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UNIVERSITY OF NEW ORLEANS ENCE 2311, SECTION 602 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS LAB SPRING 2013

LAB REPORT No.1 JOHAN DREHER


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Objective: To determine and draw the stress strain curves for the steel and aluminum specimens tested; to determine the modulus of elasticity and yield stress for each of the two specimens. Equipment: Theory: &n order to desi n a structural or mechanical component, the en ineer must have enou h information to predict the 'ehavior of the materials used in the component. #ach material respond uni(uely when is su'mitted to a load or stress. One of the most practiced tests in en ineerin to determine the stren th and properties of materials is the tension test. The tension test is relatively simple. A specimen of the material, usually a round rod or flat 'ar is su'mitted to a controlled tension force. The machine that we are oin to use in this la'oratory test is the UHTM. & will e$plain in the ne$t lines the 'asic principle of this machine operation. The UHTM will pull the rod in a constant rate of ).)*+ in,min with the steel; and ).)- in,min with the aluminum. The computer will measure the necessary force to maintain these constant rates, and the instructor will 'e readin the elon ation values and the correspondent loads. The principal objective of the tension test is to determine the stress-strain diagram. The stress-strain diagram is very useful because it applies to the material in general; it is independent from the particular specimen. The load and elongation data obtained can be easily converted to stress and strain data using simple formulas. Normal stress () is defined as the force divided by the area perpendicular to the direction of the force (transversal area). That is: Tinius Olsen UHTM Steel specimen, Aluminum specimen Micrometer Ga e !unch "uler Hummer #$tensometer %ividers

Normal strain ( ) is e!ual to the elongation (") divided by the initial length of the specimen (#). $train is a !uantity %ithout units.

&ost components are designed to function elastically. 'or this reason( the relationship bet%een stress and strain in the initial linear section of the stress-strain curve is of particular interest for engineering materials. The ratio bet%een normal stress and normal strain is )no%n as the elastic modulus or *oung+s modulus( and is denoted by the symbol ,.

Note that the elastic modulus %ould be the slope of the stress-strain diagram in the elastic section. The elastic modulus is measure of the material stiffness. The stiffness defines ho% much stretching( compressing( bending( or deflecting %ill occur in a component in response to the loads acting on it. ,lastic limit is the largest stress that a material can stand %ithout any measurable permanent strain remaining after complete release of the stress. -hen the stress overcomes the elastic limit( the specimen %ill not go bac) to its initial length. 'or some materials( li)e steel( past the elastic limit( relatively large deformations %ill occur for small increases in stress. This behavior is called yielding. The yield strength is the stress that %ill induce a specified permanent plastic deformation in the material( usually ../0. That is a strain value of ..../. Procedure: .e tested two different specimens, so the procedure detailed 'elow was repeated twice. /irst we tested the steel and then the aluminum specimen. *. Measure the diameter of the specimen usin the micrometer. The professor too0 1 measures, in 'oth sides of the specimen and in the middle. An avera e of the three values must 'e calculated in order to have a 'etter appro$imation to the real diameter of the specimen. 2. The specimen was fi$ed in the a e punch and it was punched usin the hummer. As a result we had two holes in the specimen separated 2 inches from each other. These 2 inches will 'e the reference distance to measure the elon ation usin an e$tensometer.

1. The la'oratory technician fi$ed the e$tensometer in the two specimen3s holes. +. Secure the specimen with the e$tensometer in the UHTM. 4. 5ali'rate the e$tensometer 'efore 'e innin to apply the force. -. &nitiate the test increasin the force in a rate of ),)*+ in,min. 6. As the load reached each value in the data ta'le, the professor too0 read the elon ation value in the e$tensometer. 7. &n order to prevent the e$tensometer to 'rea0 alon with the specimen, the professor too0 it off when the elon ation reached the value of ).*) in. with the steel; and after reachin a load of 7))) l'. with the aluminum. 8. /rom this point, the professor and the la' technician continued measurin the value of the elon ation 9 manually usin a device called dividers. *). .e wrote down the data until the specimen crac0ed.

Data and results:


&n the ne$t two pa es are shown the data ta'les for steel and aluminum. The first two columns are the data that the professor read durin the e$periment. The columns that stand for strain and stress were calculated in e$cel usin the formulas already e$plained in the theory section.

Steel specimen
Diameters

Average: Final: Pmax (lb): Pfinal (lb): max (in): *+2)8 *))76 ).6*77

(in): ).4*)4 ).4)7).4)68 0.509 ).1**

Aluminum specimen
Diameters (in): ).4)61 ).4)62 ).4*)4 0.50833333 ).168-

Averag e: Final:

Pmax (lb): Pfinal (lb): max (in):

8*+7 6*7).18)-

Calculations

Discussion and Conclusions

.e were a'le to successfully determine the elastic modulus and draw the stress: strain dia rams for the steel and aluminum specimens. .e also could determine the yield stren th from the raphics. /or the steel it was very difficult to draw and calculate the elastic modulus, 'ecause the slope was almost a vertical line. There was no way to fi$ it modifyin the scale 'ecause there were so many data points. /or the slope calculations & had to use two data points, 'ecause it was impossi'le to read other points with accuracy. & had the same pro'lem for calculatin raphically the yield stren th. /or aluminum everythin was much easier 'ecause there were not that much data points and the slope of the raphic was entler. Accordin to my calculations, the elastic modulus for steel is 1)-812*6.2+ psi; and 82*)42-.1*- psi for aluminum. That means that my calculations of the elastic modulus have an error of 4.7+; and 6.78; for steel and aluminum respectively. <ecause of the already mentioned difficulties with the steel raphic, & calculated a yield stren th value of +6 0si. That means an error of 1).4-;. &n the other hand, for the aluminum specimen & found a yield stren th of +).4 0si. That means an error of *.24;.

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