Design of Hardanger Suspension Bridge

Design team
6 from Bridge Section
2 from NPRA
2-3 consultants (Norconsult AS)
Other specialists in wind engineering
meteorology, geology and tunnelling,
concrete technology
General view
Box girder cross section
Guide vanes and vortex spoiler
Inspection and maintenance trolley
Towers
Cross beams in tower
Rock anchors
Rock anchor details
Main cables
Main cables
Aerial spinning
19 strands in each cable
528 wires in each strand
Wire diameter 5.30 mm
Wrapping: wire diameter 3.5 mm
Cableguard: Polyethylen (PE)
Installation of a dehumidification system
Dehudimification system
Suspender and sockets
Cross section of suspender cable
Design basis
Wind measurements at the bridge site
Wind tunnel investigations
- Terrain model
- Section model of the bridge girder
CFD analysis / numeric simulation of the
wind flow
Geological investigations for the towers
and the main cabel anchorages
Wind tunnel terrain model
Buffeting theory of wind load
The shape factors are valid for
fluctuating wind loads as well as for
mean wind loads.
Wind fluctuations converts momentarily
to load fluctuations.
The bridge girder is a line-like (small
diameter) object without influence on
the overall properties of the flow.
2
1
2
2
( , )
( , )
( , )
D D
L L
S M
q x t C D
q x t U C B
m x t C B

=



cos sin 0
( , ) sin cos 0
0 0 1
y D
tot z L
S
q q
x t q q
q m

= =



q
[ ]
T
( , ) x t u w = v and
T
( , )
y z
x t r r r

=

r
2
1
2
2
D
L
M
C D
V C B
C B

=



q
1
2
2 2
2
2
2
D D L
q L D L
M M
C D C D C B
V C B C D C B
C B C B

= +



B
1
2
2 2
2 0
2 0
2 0
D D L
ae L D L
M M
C D C D C B
V C B C D C B
C B C B

= +



C
2
1
2
2
0 0
0 0
0 0
D
ae L
M
C D
V C B
C B

K
( , )
tot q ae ae
x t = + + + q q B v C r K r
&
Flutter derivatives (FD)
Stability limit flutter velocity
Selberg flutter
Wind tunnel measurements
Multimode analysis in frequency domain
Analysis in time domain (direct time
integration)
Analysis in time domain and modal
coordinates
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-2
-1
0
1
2
Eigenmodes
x/L

i
,

i
=

z

o
r

First vertical symmetric
Second vertical symmetric
First torsion symmetric
Between ULS and flutter?
ULS: V = 38.6 m/s
Let V
F
= 60 m/s
Can the stiffening girder deal with 60 m/s ?
- ABAQUS, non-linear analysis
- Large displacements
- Inelastic material properties
- Calculation of stresses
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
V [m/s]

[
d
e
g
]