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Acknowledgements
4 Recommendations for management of vitamin D
deficiency states We thank the many members of the Australian and New Zealand Bone and
Mineral Society (ANZBMS), Osteoporosis Australia (OA), the Endocrine
High-risk groups Society of Australia (ESA) and the Cancer Councils of Australia for their
• Elderly people, particularly in residential care suggestions and critical comments; the Australian Radiation Protection and
Nuclear Safety Agency for calculating the data and providing information on
• People with skin cancers or skin-related conditions where sun exposure times; and Dr Richard McKenzie (National Institute of Water
avoidance of sunlight is required and Atmospheric Research) for providing the New Zealand data. We also
• Dark-skinned people, particularly veiled women thank Professor BEC Nordin for critical appraisal of the final draft of the
position statement and Professor GC Nicholson (Chair, Medical and Scien-
• Patients with malabsorption syndromes
tific Affairs Committee, ANZBMS) for commissioning the project on behalf of
Optimal blood test ANZBMS.
• 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) (note that not all commercially- Consensus process: This position statement was developed by a working
available assays detect 25-OHD2 [vitamin D2 form] optimally) group commissioned by the ANZBMS and OA. The first draft was developed
by the seven members of the working group with expertise in bone health
Dietary sources of vitamin D and osteoporosis. Drafts were circulated to other experts in the area and also
• Fatty fish, such as mackerel and herring to the Cancer Council of Victoria for advice on sun exposure recommenda-
tions. The subsequent draft was posted on the ANZBMS website for
• Liver
widespread comment and feedback. Suggested revisions were incorporated
• Foods fortified with vitamin D (margarine and some milks) with consensus from each member of the working party. Further advice
Minimum sun exposure to prevent deficiency about sun exposure was provided by the Australian Radiation Protection and
Nuclear Safety Agency. The final manuscript was reviewed by Councils of the
• For most people, exposure of hands, face and arms to 1/3 minimal
ANZBMS, ESA and OA scientific affairs committees.
erythemal dose (MED) most days
• Older people require more frequent exposure
Dietary vitamin D required to prevent deficiency
Competing interests
• At least 200 IU (5 µg) (age < 50 years) or 600 IU (15 µg) (age > 70 None identified.
years) per day
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over-the-counter supplement. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 66-67. (Received 26 Nov 2004, accepted 24 Dec 2004) ❏