REPUBLICAN SPACES: POWER AND MONUMENTALITY

THE ROMAN WORLD

Sarah Midford
s.midford@latrobe.edu.au (MDS1TRW)

EARLY ROME
! Rome founded by Romulus in 753 BCE
! Originally a city of shepherds and farmers ! Casa Romuli on Palatine Hill (during Augustan period) ! Pomerium originally ploughed around the Palatine Hill by Romulus

Reconstruction of the 8th century BCE Iron Age huts on the Palatine http://ancientrome.ru/art/artwork/arch/rom/rome/palatinus/pal004.jpg

Pomerium

Approximate boundary of the pomerium Inside the pomerium (excluding Aventine)

http://0.tqn.com/d/ancienthistory/1/0/P/3/3/ shepherd-c-022-023.jpg

EARLY ROME
! Rome founded by Romulus in 753 BCE
! Originally a city of shepherds and farmers ! Casa Romuli on Palatine Hill (during Augustan period) ! Pomerium originally ploughed around the Palatine Hill by Romulus ! Rome grew to include six hills during the Republican and Augustan periods (excluded the 7th hill, the Aventine Hill) ! Population of Rome at end of Republican Period = between 500,000 and 750,000 (very approximate figure)
As the population of Rome grew and the needs of the citizens changed the city evolved and adapted Rome was the centre of a republican senators universe: [t]he city, cherish!the city and live in this light! (Cic., Fam., 2.12.2)

http://ancientrome.ru/ art/artwork/arch/rom/ rome/palatinus/ pal004.jpg

Reconstruction of the 8th century BCE Iron Age huts on the Palatine http://ancientrome.ru/art/artwork/arch/rom/rome/palatinus/pal004.jpg

THE SEVEN HILLS OF ROME

http://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/dictionary/Dict/image/esquiline.jpg

Aventine Hill (Aventinus) Caelian Hill (Caelius) Capitoline Hill (Capitolinus) Esquiline Hill (Esquilinus) Palatine Hill (Palatinus) Quirinal Hill (Quirinalis) Viminal Hill (Viminalis)

THE SEVEN HILLS OF ROME

Digital Augustan Rome http://digitalaugustanrome.org/

http://digitalaugustanrome.org/map/#/rome/ filter:-1/

THE SEVEN HILLS OF ROME

Digital Augustan Rome http://digitalaugustanrome.org/

http://digitalaugustanrome.org/map/#/satellite/ filter:-1/

ANCIENT ROME IN 3D
http://earth.google.com/rome
Brief Online Tutorial http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MqMXIRwQniA&feature=related

PAINTING ROMAN BUILDINGS

Ara Pacis Commissioned by the Senate in 13 BCE for Augustus triumph over Hispania an Gaul (dedicated 9BCE) Photographs taken by Sarah Midford

Reconstruction of the Etruscan temple of Alatri

http://www.dartmouth.edu/~classics/rome2003/updates/ week3_4/1005vilgiul10Web.JPG

EARLY BUILDINGS AND SACRED SPACES

! After the foundation of the Republic buildings were predominately Etruscan influenced ! From the 4th century BCE Rome came into contact with other cultures through conflict

! Resulted in more cultural influences ! Military victory resulted more wealth, confidence and power ! 312BCE: First aqueduct built (Aqua Appia) First paved road (Via Appia - from Campania to Rome)

! From the 3rd century BCE onwards Greek influence dominated Roman taste ! Hellenistic influences in Rome = statues, deities and temples

FORUM ROMANUM

Reconstruction: Curia Iulia

http://dlib.etc.ucla.edu/projects/Forum/reconstructions/view/11295

PLAN SOURCE: Patterson, JRS (1992)

https://resources.oncourse.iu.edu/access/content/user/leach/www/c414/net_id/maps/map9.gif

FORUM ROMANUM

Reconstruction: Curia Iulia

http://dlib.etc.ucla.edu/projects/Forum/reconstructions/view/11295

https://resources.oncourse.iu.edu/access/content/user/leach/www/c414/net_id/maps/map9.gif

FORUM ROMANUM

Reconstruction: Rostra Augusti

http://dlib.etc.ucla.edu/projects/Forum/reconstructions/view/11436

https://resources.oncourse.iu.edu/access/content/user/leach/www/c414/net_id/maps/map9.gif

FORUM ROMANUM
Reconstruction: Aedes Saturnus

https://resources.oncourse.iu.edu/access/ content/user/leach/www/c414/net_id/maps/ map9.gif

http://dlib.etc.ucla.edu/projects/Forum/reconstructions/view/11487

https://resources.oncourse.iu.edu/access/content/user/leach/www/c414/net_id/maps/map9.gif

Reconstruction: Regia

FORUM ROMANUM

https://resources.oncourse.iu.edu/access/ content/user/leach/www/c414/net_id/maps/ Reconstruction: Aedes Vestamap9.gif

http://dlib.etc.ucla.edu/projects/Forum/reconstructions/ view/11407

http://dlib.etc.ucla.edu/projects/Forum/reconstructions/view/11580

https://resources.oncourse.iu.edu/access/ content/user/leach/www/c414/net_id/maps/

TEMPLE OF JUPITER OPTIMUS MAXIMUS

Reconstruction: Curia Iulia

www.the-romans.co.uk/imperial_rome.htm

WHO BUILT ROME?

! Republican Rome wasnt built in a day or by one person
! ! ! 509BCE 27BCE Construction and maintenance Senatorial control over erection and position of triumphal monuments

! Responsibility of the elite (individuals and state)

The Senates greatest expenditure during the Republic was public building (Polybius 6.13.3) ! Wealth came from successful conquest
! ! Booty nanced public buildings in Rome (ex manubiae) The right to build in Rome was a triumphal honour

! Rome became a site of elite display Their greatest struggle for glory was with each other !
(Sallust, Catiline 7) !

THE TRIUMPH
! The triumph = ritual entry into

[T]here was no higher distinction among the Romans than a triumph (Livy, 30.15)

Rome to celebrate a successful military campaign ! Traditional institution which developed into a display of imperial splendour and might from 4th century onwards
[W]e drink out of a crowd of precious stones, and set our cups with emeralds, we take delight in holding India for the purpose of tippling (Plin., HN, 33.2.5)

! Only chance for an individual in Rome to stand alone ! Rare and exciting event (35 triumphs between 207 and 167 BCE)

http://cdn.ancientl.com/wp-content/ uploads/2012/02/rome-hbo-triumphcaesar.jpg
Rome, HBO (2005)
http://cdn.ancientl.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/rome-hbo-triumph-caesar.jpg

CONDITIONS OF AWARD
In order to be awarded a triumph one must: ! Hold a magistracy and be in possession of imperium (dictator, consul, praetor) ! Defeat a foreign enemy of equal status (ie. not a slave revolt) having killed at least 5,000 enemy troops ! Be declared Imperator by your soldiers ! Safely return your army to Rome (ie. The war is completely concluded) ! Gain senatorial approval based on above criteria

NB. These were very difficult criteria to fulfil and therefore the award of a triumph was extremely prestigious

ORDER OF TRIUMPHAL PROCESSION

1.! Magistrates (without lictors) followed by unelected senators 2.! Trumpeters 3.! War spoils pulled on carts 4.! Sacrificial animals (white bulls) 5.! Conquered enemy weapons and military standards 6.! Prisoners of war (particularly military commanders and royalty) 7.! The triumphators lictors bearing laurel wreaths 8.! The triumphator in a horse drawn chariot (2-4 horses) Red face, triumphal costume, slave with wreath, triumphators young children 9.! Adult children of triumphator 10.! The victorious army wearing togas and laurel wreaths !

THE TRIUMPHAL ROUTE

Red: Probable route of procession Blue: Possible extension Green: Hypothetical shorter route

http://web.mit.edu/course/21/21h.405/ www/ArchesOfTitus/triumph-route.html

TRIUMPHAL RIGHTS
! Triumphal procession ! Triumphal ludi (games) ! Distribution of booty to state, army, generals and self ! Monumental construction
! Temples housed triumphal booty (stylistically different to Roman goods) ! Association with foreign conquest (incorporation of new styles) ! 36 temples vowed and built during Republican period (altars, porticoes and arches were more common)

Monuments had no tangible power - only prestige

REPUBLICAN BUILDINGS
! The nature of Republican building meant that Rome was disorganised ! Building came to be an expression of imperialism ! Reflection of Roman power and wealth ! Connected to individual and their gens (family line) ! Maintenance of building = maintenance of prestige ! Location and design of monument could reflect elite competitiveness ! Temple of Juno Regina ! Temple of Hercules and the Muses ! Basilica Aemilia ! Republican system allowed limited glory to individuals through monumental display
Reconstruction: Basilica Aemilia

! Lasted for very long periods ! Few republican remains because of more opulent building practices utilised during imperial period
http://www.laits.utexas.edu/moore/sites/ laits.utexas.edu.moore/files/images/

LOCATION, LOCATION, LOCATION

! Victory monuments were commonly erected along, or in view of, the triumphal route ! During the Punic Wars 18 of the 30 temples dedicated were constructed on the triumphal route ! Recall previous triumphs in future triumphs
! ! ! Triumphal arches Dedications at temples along route Slight deviations of procession to incorporate familial monument into procession

! City of Rome = memory space

POMPEY THE GREATS THEATRE

! Pompey = most powerful man in Roman history (at the time) ! Dedicated 55 BCE ! First stone theatre in Rome ! Republican theatres = temporary wooden constructions) ! Stone theatres discussed in Senate as early as 150 BCE ! Located on Campus Martius ! Seated 40,000 people on stairs to the Temple of Venus Victrix (attempt to hide true purpose?) ! Romes first enclosed public garden
(Porticus Pompeii)

! Included a curia (Senate House)

POMPEYS THEATRE

Luigi Canina, Plan of the Theater of Pompey (left) Restored section of the Theater of Pompey, looking west (below)
http://www.pompey.cch.kcl.ac.uk/Canina_files/3d03.jpg

http://www.pompey.cch.kcl.ac.uk/Canina_files/3d04a.jpg

FORUM IULIUM
! ! ! ! ! ! ! North-west of Forum Romanum Templum Caesar cleared homes and temples in Rome
(See Suetonius, Augustus 56.2)
Detail from plan of Imperial Fora Construction started SOURCE: N. Ramage and A. Ramage (2000) fig. 3.3 http://www.proprofs.com/flashcards/upload/q4037267.gif 54BCE ! Dedication included lavish games Finished 46BCE ! Augustus continued Caesars building program after defeating Marc Antony (could have finished the Forum) Shaped like Hellenistic shrine for the worship of royalty Temple of Venus Genetrix (completed after Caesars death) ! Venus the mother of Aeneas

CURIA IULIA

! Re-built in 45BCE after fire ! Alignment of building with Forum Iulium shifts its purpose ! Shifts comitium and redesigns spaces in Forum Romanum
! Altering traditional civic spaces

! Indicative of Senate having less importance in imperial period

http://condor.depaul.edu/~sbucking/extra/curia_iulia.jpg

http://cnes.cla.umn.edu/courses/archaeology/Rome/images/RomeImperialForaGood.jpg

JULIUS CAESAR
! Caesars curia (reconstruction began 44BCE) ! Reappropriation of space within the pomerium ! Curia Iulia completed by Augustus in 29 BCE Caesar used the Roman city to demonstrate Pompeys defeat and his power

!
http://www.cs.cornell.edu/people/ pabo/history/img/caesar.jpg

! Featured victorious imagery including an altar and a statue to Victory inside (Augustus) ! Winged Victory on a globe featured on pediment ! Statue of Caesar riding Bucephalas in Julian Forum ! Appropriation of Pompeys symbols ! Monument to familial lineage
Alexander the Great riding Bucephalas
http://www.history.ccsu.edu/elias/BibliographiaAleksandros_files/image026.png