Electronic Notes and Work Sheets

Chapter 34. Eulers Equation (pp. 3035, 2830, i!on"

#. $%solute &otion 's. (elati'e &otion Example: Centrifugal Compressor

Gorla & Khan; pp.

C2
)elo*it+ ,e*o-position %ase, on the a%solute & relati'e -otions

)elo*it+ .rian/le0 C=1+) (elati'e 'elo*it+0 ) $%solute 'elo*it+0 C 2eripheral 1 = r 'elo*it+0

)2
12

r
2

3 4 r
1

1#
C# )
#

a streamlin e along a vane

5-peller an, i66users &eri,ional (*rossse*tional" 'ie7

)elo*it+ .rian/le in a (otor

passage

8uestion #0 what are the absolute motion and relative motion in a turbomachine? 9our ans7er is0______________________________________________________________ 8uestion 20 what decides the magnitude and direction of the peripheral velocit! "1#? 9our ans7er is0______________________________________________________________ 8uestion 30 what decides the direction of the relative velocit! ")#? 9our ans7er

is0______________________________________________________________

2. $ :e*on, &etho, to e*o-pose the $%solute )elo*it+ (C" C = Ca+ C; + C(

Ca <$!ial *o-ponent o6 C C7 <;hirl or tan/ential *o-ponent o6 C C( <(a,ial *o-ponent o6 C

$t the entran*e0

C# = Ca# + C;# + C(#

$t the e!it0

C2 = Ca2 + C;2 + C(2

)elo*it+ ,e*o-position

C(

%ase, on the =a!ial>, =7hirl> an, =(a,ial> *o-ponents.

r
1

C Ca C7

34

3. $ .hir, &etho, to

e*o-pose the $%solute )elo*it+ (C"

C = C; + Cr
C7 <;hirl or tan/ential *o-ponent o6 C

Cr <&eri,ional *o-ponent o6 C

)elo*it+ ,e*o-position %ase, on the =7hirl> an, =-eri,ional> *o-ponents.

C
r

C r1 C7

$&eri,ional plane% is the cross&sectional plane

$t the entran*e0

C# = C;# + Cr#
$t the e!it0

formed b! the a!ialra,ial dimensions 't passes through the axis of the turbomachine and is perpendicular to the tangential direction
$&eri,ional 'elo*it+ *o-ponent Cr% is in the meridional plane 't

3 4

C2 = C;2 + Cr2

is the resultant velocit! of the axial ( radial velocit! components

Cr = Ca + C(

Cr C7
1

4. (elationship %et7een the .hree )elo*it+ e*o-position &etho,s

Aor )7 B

(#" 5n /eneral0 C ? 1 @ ) = C; + Ca+ C( = C; + Cr (2" =$%soluteD(elati'e> 's. =;hirlD&eri,ional> Co-ponents0 C ? 1 @ ) = C; + Cr )he relationships are shown in the figures (3" =$%soluteD(elati'e> 's. =$!ialD(a,ialD;hirl> Co-ponents. 2roEe*t %oth si,es o6 the 6ollo7in/ equation0 C = 1@)

Aor )7 C0

C
r

C C
r

1 )
7

1
C7

)
7

C
7

Vw = Cw U
C
2

in the =a>, =(> an, =7> ,ire*tions, respe*ti'el+, an, 7e o%tain0

=V 2 V
2
w

Ca = *a "axial component is identical for the absolute ( relative velocities#+ C, = *, "radial component is identical for the absolute ( relative
velocities#+

r 2

=C2 Cw2

Cw =-+*w = r+*w "the difference between the whirl components of the absolute ( relative velocities is in: - or
r#

5. Eulers Equation 6or 2u-ps an, .ur%ines

5.1 Fa7 o6 &o-ent o6 &o-entu.pplication of /ewton0s second law to a rotating s!stem "such as a turbomachine#+ the 1aw of 2oment of 2omentum can be derived+ vi3

d
= d ( mrCw ) dt
",ecall that F =

( mV ) + where mV is the momentum )here is an analog! dt

here #

specific angular the A0 = mrCw is the angular momentum momentum and 5or a one&dimensional stead! flow+ integrate the above e6uation and we obtain:

4ere+ rCw is

t =( mrCw )2 &
= m( r2Cw2 r1Cw1 )

&

&

( mrCw )1

7ecause m1

= m2

= m / t + we obtain

5.2 &

Eulers Equation

7ecause the rate of wor8 "power# ,one on the fluid b! the shaft is defined as W

&

&

= + we obtain:

W = = m( r2Cw2 r1Cw1 )

&

&

Considering that the specific work is w =W / m + we can simplif! the above e6uation to:

w = Cw2U2 Cw1U1

E6 "1# +

which is referred to as Eulers equation 7ecause in Euler0s E6uation+ w is the wor8 "power# done on the fluid+ the sign convention for wor8 w is the opposite to that in the first law of thermod!namics "for which+ wor8 output from the fluid to the surroundings is defined as positive# 5or a pu-p or *o-pressor+ the specific wor8 consumption is: wc = w = Cw2U2 Cw1U1 > 0 + 5or a tur%ine+ the specific wor8 generated9output b! a turbine is: wt = w =Cw1U1 Cw2U2 >0 Euler Gea, (or, .heoreti*al Gea," E6 "1# shows the energ! exchange between the shaft and the fluid in an ideal situation without an! friction 5or this ideal situation+ the Euler hea, "or+ theoreti*al hea,# hth is defined as ghth =Cw2U2 Cw1U1 + or

hth = g ( Cw2U2 Cw1U1 )

8uestion0 what is the ph!sical meaning of Euler head in the context of a turbo&compressor? 9our ans7er

is0_____________________________________________________ 2

$lternati'e Aor- o6 Eulers Equation )he meridional velocit! component can be calculated using the absolute velocit! as:

C = C2 Cw2 C =V 2 2 V 2
r 2
r w

=V 2 ( C

+ or using the relative velocit! as:

U )2
w

5rom the above two e6uations+ we obtain: C2 Cw2 =V 2 ( Cw U )2 + so C wU = 2

1

(C 2 +U 2 V 2 )
C12 ) +

:ubstitute this e6uation into the Euler0s E6uation+ and we obtain:

w =

[(C
2 2

w =

2 1 [(
C
2
2

(U 2

U12 ) (V22 V12 ) +

or

C 2 ) +

(U 2
1

U 2 ) +

V 2

(V 2
2 1

)]
2

which is the alternati'e 6or- o6 Eulers Equation )he Euler head can then be expressed as 1 2 2 2 2 2 2

th

2g [(C

C1

) + (U 2 )]

U1

) + (V 1

V2

5or the pumps and turbines+ the Euler0s e6uation ta8es the following specific form: 5or a 1 + 2 2 2 2 2 2 w =w= pump9compressor: c C2 C1 + U2 U1 + V1 V2 >

[(
0

)(

)(
2

)]

5or a turbine:

w = w =
t

+ U1 U2 + V2 V1 > 2 C1 C 2 0 2h+si*al -eanin/ o6 the three Hineti* ener/+ ter-s on the (G: o6 Eulers equation0 )he following explains the ph!sical meaning of the above three 8inetic energ! "8e# terms in the context of a turbo&compressor
"1# )he first term C22 C12 / 2 represents the increase in the absolute 8e of the fluid )he absolute discharge 8e C22 / 2 at the outlet of the impeller can be further converted to pressure energ! in a follow&up diffuser+ and for this reason+ it is also called $virtual pressure rise% ;f course+ the actual pressure rise will depend on the diffuser efficienc! 7ecause this pressure rise through the absolute 8e discharge ta8es place in a follow&up diffuser "which is external to the rotor#+ this term $external effect%

[(

)(

)(

)]

(C22 C12 )/ 2 is sometimes called as an

'n contrast+ the second and third terms relate to the process within a rotor+ and henceforth+ are referred to as the $internal diffusion% terms )he ph!sical meaning of these two terms is explained as follows: "2# )he second term U22 U12 / 2 represents the pressure increase due to the action of the centrifugal force

Proof: assume that the infinitesimal control volume (CV) in the centrifugal compressor passage is located at r, the length of the CV is dr, the width of the CV is dn, the depth of the CV (in the meridional plane) is b, and the pressure increase over the CV along the streamline is dp. The mass of the CV is: dm = dV = bdndr , The centrifugal force acting on the CV is: 2 2 dF = r dm = r bdndr . The centrifugal force is alanced ! the pressure difference, vi". dF=dpA=dpbdn , #rom the a ove two e$uations, we o tain: dp=2rdr . %ntegrating the a ove e$uation from the inlet to the outlet (1 2), we o tain Q. 2 2 2 U 1 E. r1 U D. 1 2 p = 12 dp = rr2 2rdr = r22 = 2

d r r r1 r2

dn p+ dp p

<

"<# )he third term V1 V2 / 2 represents the pressure increase due to the decrease in the relati'e 8inetic energ! along a streamline in the passage "whose cross&sectional area increases in a turbo& compressor# of a rotor 5rom the 7ernoulli0s e6uation of an ideal gas along a streamline+ it is understood that

p = (V12 V22 )/ 2 & if V1 >V2 + the passage acts li8e a diffuser "which is the example used here#= & if V2 >V1 + the passage acts li8e a no33le
5rom the above discussion+ it is apparent that in a turbo&compressor+ pressure rise occurs due to both the external and the internal diffusion effects 5or a centrifugal turbo&compressor+ pressure rise through internal diffusion is due to both the action of the centrifugal force and the decrease of the relative 8e along a streamline in an impeller passage 4owever+ for an axial turbo&compressor+ U1 U2 + which indicates that the centrifugal force does not contribute to the increase of pressure 5or this reason+ a centrifugal turbo&compressor usuall! can reach a higher pressure ratio than an axial turbo&compressor >/ote that in Euler0s e6uation+ subscripts $1% and $2% are used to indicate the inlet and the outlet of an impeller+ respectivel! ?

I. (othalp+
,ecall that the first law of thermod!namics for a :::5 s!stem is expressed as C
2
2

C 2
1

q w = h + ke + pe =( h h ) +
2 1

+ g(
2

'f the process is adiabatic " q =0 # and

the above e6uation can be simplified to

2 pe is trivial "which is a reasonable assumption for a

turbomachine#+

w = h02 h01 + E6 "2#

where h0 = h + C 2 / 2 is the stagnation enthalp! 5rom the above e6uation "i e + E6 "2## and Euler0s e6uation "i e + E6 "1##+ we obtain: Cw2U2 Cw1U1 = h02 h01 + or h02 Cw2U2 = h01 Cw1U1 E6 "<#
't should be indicated here again that in order to obtain E6 "<#+ we strictl! follow the usual sign conventions: & 'n Euler0s e6uation+ the sign of wor8 is positive+ if wor8 is done on the fluid b! the shaft "i e + wor8 input to the fluid is defined as positive#= & 4owever+ for the first law of thermal d!namics+ the sign of wor8 is positive+ if wor8 is done b! the fluid on the surroundings "i e + wor8 output b! the fluid is defined as positive# @efine rothalp+:

! = h C U = h +
0w

2 1 C C U
w

2 E6 "<# can then be now simplified to !1 = !2 = c"n#t +

which indicates that in an adiabatic stead!&flow turbomachine+ the value of rothalp! remains *onstant along a streamline in the passage of an impeller+ between the inlet "rim# and outlet "outer edge# of the impeller 4owever+ in practice+ because the compression and expansion processes in an impeller are often not strictl! adiabatic+ the value of rothalp! changes along a streamline in the passage of an

impeller