International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET)

Volume 2 Issue 9 pp 568-577 December 2013 www.ijsret.org ISSN 2278 0882

IJSRET @ 2013
PERISTALTIC TRANSPORT OF TWO IMMISCIBLE POWER LAW FLUIDS
IN A CIRCULAR TUBE WITH PERMEABLE WALL
S.Sreenadh
1
, P.Devaki
2
and D.Venkateswarlu Naidu
3
1
Department of Mathematics, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati- 517 502, A.P.
2
Department of Mathematics, Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering College, Tirupati-517 102, A.P.
3
Department of Mathematics, Dravidian University, Kuppam- 517 426, A.P.
ABSTRACT
The peristaltic transport of a power law fluid surrounded coaxially by another immiscible power law fluid in an
axisynmetric tube of radius a, with core thicknesso. The wall is subjected to periodic peristaltic movement with
wave speed c, wavelength and amplitude b and its instantaneous radius at any axial station Z is given =
( ). The flow becomes steady in the reference frame ( , ) moving in the direction of the wave
propagation with speed c, from the fixed frame (R, Z). Here velocities and stream functions are calculated in core
and peripheral layers. The flux is calculated as a function of pressure, peristalsis, interface, ratio of viscosity,
power law index present in the both core and peripheral layers respectively. The interface is calculated and the
effects of different parameter on the interface are discussed through graphs.
Key words: Immiscible fluids, Power Law, Peristalsis, Permeable, Ratio of viscosity
1. INTRODUCTION
Most low molecular weight substances such as organic and inorganic liquids, solutions of low molecular
weight inorganic salts, molten metals and salts and gases exhibit Newtonian flow characteristics, i.e., at constant
temperature and pressure, in simple shear, the shear stress is proportional to the rate of strain and the constant of
proportionality is the familiar dynamic viscosity . Such fluids are classically known as the Newtonian fluids. For
most liquids, the viscosity decreases with temperature and increases with pressure.
There are fluids that do not obey the simple relationship between shear stress and shear rate given by the
equation for a Newtonian fluid. These fluids have been given the general name non-Newtonian fluids. Many
common fluids are non-Newtonian. Examples are paints, solutions of various polymers, food products such as
apple Sauce and Ketchup, emulsions of water in oil or oil in water and suspensions of various solids and fibers in
a liquid paper pulp or coal slurries and the drilling mud used in well drilling. The properties of non-Newtonian
fluids to not lend themselves to the elegant and precise analysis that has been developed for Newtonian fluids. It
is reported that in general the flow of non-Newtonian fluids does possess some interesting, useful and even
exciting characteristics. In particular power-law fluids closely explain the behavior of food products such as apple
sauce and banana pure (Vajravelu et al.[1])
The study of peristalsis has received considerable attention in the last four decades mainly because of its
importance in biological systems and industrial applications. Several investigations have analyzed the peristaltic
motion of both Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids in mechanical as well as physiological systems. Peristaltic
pumping is a form of fluid transport, generally from a region of lower to higher pressure, by means of a
progressive wave of area contraction or expansion which propagates along the length of a tube. The mechanism
of peristalsis is used for pumping physiological fluids from one place in the body to another. Some electro-
chemical reactions are held responsible for this phenomenon. This mechanism is observed in swallowing of food
through the oesophagus, the movement of chyme through the small intestines, the colonic transport in the large
intestine, the passage of urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder through the ureter, the spermatic flows in the
ducts efferentes of the male reproductive tract, the movement of ovum in the fallopian tube and the vasomotion of
small blood vessels. Even some worms move peristaltically. The fluids present in the ducts of a living body are
usually called biofluids. The major industrial applications of this principle are in the designing the roller pumps
International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET)
Volume 2 Issue 9 pp 568-577 December 2013 www.ijsret.org ISSN 2278 0882
IJSRET @ 2013
which are useful in pumping machinery. For example biomechanical pumps are fabricated to save blood or
similar fluid from any possible contaminations arising out of the contact with the pump machinery while pumping
the fluid.
The study of flow through porous media is of considerable interest even in ground water engineering.
The river beds are extensively porous and hence the movement of underground water in the river bed can be
studied applying the theory of flow through porous media. The ground water can be pumped out not only to solve
the water scarcity problem but also to supply water for irrigation especially during offseason. Seepage of water
under a dam is another practical problem which requires the study of flow through porous media. Vajravelu et al.
[1] studied the peristaltic pumping of Herschel-Bulkley fluid in contact with a Newtonian fluid in a channel with
impermeable walls. Vajravelu et al. [2] studied the peristaltic transport of a Casson fluid in contact with a
Newtonain fluid in a circular tube with permeable wall. However, not much has been done for two fluid
peristaltic flows with permeable walls. In view of this, the peristaltic transport of biofluid comprising of two
fluids through a channel with permeable walls is of considerable importance in engineering and medicine.
Based on their experimental results on human faeces, Patel et al. [3] established that it behaves
rheologically as a non-Newtonian power-law fluid. An analysis of a model for the flow of chyme through the
small intestine has been carried out here by considering chyme as a power-law fluid surrounded by an immiscible
mucus layer treated as a power-law fluid having viscosity different from that of the core fluid. The mucus that
lubricates the passage of chyme, is the secretion of mucinous glands present in the innermost layer (called as the
mucous coat) of the intestinal duct. Our assumption of a non-Newtonian mucus layer is judicious as bronchial
mucus has been reported to be non-Newtonian by nature (G.D. Han and B. Barnett [4]). Brasseur et al. [5]
discussed the influence of a peripheral layer of different viscosity on peristaltic pumping with Newtonian fluids.
Usha and Ramachandra Rao[6] studied the peristaltic transport of two immiscible Newtonian fluids in a circular
tube. Most of the investigations reported deal with peristaltic transport of Newtonian fluids. But the rotating
viscometer data of Rand et al.[7], Bugliarello et al.[8] and Chien et al.[9] made the researchers to study on the
non-Newtonian behaviour of biofluids such as blood. Lew et al. [10] reported that chyme is a non-Newtonian
material having plastic like properties. Bugliarello and Sevilla [11] and Cockelet [12] have experimentally shown
that blood has a peripheral layer of plasma and a core region of suspension of all the erythrocytes when it flows
through small blood vessels. Raju and Devanathan [13] made a theoretical investigation for blood flow by
considering blood as a power-law fluid. Shukla and Gupta [14] studied the peristaltic transport of a power-law
fluid with variable consistency. Srivastava and Srivastava [15] made a study on the peristaltic transport of blood
by considering blood as a two-layered fluid model consisting of a central layer of suspension of erythrocytes, as a
casson fluid and peripheral layer of plasma as a Newtonian fluid. Srivastava and Srivastava[16] investigated
peristaltic transport of power-law fluid and gave its applications to the ductus efferentes of the reproductive tract.
Usha and Ramachandra Rao[17] made a theoretical study of peristaltic transport of two layered power-law fluids.
Vajravelu et al [18], investigated on peristaltic transport of two immiscible conducting fluids between two
permeable beds. Peristaltic transport of a biofluid in a nonuniform tube with permeable wall was studied by Usha
et al.[19].
Here peristaltic flow of two immiscible power-law fluids is investigated, the velocity fields and equation
for the interface separating the fluids are obtained. The results are discussed through graphs.
2. MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION
Consider the peristaltic transport of a power law fluid surrounded coaxially by another immiscible power
law fluid in an axisynmetric tube of radius a, with core thickness o. The wall is subjected to periodic peristaltic
movement with wave speed c, wavelength and amplitude b and its instantaneous radius at any axial station Z is
given = ( ). Then the flow becomes steady in the reference frame ( , ) moving in the direction of
the wave propagation with speed c, from the fixed frame (R, Z) given by
'
' '; ' ;
i i
z Z ct r R w W c = = = +
International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET)
Volume 2 Issue 9 pp 568-577 December 2013 www.ijsret.org ISSN 2278 0882
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under the conditions of constant pressure difference across the wavelength, we assume that the length of the tube
being an integral multiple of the wavelength.
We choose Ostwald de Waele power law model
1
.
i
n
i i i
m

| |
=
|
\ .
where
i
is the apparent viscosity,
i
m is the consistency function and
'
.
i
i
w
R

c
=
c
is the rate of deformation and
i
n is the fluid behavior index. Subscript i=1 denotes the core fluid and i=2 refers to the peripheral layer fluid. A
shear thinning fluid, characterized by a decreasing apparent viscosity with increasing shear rate is obtained for
1 1
i i
n and n < > for a shear thickening fluid. We note that this non-Newtonian power-law model is one of the
most widely used models which fits the experimental data for many materials (Kakac, Shah & Aung [21])also.
The equations of motion under negligible curvature and inertia are
1
1
i
n
i i
i
W W p
R m
Z R R R R

| |
c c c c
=
|
|
c c c c
\ .
0
p
R
c
=
c
(1)
Using the non-dimensional quantities
, ) '
' '
; , ; '
H z
r z c
r z h t t
a a
= = = = ,
1
1
1 '
1
1
1
; ; '
n
i
i n
w H a
h w p p
a c m c
+
= = = ,
1 1 0
r
m r h = s s ,
2 1
2
1
1
n n
r
m c
m m h r h
m a

| |
= = s s
|
\ .
(2)
In equation (1) we get
1
1
i
n
i i
r
w w p
m r
z r r r r

| |
c c c c
=
|
|
c c c c
\ .
, (3)
where m is a non dimensional quantity which yields the ratio of the consistency parameters and the single fluid
case corresponds to m=1, n
1
=n
2
. The boundary conditions are
0
i
w
r
c
=
c
at r = 0 (4a)
2 1
1
B
w w = + at r = h (4.4b)
, )
, )
2
2
1 1 1
1
B
n
w
w Q
r
Da

+
c
=
c
at r = h (4c)
1 2
w w = at r = h
1
(4d)
1 2
1 2
n n
w w
r r

c c | | | |
=
| |
c c
\ . \ .
at r = h
1
(4e)
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The conditions (4d) and (4e) at the fluid interface are the continuity of the velocity and the stress across it.
Solution
Integrating (4.2) and using the boundary conditions (4.4), we get
, ) , )
2 2 1 2 2 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1
1 1
1 2
1
2 2 1 2 2 1
k k k k k k
B
r h h h
P P P P
w w
k k
+ + + +

= + + +
+ +
, )
2 2 2
1 1 1
2 1
2
1
2 2 1
k k k
B
r h
P P
w w
k
+ +

= + +
+
(5a)
where
2
2
1
1 1
, ( )
2
k
k
B
dp Ph Da
P w Q
dz
+
= = + and
1
i
i
k
n
= and now 1, 1
i i
k k > = and 1
i
k < correspond to
shear thinning, Newtonian and shear thickening fluids respectively. The flow rate q across any cross section is
independent of z under lubrication approach and is given by
2
1
1 2 2
1
1
3 3 3
2 2 1 1
1
1 2
2 2 3 2 2 3
k
k
k k k
B
h h h P P P P
q h h w
k k

+ + +

= +
+ +
(6)
where q
1
and q
2
are the core and peripheral layer flow rates respectively. The dimensionless average volume flow
rate Q over one wavelength is obtained as
2
0 0
1
T H
i
Q rwdrdt
a cT
=
} }
, )
1 1
2
0 0 0
1
h
i
r w drdx q h dx = = +
} } }
(7)
The elimination of q from (6) and (7) followed by integration of P with respect to z over one wavelength yields a
relation between Q and p A . This relation can not be presented explicitly as P is not known explicitly as a
function of h
1
and Q. The prescription of one of these quantities serves as a boundary condition at the ends of the
tube.
The solutions in terms of the stream functions can be obtained by using the conditions
1
0 = at r = 0
and
2
q = at r h = in (4.5) as
, )
, ) , )
2
1 1 1
2 2
1
1
1 1 1
1 1 2
1 1
1
1
1 1 2
2 3
1
2 2 2 1 3 2 2 1
k
k k k
k k
B
r h K
r p p p p h h
w
K K k

+ +
+ +
(
| | + | |
= + + + (
|
|
|
+ + +
( \ .
\ .

(8a)
, ) , )
, ) , )
1 2 3 2 2 1
1 3 2
2 2 2 2
2 3 2 1
1 1
2
2 1 2 3
2
2 2 2 2
k k k k
B B
r k r h k h
q h r h w r w p p
k k

+ +
+
+ +
+ +
( +
+ +
= +
(

(8b)
This steam function reduces to that for a Newtonian fluid given when m=1 and k
1=
k
2
= 1 given by Jaffrin et at.
[22]
International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET)
Volume 2 Issue 9 pp 568-577 December 2013 www.ijsret.org ISSN 2278 0882
IJSRET @ 2013
3. THE INTERFACE
The equation for the interface is obtained from the condition
1
1
2
q
= or
1
2
2
q
= at
1
r h = . Substituting
1
1
2
q
= in (4.8a) we get
, )
, ) , )
, ) , )
2 2 1
1 2
2 2 1 2
1
3 3 2
2
1 2 1 2 1
2 2
2 3 1
2
2 2 2 2 2 3 1
B
W
h h k
k k k
h k h h k h Q Q p
k k
+
+
+ +
+ + +
= +
+ +
(9)
Where
2
Q q h = + and
2
1 1
Q h =
Using (6) the pressure gradient
dp
dz
is obtained as
, ) , )
1/
1/
2 2
1
1
2 1
3
2 3
( ( 3) )
k
k
k k
k
k
q h h Q k
p
p
z
F k h Da

+ +
+
+ +
c
= =
c
+ +
(10)
where
1
( 1)
j k j
j
F h h = +
Using (10) in (8), we get the stream functions to be
, )
, )
2 2 2
1 1
1 1 1
3
1 2 3
2 1
k k B
B k
k
r q h h w
w r k F
k F

+
+
+

+
( = + + + +

(11a)
, )
, )
, ) , )
2 2 2 2
2 2
1
3 2 1 3 1
2
3
2 3 1
2 2 1
B
k k k B
k
q h r w r h
q h h w
r k r h k h
k F

+ + +
+
+ +
+
( = + + + + +

+
(11b)
The equation for the interface is given by
, ) , ) , ) , ) , ) , ) , )
5 1 2 2
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1
k k k
B B
L h k w h k q h h w
+

= + + +

, ) , ) , )
1 2 2 3
1 1 1
1 2
k k
B
k q q h h w h
+
(
+ + +

, ) , ) , ) , ) , )
2 2 1 3 2 3
1 1 1 1 1
3 1 1 0
k k k
B B
q h h w k h w k h h q k h
+ + +

(
+ + + + + =

(12)
This equation has to be solved for h
1
at each z in (0, h(z)). The core flow rate q
1
is determined by substituting
z=0, h=1, and h
1
= in (4.14) . Solving for q
1
we get
, )
, ) , )
, ) , )
2
2 1 3
2
1 1 1
1 3
3 2 3
2
1 1
k k
a
B
k k
Q k k k
q w
k

+
| |
(
+ + +
|

\ .
= +
(
+ +

, ) , )
, ) , )
2 3 3
1
1 3
3 1 2
1 1
k k k k
B
k k
k
w
k


+ +
+
( ( + +

+
(
+ +

(13)
International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET)
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IJSRET @ 2013
Fig1: Physical Model
Fig 2: Variation of p with Q for different values of amplitude.
Fig 3: Variation of p with Q for different values of slip Parameter .
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
-0.1 0.1 0.3 0.5
p
=0.03
=0.3
=3
0
50
100
150
200
250
-0.1 0.1 0.3 0.5
p
Q
=0.4
=0.5
=0.6
z
r
h1
h(z)
Power Law
Fluid
Power Law
Fluid
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Fig4: Variation of interface with the axis for different values of amplitude ratio.
Fig5: Variation of interface with the axis for different values of viscosity ratio.
Fig6: Variation of interface with the axis for different values of power-law index.
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
0 0.5 1
h1
z
=0.4
=0.5
=0.6
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
0 0.5 1
h1
z
=0.2
=0.4
=0.6
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
h1
z
k=0.5
k=1
k=5
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Fig7: Variation of velocity with radius for different values of Slip Parameter.
Fig8: Variation of velocity with radius for different values of Darcy number.
Fig9: Variation of velocity with radius for different values of power-law index k
1
.
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
Radius
Velocity
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
Radius
Velocity
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
Radius
Velocity
=0.03
----- =0.3
_ _ _ =3
Da=0.1
----- Da=0.2
_ _ _ Da=0.3
k1=2
----- k1=2.5
_ _ _k1=3
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0
Fig10: Variation of velocity with radius for different values of viscocity ratio.
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS:
The peristaltic transport of two immiscible Power-Law fluids in a circular tube with permeable walls is
investigated. The effects of different parameters on the velocity profiles, the shape of the interface and the
pressure rise are discussed. Here the equation of the interface is obtained.
The variation of pressure rise with time averaged flux is calculated for different values of amplitude ratio
and is shown in fig (2). It is observed that as the amplitude increases, the pressure rise increases for a given flux.
Further for a given p, the flux increases with increasing amplitude ratio. The variation of pressure rise with time
averaged flux is calculated for different values slip parameters, which is shown in fig (3). It is observed that
observed that as the slip parameter increases, the pressure rise increases for a given flux. Also as the flux
increases the pressure rise decreases.
The shape of the interface for different amplitude ratios is shown in fig (4). High amplitude gives rise to a
thicker core layer in the first half wave length of the channel region and it gives rise to a thinner core layer in the
second half wave length region of the channel. The shape of the interface for different viscosity ratios is given in
fig (5). As the viscosity ratio increases the Shape of the interface also increases. Shape of the interface for
different Power-law index is shown in fig (6). As the power-law index increases the shape of the interface
decreases.
The variation of velocity with radius for different slip parameters is depicted in fig(7). Here we observe
that as the slip parameter increases the velocity also increases. In fig (8) we notice the variation of velocity with
radius for different Darcy numbers is observed. Here as the Darcy number increases, the velocity is decreasing.
From fig(9) we notice that as the power-law index increases, the velocity is also increasing. We observe from
fig(10) that as the viscosity ratio increases the velocity is decreasing.
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1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
Radius
Velocity
=2
----- =2.5
_ _ _=3
International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET)
Volume 2 Issue 9 pp 568-577 December 2013 www.ijsret.org ISSN 2278 0882
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