to uns*mmetrical al'enesAta'es lace against t)e Iar'o(ni'offAs rule0 t)is is 'no(n as peroxide or Kharasch effect. * In t)e resence of ero:i7es& t)e a77ition of HGr on uns*mmetrical al'enes follo(s free ra7ical mec)anism. * S*mmetrical al'enes 7o not s)o( ero:i7e effect. A * Among )*7rogen )ali7es& ero:i7e effect is o3ser>e7 onl* in case of a77ition of HGr to an al'ene. * #oncentrate7 HHSO4 cannot 3e use7 as a 7r*ing agent for al'enes 6an7 al'*nes5 3ecause t)ese &react c)emicall* (it) HHSO4. .

Jis)al Refres)er #ourse * 1n saturation in an organic com oun7 can 3e 7etecte7 3* a77ing al'aline KIn<4 t)e colour of ()ic) is 7isc)arge7 in t)e resence of unsaturation& a 3ro(n t. of InO. a ears. * 8B al'aline solution of KIn<4 is calle7 Gae*erAs reagent. . A * Gae*erAs reagent an7 OS<4 3ring a3out cis )*7ro:*lation of " # $ # % 3on7. * Iustar7 gas #H.#l-#H.-S-#H.-#H.-#I isa oisonous gas. * Iustar7 gas (as use7 as a (ar gas in (orl7 (ar I. * Et)*lene is use7 for ri emng of fruits& for re aring mustar7 gas& et)*l alco)ol& et)*lt/ne gl*col& 6an antifree.e5& et)*lene c)lori7e 6a sol>ent5& an7 et)*lene o:i7e 6a fumigant5. * Olefms containing t(o 7ou3le 6" # $ # %5 3on7s are calle7 Alkadienes in I1,A# s*stem. * # $ # $ # $ # is cumulati>e s*stem& # $ #-# $ # is conKugate7 s*stem an7 #$ #-#-# $ #- is isolate7 s*stem of 7ou3le 3on7s. * A conKugate7 s*stem of 7ou38e 3on7 is mere sta3le t)an t)e ot)er t(o s*stems. * 8& 9-Guta7iene contains a conKugate7 s*stem of 7ou3le 3on7s. & * #om oun7s )a>ing a conKugate7 s*stem of 7ou3le 3on7s s)o( mesomeric 6Resonance5 effect !n!-!n! conKugation5. * 8& 9-Guta7iene gi>es a3normal electro )ilic a77ition ro7ucts. * 8&9-Guta7iene gi>es 8& 2- as (ell as 8& 4-a77ition ro7ucts. * H*7ro3oration or )*7ro3oronation of 8-Al'enes gi>es 8-Al'anols 6)*7ration of a/ . al'ene contrar* to Iar'o(ni'offAs rule5. * O:*mercuration-7emercuration of 8-Al'enes gi>es 2-Al'anols. It is )*7ration of an al'ene in accor7ance (it) t)e Iar'o(ni'offAs rule. * O.onol*sis of an al'ene in7icates t)e resence an7 location of unsaturation in al'ene. * NGS 6N-Gromosuccinimi7e5 3rings a3out all*lic 3romination of an al'ene. * Iec)anism of all*lic 3romination of NGS is free ra7ical.