SUMMARY SHEET: COMPLEX NUMBERS Engineering Maths II (ECS408U/MAE111), 2012

Denition: The Number j j= Powers of j j 2 = 1, 1 The modulus is a positive denite number. Division: (a + jb)(c jd) (ac + bd) j (bc ad) z1 = = 2 + 2 z2 (c + jd)(c jd) (c + d2 ) (c + d2 ) Argand Diagram: A complex number (a + jb) can be represented as a point (a, b) on a x-y plane. The x axis is called the real axis and the y axis is called the imaginary axis. Polar Form The point (a, b) can be given in polar coordinates (r, ), with r distance from the origin, and angle made with the x axis. Sometimes polar form is written using the following notation: z = r . z = a + jb = r(cos + j sin ) where r is just the modulus of the complex number: r= and sin = a2 b , + b2 cos = a2 a . + b2 a2 + b2 = |z |

j 3 = j 2 j = j

j 4 = (j 2 )2 = (1)2 = +1, j 5 = j 4 j = j 1 j 1 j 1 = = 2 = j, j 2 = 2 = 1 j j j 1 1 j 3 = 2 = j, j 4 = j 2 j 2 = +1 j j . . . and so on. Complex Numbers: A complex number is written z = a + jb where a is the real part of the complex number, and b is the imaginary part of the complex number. Complex Roots of a Quadratic: Using the formula for the roots of a quadratic equation: ax2 + bx + c = 0, x= 1 b 2a b2 4ac

When (b2 4ac) < 0, there are no real roots to the equation, instead the roots are complex. This formula can also be used when a, b and c are complex. Algebra of Complex Numbers: Equality: two complex numbers are equal if both real and imaginary parts are separately equal. For z1 = a + jb, and z2 = c + jd, z1 = z2 a = c, and b = d

is the argument of the complex number, written as arg z . is not unique, since the angles + 2k (k integer, k = 0) are also arguments for the same complex number. The principal value for the argument is dened so that < . Exponential form: z = r ej But note also, that for integer k, z = r ej (+2k) . Useful cases: 2 = 3 = 2 = 2 = : : : : + j sin = j 2 2 ej = cos + j sin = 1 3 3 3 ej 2 = cos + j sin = j 2 2 ej 2 = cos 2 + j sin 2 = +1 ej 2 = cos

Addition & Subtraction: added/subtracted separately

Real and imaginary parts are

z1 + z2 = a + jb + (c + jd) = (a + c) + j (b + d) z1 z2 = a + jb (c + jd) = (a c) + j (b d) Multplication: z1 z2 = ac + jcd + jbc + j bd = (ac bd) + j (ad + bc) Complex conjugate and modulus: If z = a + jb, then the complex conjugate is dened as z 1 = a jb (ie: change sign of imaginary part). Notice the bar symbol over the variable name. The modulus of a complex number is dened as | z | = a2 + b 2 = z z
2

Logarithm of complex number: From exponential form, ln(z ) = ln r + j de Moivres Theorem For z = ej = cos + j sin : (cos + j sin )n = cos(n) + j sin(n)

Text Book References Mathematics for Engineers Croft & Davison Ch 10 Engineering Mathematics Stroud (4th & 5th Editions) Programmes 1,2 1

Complex Numbers