Learning Objectives: The human population has been growing rapidly for centuries.

What is happening and, most important, what will happen to all of us and our planet if this continues? After reading this chapter, you should understand that . . . * Ultimately, there can be no long-term solutions to environmental problems unless the human population stops increasing; * Two major questions about the human population are (1) what controls its rate of growth and (2) how many people Earth can sustain; * Modern medical practices and improvements in sanitation, control of disease-spreading organisms, and supplies of human necessities have lowered death rates and accelerated the net rate of human population growth; * Although the death rate has declined, so more people live longer, the rapid increase in the human population has occurred with little or no change in the maximum lifetime of an individual, which is still less than 120 years; * In general, countries with a high standard of living have moved more quickly to a lower birth rate than have countries with a low standard of living; * Although we cannot predict with absolute certainty what the future human carrying capacity of Earth will be, an understanding of human population dynamics can help us make useful forecasts;

1: List the symptoms and vectors (how spread) of the following disease: * H1N1 (Swine Flu): Mexico -was found in pigs, birds, people * West Nile Virus: spread by mosquitos, which bite infected birds ingest then bite people * SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome): begin in china -wild animal to human beings => chin a has a lot of travelers

2: Why are diseases that affect humans expected to increase in the future? People will tend to live in places that has unknown disease. 3: Define the following: * Population Dynamics: general study of population change * A Population: same species living in the same place and same time * Species: individual that can interbreed * Demography: statistical study of human population 4: What are the 5 key properties of any population? Abundance, birth rates, death rates, growth rates, age structure 5: What are the 4 phases of the human population? Stage 1 hunters and gatherers: from the first evolution of humans to the beginning of agriculture (low population) Stage 2 Early Preindustrial Beginning sometime 9000 B.C. and 6000 B.C. and lasting until approx. the16 century (population reaching 100 millions) Stage 3 the Machine Age: Beginning in the 16th century (1800= 900 mill peop. 1960 =3bill peop.) Stage 4 The Modern Era: Beginning in the Middle 20th century 6: Define the following terms: CRUDE = population age structure is not taken account *Crude Birth Rate: # of birth of births per 1000 individual per year *Crude Death Rate: # of deaths per 1000 individuals per year *Crude Growth Rate: net # added per 1000 individual per year, = crude birth rate minus crude death rate * TFR (Total Fertility Rate): the average # of children expected to be born to a woman throughout her childbearing years * Doubling Time: (define and calculate?) = Time for the population to double its size * Life Expectancy Rate: the avg. # of years an indiv. can except to live given the indiv present age. * GNP Per Capita: gross national product (GNP) includes the value of all domestic and foreign output

7: What is the S-shaped or Logistic Growth Curve? The graph would level off 8: Explain this equation: P2 = P1 + (B - D) + (I - E) => actual numbers in a population P1 = # of indiv in a population at time1 P2 = # of indiv in pop. At some later time 2 B = # of births in the period from time 1 to time 2 D = # of deaths from time 1 to time2 E = # leaving as emmigrants 9: Explain this equation: g = (B -D)/N or g = G/N => growth rate of a population 10: What does an age-structure pyramid show? The age structure pyramid show the how many people lived in that certain age. 11: Summarize (one paragraph) The Prophecy of Thomas Malthus: The Prophecy of Thomas Malthus was that he made arguments on simple premises. He has said that food is necessary for people to survive, children will continue to born becase the passion of sexes, and the power of the population is greater than the power of Earth to produce substances. His thought arent neccecarly wrong or right, but he prophecy is reliable since it is true. 12: What is the demographic transition? Three stage pattern of change in birth rates and death rates that has occurred during the process of industrial and economic development of Western nations 13: What is the difference between a maximum lifetime and life expectancy? Life Expectancy Rate: the avg. # of years an indiv. can except to live given the indiv present age Maximum life = maximum possible age to which an individual of a species can live 14: Which country has the highest life expectancy? Who is 2nd? Macua 84 Japan 82.1

15: What is the life expectancy of the United States? 78 yr old

16: Which country has the shortest life expectancy? Swaziland 32 17: When discussing the carrying capacity of the Earth- What are the: * Short-Term Factors: Distruption of food distribution in a country * Intermediate-Term Factors: Desertification *Long-Term Factors: Soil erosion 18: Explain how the carrying capacity of the Earth is a combination of science and of values. People can live as big as China, but it is also what kind of life we want. 19: What is the simplest and most effective means of slowing population growth? Delay of having a baby 20: Three characteristics of a population are the birth rate, growth rate, and death rate. How has each been affected by (a) modern medicine, (b) modern agriculture, and (c) modern industry? Modern medicince help the death rate to slow it and made the growth rate up Modern agriculture helps birth rate to go up and growth rate. Modern industry helps both birth and growth rate. 21: What is meant by the statement What is good for an individual is not always good for a population? consuming 22: What environmental factors are likely to increase the chances of an outbreak of an epidemic disease? If new agriculture 23:What is the demographic transition? When would one expect replacement-level fertility to be achievedbefore, during, or after the demographic transition? When the countrt goes to next stage in population. after 2.1

24: Based on the history of human populations in various countries, how would you expect the following to change as per capita income increased: (a) birth rates, (b) death rates, (c) average family size, and (d) age structure of the population? Explain A) B) C) D) High Low medicine 3 peopl -5 people depends on countries More in the bottom people still want get babies