Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
REVISION OF BUILT-UP AREAS IN A GIS USING SATELLITE IMAGERY AND GIS DATA
Andreas Busch
Federal Agency for Cartography and Geodesy
Richard-Strauss-Allee 11
D 60598 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
e-mail: busch@ifag.de, WWW: http://www.ifag.de
KEY WORDS: GIS Update, Small-Scale, Image Analysis, Texture, Linear Feature, Point Detection
ABSTRACT
In general, built-up areas or populated places are signicantly changing within the revision interval of a GIS (Geographic Information
System) or map. In this paper we present a method by means of which built-up areas are extracted from panchromatic satellite images of
SPOT and IRS-1C and which makes use of the available information about built-up areas in the GIS. The method has been developed for
small-scale maps or GIS where built-up areas are represented by their outline stored as a closed polygon. The texture of built-up areas
in satellite images is characterized by a high spatial density of very short linear features. This density is used to classify built-up and
non-built-up areas. The decision is made by a threshold estimated from training sites which are derived from the built-up areas stored in
the GIS. The suitability of the method is demonstrated using SPOT and IRS-1C data as examples.
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background
BASIC IDEAS
D. Fritsch, M. Englich & M. Sester, eds, 'IAPRS', Vol. 32/4, ISPRS Commission IV Symposium on GIS - Between Visions and Applications,
Stuttgart, Germany.
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Andreas Busch
3 pixels.
gx y = k0 + k1 x + k2 y + k3 x2 + k4 xy + k5 y2 :
(1)
k ::: k
gxy
:::
k
k4
k4
2k5
0
H B
@
=
@ 2 gx y @ 2 gx y
@x2
@x@y
@ 2 gx y @ 2 gx y
@y@x
@y2
1
C
A
=
2 3
(2)
x=0
y=0
k4
k5 , k3
+ 1 arctan k4
2
2
k5 , k3
1
arctan
if
jk3 j jk5 j
if
jk3 j jk5 j
(3)
8
=
=4
=4
undened
: ambiguous
k
k 6
k ^ k3 = k5
k ^ k3 = k5 :
^k k
,k
if sgn 3 = sgn 4
if sgn 3 = sgn 4
if 4 = 0
3 = 5
if 3 =
5
k
k
(4)
max
k3 sin2
+ 4 sin
cos
+ 5 cos2
(5)
D. Fritsch, M. Englich & M. Sester, eds, 'IAPRS', Vol. 32/4, ISPRS Commission IV Symposium on GIS - Between Visions and Applications,
Stuttgart, Germany.
Andreas Busch
The window size has to be large enough to contain a signicant number of feature pixels.
= +
2
(6)
cmin = k3 sin2
(7)
The fraction
c
= jjc jj 2 0 1
min
(8)
max
=1
D. Fritsch, M. Englich & M. Sester, eds, 'IAPRS', Vol. 32/4, ISPRS Commission IV Symposium on GIS - Between Visions and Applications,
Stuttgart, Germany.
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Andreas Busch
Figure 7: Training sites (black) for built-up areas derived from Fig.
6 by morphological erosion.
From the GIS data (Fig. 6) we generate two sets of training sites,
one for the built-up areas and one for the non-built-up areas. The
training sites for the built-up areas are produced from the populated places stored in the GIS, but they are reduced in size, i.e.
a margin along their outline is deleted (Fig. 7). The width of the
margin depends on the size of the geometric distortions of the GIS
data. This shrinking operation can be done in an image processing system by using morphological lters, or in a GIS system by
a buffer function. To generate the training sites for the non-builtup areas the populated places stored in the GIS are expanded to
ensure that the enlarged sites cover the area inuenced by geometric distortions and by the growth of the built-up areas since the
last data revision. This enlargement must be done for populated
places that are stored by a symbol only, too (Fig. 8). Again, the
tools used are morphological lters or a buffer function. All sites
that are not covered by the enlarged populated places taken from
the GIS serve as training sites for the non-built-up areas (Fig. 9).
The size of the enlargement or shrinking depends on several parameters, e.g. the geometric accuracy of the GIS or map, the expected rate of change since the last revision of the data, and map
standards. The objective of the creation of the training sets is to
obtain training sets that represent one class only and that are inuenced as little as possible by the other class.
3.2
D. Fritsch, M. Englich & M. Sester, eds, 'IAPRS', Vol. 32/4, ISPRS Commission IV Symposium on GIS - Between Visions and Applications,
Stuttgart, Germany.
Andreas Busch
90000
"Built-Up Areas"
"Non-Built-Up Areas"
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
20
40
60
80
100
Post-Processing
4 EXAMPLES
4.2 IRS-1C Data
4.1
SPOT Data
The data of this example come from a SPOT HRV scene of February 22, 1992, with 10m 10m pixels. Fig. 11 shows the part of the
scene that covers our test site. The training sites for built-up and
non-built-up areas are depicted in Figs. 7 and 9. From the SPOT
data we have extracted edges and then deleted those of a length of
more than 3 pixels. We have determined the density of the remaining short edges using a window size of 15 15 pixels. The result of
applying 36 as a threshold, which has been obtained from Fig. 10,
is documented by Fig. 12. Eliminating small regions and the lling
of small holes up to a size of 2000 pixels leads to Fig. 13. In Fig.
14 the result is compared to the GIS data. It demonstrates that all
populated places have been detected. There is only one dot from
the GIS data at the left margin the corresponding region of which
has been eliminated due to its small size which is caused by the
fact that it has been truncated by the border of the image. Large
regions at the airport in the lower left quadrant of the image have
been correctly detected as built-up areas. But they are not stored
in the GIS as populated places, which is correct, too. Hence, this
discrepancy is a consequence of the different denitions of populated places as stored in the GIS and built-up areas as extracted
by our method. A detail of the result is given by Fig. 15. It illustrates the accuracy of the method and its suitability for GIS update.
D. Fritsch, M. Englich & M. Sester, eds, 'IAPRS', Vol. 32/4, ISPRS Commission IV Symposium on GIS - Between Visions and Applications,
Stuttgart, Germany.
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Andreas Busch
Figure 13: Result after the lling of small holes and the elimination
of small regions.
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
50
100
150
200
250
300
D. Fritsch, M. Englich & M. Sester, eds, 'IAPRS', Vol. 32/4, ISPRS Commission IV Symposium on GIS - Between Visions and Applications,
Stuttgart, Germany.
Andreas Busch
Future work will concern the use of more than one feature, the correlation of densities of several features, decisions based on more
than one thresholded feature image, and the contribution of feature density images to a texture classication jointly with other
texture features. Another important goal is the development of a
knowledge-based system by the incorporation of more information
from the GIS to distinguish, e.g. populated places and built-up areas.
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Andreas Busch